Exam 2 Development

how does play happen in middle childhood?

- important for development and in the basis of popularity and peer groups - boys are rough and tumble - girls are parrallel play and less rough more conversational

What happens with menopause?

- average onset is 45-55, the ovaries will stop producing estrogen and progesterone - symptoms are hot flashes, irratibility, mood swings, and sleep disturbances

What are coping strategies kids will do in the hospital?

- avoidance, distraction, support seeking - active coping and problem solving

Why are middle childhood bigger on ADL's and stuff?

- because they care what others think and know how they are influencing people with smell and stuff

What are the challenges with middle adulthood generation?

- baby boomers are known as the gloomiest generation because they are concerned financially if they can keep up financially with inflation and much more downbeat about their lives compared to when they were younger

What is the prevelance of suicide?

- 2nd leading cause of death - males are more likely to die but females more likely to try - warnings are changes in behavior or grades, talking or thinking about it

When is middle childhood?

- 6-12 years old - this is when children are exposed to school and peers resulting in more identity for themselves and decision making - being exposed to new genders, races, religions and putting themselves in their own group

What is kinship?

- A connection among people by blood, marriage, or adoption - can include non-family members and family members - kinkeepers are family members that make sure everyone in the family are on the same page and will reach out to everyone

What is cohabitation?

- Living together without being married

What is rapport talk vs report talk?

- Rapport talk - this is conversation that works on connecting and negotiating relationships, it is more intimate and something done in order to get someone to like you - girls - Report talk - gives directives and information like bragging or starting argument for competition - boys

What is emerging adulthood?

- The transition from adolescence to adulthood is now taking longer. Emerging adulthood is the period from age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many young people are not yet fully independent. - lack of experience is a good and bad thing as we are capable of changing and shaping culture during this age - occupations and roles will change alot as we learn and gain experience

What are some difficulties that adolescence face?

- They deal with violence, suicide, influence of drugs and alcohol and things like eating disorders

What is fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence ?

- ability to learn and adjust to issues on the fly this is independent to acquired knowledge - associated with working memory and peaks in early adulthood around 30 - crystalized is applying knowledge through experience and what we have gained like looking at stored memories and making judgement - better as we age

What is important considering CVD in middle hood?

- aetherosclerosis is common in this age and CVD is one of the leading causes of death for middle and late - hypertension can lead to problems in the kidney and vision also cognitive problems - CRF is a protective component that the more we build the less CVD we see - larger role for men than women

What is associated with eating disorders and adolescence?

- affects 1-3% of them - more sussceptible due to social and cultural pressures overall are multifactorial and cause death or depression - can be associated with less eating or more exercise - female triad is low BMD, athletes, and ammenorhea

What are the risk factors for OA?

- all of the ones we expect like age, genetics, and weight - things like occupational hazards, people like assembly line workers - high-level sports and injury but the beneifts outweight - illness or injection

What are other emotions that are developing?

- alturism - the concious and unconciouses efforts that considers others with equal or greater concern to one's own self - empathy - understand others emotions - guilt and shame - negative feelings that are associated with emotion activation

What is supported employment?

- approach to helping people with disabilities in the work force, this means there is help finding jobs for people with disabilities using a work force team - helps with transport, coaching, supervision, and technology

How does cognitive function change?

- become more personal, integrative, and takes our life experiences into considerations - best at looking at different points of view - base relationships on shared values - unlike adolescents they can take constructive criticism

What happens to hearing in middle adulthood?

- beggining at 30 they start to lose ability to hear high pitch frequency - this is presbycusis which is bilateral hearing loss - this change is very slow and doesnt happen till around 60 - sensoriurinal hearing loss is loss that is the result of a very loud noise and prolonged exposure

What are the different developmental tasks of adolescence?

- biologic challenges - accept changes in body and develop as a sexually mature person - psychological challenges - separation from parents and further self definition - firm ego identity - sociocultual challenges - the awareness of how you meet these challenges

What are the different types of age?

- biological age - relates to the condion of the organs and body - people at 60 can be spry and when they are not this is typically due to age - psychological age - refers to ability to adapt, handle problems, and cope with life - social age - habits, beliefs, and values

What are the main things that play into identity for adolescence?

- career, sex, religion, politics, friendships

What are the cognitive concepts of middle childhood?

- conservation of thought, abstract thinking, and sense of perspective

What is the cognitive development that happens in adolescence?

- develop advanced reasoning skills - understand options and possibilities being able to think hypothetically - abstract thinking skill - faith or trust - meta-cognition development - able to think about how they feel - develop multitasking which will interrupt the attention they currently have

How does the development of sexual attraction change in adolescence?

- early - begin to talk about opposite sex, hard to talk about just friends and relationships come and go - middle - first real dating - late - may have long term - many teens do not confide in primary care because scared of what parents would think - half did not use condoms

How does self identity change in the stages of adolescence?

- early - periods of disequillibrium, they are clingy and moody and return to childish behavior especially when stressed like crying - middle - focus on themselves and alter between high and low expectations - late - have ideas of what roles they play in society and who they are

What are the stages of adolescence?

- early is 12-15 - middle is 15-16 - late is 17 and later

how do the different stages of adolescence handle separation from parents?

- early they are critical and correct the parents as they are learning they arent perfect - middle is when the family ties are broken and reformed - late have a realistic view of the parents and love them

What effects the level of violence that adolescence participate in?

- enhanced by violent music, video games, dealing with violence - the general aggression model shows that some are more sussceptible to violence when exposed to this kind of stuff - can be helped by parents, support, and less games

What things go up and down cognitively?

- everything will go up except for processing speed and ability to use numbers or do math - women have greater improvements then men

How do middle childhood relationships operate?

- family - emotionally independent, looking for privacy and independence - peer - same sex then into opposite sex (most important) - sexual - as they enter adolesence they will show interest in dating and relationships

What is role strain?

- feeling overwhelmed or anxious that arise when there is a conflict in demands in ones roles - not liking the assessment of others on their roles or taking on more demand and roles then they can handle

what are the different forms of relationships?

- formal - relationship with like boss - informal - friends, important for affirmation and acceptance, infleunce health and decision making - family - see family the least, but beyond this form strong bonds but this goes down when we are finding jobs, lovers, school - intimate - commitment to personal values and goals, skill in behavioral regulation so i guess them making you act different - this can be friends, family, or romantic - romantic - marriage, 90% will marry once, people feel like they should do this when they reach a certain age and relies on money, feelings, other things

What are the different types of independence from the parents?

- functional - can function in everyday tasks without parental assistance - attitudinal - developing own values and beliefs that are the same or different - emotional - not needing parent support for decision - conflictual - recognize separation without negative emotion or guilt

What are the important factors that are changing with gender identity in adolescence?

- gender identity and sexual orientation are both changing during this time, they might change multiple times during this time - parents are huge supportive factors but when they do not agree it will mess up the kid and can lead to things like suicide - attempted suicide is 3x higher in non heterosexual than cisgender

What stage are people in during middle adulthood for erikson?

- generativity vs self-absorption - this describes the task tha tmiddle adulthood is presented with of being caring and sacrificing for the future generations

When is the onset of puberty?

- girls are 10-11 growing 3 inches per year and peak velocity at 12 - boys 12-14 growing 4 inches per year and peak velocity at 14 - experience 20% of growth and adolescence require more sleep

What is the body structure and function in middle adulthood?

- good physical and mental health but we may begin to see some decline in physical characteristics - this differs per person

What is a blended family?

- happens due to remarraige and divorce along with cohabituation - this is where the kids arent related to the parents and so forth - this makes it a lot harder

What happens to brain remodeling that is going on in adolescence?

- increase long range connections accompanied by decreases in short range connections - changes in conservative are specialized for sensory and motor functions - strong by age 14 - changes in disruptive are the association cortex and subcortical regions (weak get strong, strong get weak)

What are the guidelines to follow with screen time?

- increases solitary but has chance for social engagement but there is concern with violence and strangers - turn off screen 30-60 before bedtime, parental control, none during meals -

What do we see with hospitalization in the different developmental ages?

- infants - want to see family and scared - toddlers - scared and have developmental regression like peeing pants, biting, hitting - preschool - imagination, think the people are bad - school age - afraid of being away from family, scared about death and understand physical changes they are going through - adolescence - embarresed and worried what people will think of them, lose some of the independence they like

What are the benifits and risks of social media use?

- it is good for connecting to others, improving self esteem - there is risk for bullying, anxiety and depression, and cannot handle real world situations - people who dont sleep and are sedentary struggle a lot with social media, people that are active and sleep do well with social media

What is the importance of play in the hospital setting?

- it is important to reduce the stress and increase a sense of autonomy, normalize the situation

What are the neural changes of adolescence?

- large changes that lead to more risk taking which increase chance for addiction - the frontal cortex that regulates risk taking is not developed yet - the insula is heavily involved with the go not go - from 5 to 20 grey matter actually decreases which is related to efficiency and connectivity

What is the boomerang generation?

- leaving home for college and then returning for a few years after it is over because it is hard to pay for living and other things by oneself

how are young adults tasked with assiting others?

- might be a kid, parent, family member as part of the boomerang generation but it involves young adults being concerned with what other feel like if they are ok -

What are the cognitive functions of middle adulthood?

- most do not experience notable changes until late middle or late adulthood - there is actually peak mental ability in this age with things like verbal memory or vocab - cognitive decline is associated with diseases like type 2, HTN, cholesteral. This can be avoided by active engagement in cognitive challenges

What do children need that screen time takes away?

- need adequate sleep, physical activity, and time away from the media - these also reduce the risk of obesity, development problems, and loss of sleep (need 9-10 hours) - need face to face interaction

What is occupational deprivation?

- not being able to engage in work due to external circumstances like natural disaster, homelessness, poverty - when this persists can lead to inability to perform tasks or self-efficacy problems

What are the aspects of work-life attachement?

- occupational balance is the extent that the work will align with views and values and also be satisfying - work-role attachment is the degree of attachment a person has to job, the higher this is the more protective and supportive it is

What is the rist taking behaviors of teens?

- often believe that expectations of parents and others cannot be met and give up trying to meet culture roles - happens when they avoid the things that make them estbalish identity - schools, parents, and peers can help - drug use and sex go hand and hand

How does the musculoskeletal change throughout middle adulthood?

- our BMI will peak during this time with average of 28.5 - lean body mass and bone density begin to decrease, muscle strength will go down occuring with sarcopenia

What are the interpersonal interactions of adolescence?

- peer groups are very important but can lead to peer pressure and peer conformity - there is importance for mentors and coaches, emphasis on the fact that it doesnt have to be a parent

What is the importance of inclusive environments?

- people with disabilities learn and develop better when in the normal classroom and have capacity for normal relationships - should be included in classrooms but marginalized with play

What are the stages of moral development?

- preconventional - rewards and punishment are external - conventional - internalize rules to maintain order - postconventional - work out their own personal code of ethics

What are the different coping mechanisms?

- problem-focused or adaptive coping - focus on the problem and solving the problem, usually they feel like they can handle it - pallative coping - help the person cope through emotional response, happens when they can do nothing

What is the impact of peers on development?

- reflect the values of parents - influence things like taste, dress, culture, lesiure - interpersonal skills

How do the different body systems change in early adulthood?

- skeletal - the bone is the most developed by 25, it will continue depositing until 35 - neuro - muscular performance and reaction time is peak - integumentary - skin loses moisture so starts to dry out and then we see the first gray hair or bald - cardiovascular - blood pressure slowly rises but HR and volume maintains from adolescence - Respiratory - matured by now - GI - digestive juices and saliva goes down and we will have wisdom teeth - urinary - optimal period of reproduction

What is the vocab to do with social understanding in middle childhood?

- social referencing is reading the emotional reactions of others and guiding behavior - social knowledge is interpreting peer relationships, classroom cooperation, friendships and aggression - important to understand and decode cues

How does the hospital change for people that have chronic illness?

- they are around the health care workers more and dont freak out as much - they will have some restrictions to what they can do - circle of intimacy will shrink -

What is vocational choice and occupational identity?

- starting as a teen we will look for something we enjoy and is meaningful to us - there is vocational exploration that includes trying new jobs and things until we find our calling - occupational identity is understanding our skill within the thing we are doing, we might think we are good or bad at it - these should go hand in hand

What is the theory of vocational choice (ginzberg)?

- starts with fantasy in young childhood like NBA - tentative is the teen where we are more realistic and using our skills that we have to plan - realistic is young adulthood where we know what we can and cant do - this guys model continues through retirement, it includes picking a career getting educated, getting hired and then eventually retiring (Continuous) - also notes this being disrupted (discontinuous)

How does the timing and roles change in young adulthood?

- still want family and career path but the timing is less fluid - might get married before kid or might get kid before married - the roles change like there might be a 30 year old student or young mother definition - things that we are doing is moving later into life

What happens with stress in middle childhood?

- stress is increased even just from day to day experiences like school, peers, and parents - this stress can enhance learning and development but when there is too much we see illness, depression, and social problems - signs of chronic stress is bed wetting, behavior changes, mood swings, belly aches ect..

what is leading cause of death?

- suicide and MVA - obesity is also a problem - we continue some of the bad choices we make in late teen like unprotected sex or drugs - peers play a large role in dangerous behavior and this age is less likely to seek or recieve medical treatment

What is the concept of respect and reciprocity?

- teens want to be seen important individuals so appreciate people asking things like what do they want to do today - convey respect in the way they listen - this is big involved in therapy along with compliance which is them being active participators that do what they want

What is delayed gratification?

- the ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward - gain control of their desires

What is parenting?

- the concious decision to promote physical, social, emotional, intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood - this will change over time as we learn more but also as the kid gets older

What influences the behaviors and decisions that young adults make?

- the exploration of new occupations is vital to this age group and the manner at which people do this is based on their background and how they were raised as children and teens - people will low SES are much more likely to fail

What are the musculoskeletal considerations in middle adulthood?

- the osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity of bone remodeling is in equillibrium or balanced through most of middle AH? - osteopenia and osteoporosis is common for women following menopause - arthritis and OA is common for aging as the cartilage is worn between the bones

What is decleration stage?

- the period where someone begins to prepare for retirement and is around 62

What is the nervous system development in young adulthood?

- there continues to be neurogenosis but much less than young people - mainly in the lateral ventricles and hippocampus

What happens to the brain and nervous system in middle adulthood?

- there is a continuation of neurogenisis however there is a shrinkage of the hippocampus, some of the cortex, and the cerebellum - the shrinkage changes per person and rates will change at different ages - hippocampus is memory, but these changes are typically not enough to change function in normal adults - they are more likely to survive a subdural hematoma because there is less brain to press on

What is vystgoskys theory of learning and development?

- there is a large circle of something or multiple things that we cannot do even with guidance - then it narrows as we can do it with guidance - then we can do it independently - and we couldnt if we didnt have the influence like teachers

What happens with reproduction in males?

- there is a much more gradual change in fertility and it lasts a lot longer - the decrease in testosterone that happens over time is known as adrenopause

what is the theory of transformed parenting with disability?

- there is an entrance period where the family will get the diagnosis which can be devastating for the family or they can be supportive - then there is operative period where it is normalized for the family

What are the changes in vision in middle adulthood?

- there is decreased lens transparency, and amount of light contracting the eye, and macular neurons - less effective visual accommodation or ability to focus on things near and far AKA presbyopia

What happens to self-regulation in young adulthood?

- there is further development of the frontal cortex so more self-regulation or the ability to alter our behaviors in regards to expectations or standards - we can do more of what is right rather than what we want to do

What are the career paths like in young adulthood?

- there is more flexibility now helping with the economic social constraints so people can work from home - we tend to prefer life than work - only 20% of people work in the field they are interested in - females work more in female centered jobs because they let more time off for family but pay less

When is the transition to young adulthood?

- there is no exact time when it happens but it is when teens end then young adulthood begins - socially defined by expectations and context - this is a time of increased independence and time where we can pursue goals without supervision - usually 18-40

What is some of the vocab that correspond with stress management?

- there is self-efficacy which is thinking one can achieve the thing they are doing - locus of control is believing one actually has control over what they are doing - there is internal and external where internal is controlling health and associated with less stress - stress tends to go from acute things in young adulthood to chronic problems which can be bad - have physiologic problems

What is the type of learning middle childhood is doing?

- they are being taught by teachers and experience away form the parents - nurture is dominating development - they are learning about the strengths and weaknesses

What happens to relationships in middle age?

- they are carried over from previous relationships in younger years so if it is good then it will continue to be good - divorce is common - siblings close before middle adult are even closer, increases with age

How do parents infleunce development?

- they are important for the guidance and supporting the teens in whatever they want - respect opinions - maintain positive family as divorce messes it up

What happens to children with disabilities in middle childhood?

- they are now noticing difference between themselves and peers - this results in response of anger, refusing interventions, and fantasizing normacy

What do the cognitive changes do to adolescents?

- they have a higher level of self-conciousness as they star in their own film - they begin thinking that certain things couldn't happen to them which is personal fable - have a justice orientation

What are the activities and participation of the adolescent?

- they have increases in mobility, communication, self-care - more independent for things like iADL's as they will help with cooking and stuff, might help younger kids in the family

What is happening with activity and participation in middle adulthood?

- they should continue to do the things they enjoy, there should not be a decrease in function - this might be due to depression or illness, either way it is a red flag

What is important about sex in older people?

- they should stay sexually active and involved with the partner, communication is important to do this - safe sex should still be practiced because of the spread of STD's

What is religion in young adulthood?

- they will refine their belief system, many of them will change their religion during this time multiple times - this age is much less religious than older people but will return to religion at an older age - still a source of support for this age group

What is somethign to consider with chronic diseases in middle adulthood?

- this age of people will not have medicaid so they will have to have another form of insurance - also one of the biggest problems with treatment is the time it takes away from work

What happens with work and employment in adolescence?

- this is the first period of work for pay - their career choice is still often unrealistic but by the end of adolescence it will become more complete and realistic - they consider what their calling is

What is significant about young parents?

- this is the most likely to experience the boomerang generation - they do not hang out with the friends as much and rely on the parents more

What are marriage roles?

- this is the traditional husband and wife roles that are on the way out as many are both employed and helping around the house - women still the main help with kids or around the house

What is stress hardiness?

- this is when people are able to resist the stresses that come from social network, expectations, and work - respond differently

What happens to physical and mental in early adulthood?

- this is when the peak physical and mental will be here - there does continue to be some brain development but the structures are fully developed - sensory acuity is also peak - deficits will continue

What is the caregiver aspect of middle adulthood?

- this means the middle adult is taking care of parents, kids, and themselves which is the most challenging thing for them to do - this often requires sacrifices from work and lesiure and induces chronic stress

What are the different types of homelessness?

- transitive is usually what teens or young adults face where they periodically dont have a place to live for a small period of time - chronic is middle adulthood and is when there is substance abuse or disability as the problem - have been homeless for more than a year

What are aging-associated diseases?

- true diseases that are not a part of healthy aging. and happens as we age - CVD such as HTN, type 2 diabetes, cancer, OA

What happens with bullying in middle childhood?

- typically happens to people with less friends and little peer support - people do not want to stand out or draw attention like glasses or braces - children with differences experience more limited acceptances and friendships

How social is midlife?

- very social and often active in the community through work or family, it isnt until health begins to decline that they will narrow the amount of people they see down again - often more politically charged and will increase church when they have kids

What is the increase in lonliness in young adulthood?

- we are not forced to go to school anymore and can result in loneliness - this is associated with anxiety and depression - can also be a good thing to become more independent and understanding themselves

what is the uncertainty and illness theory?

- we dont know what to expect when things arise like prom or if a parent dies how will they handle it

What is the zone of proximal development?

- we get knowledge from someone who knows what they are doing - we see the society and culture doing it, we are watching - then we use supportive activities along with scaffolding

how does the activity and participation change in young adulthood?

- we have all of the ADL and iADL but now we have to by or acquire things instead of it being handed to us - we have to buy house or apartment, it is common to have moved 4 times in the first year

What are some of the tasks that young adults have to do at this age?

- we will make decisions that require thought like buying a car rather than clothes or food as teens - we also have more adult tasks like making our own food or doing our own taxes - these are known as household tasks and we are more likely to do this when living on own

What are the self care activities in middle childhood?

-beginning to be more independent with all ADL's starting to eat their own food and stuff - eat all kinds - beginning to develop iADL's like chores, making money, shopping - this is important for understanding the real world

What are the 7 major tasks of middle adulthood?

1. accepting and adjusting to physiologic changes (menopause) 2. reaching satisfaction in ones job 3. caring for aging parents 4. helping teens become adults 5. achieving adult responsibility - better at understanding how things are influencing ones life 6. relating to ones spouse 7. developing leisure time (generation X or baby boomers)

What is supers theory of career development?

1. exploration 2. establishment 3. maintenence 4. disengagement - the way an adult transers through this depends on circumstances and not on chronilogical age (3 and 4 are midlife)

What are the different theories related to violence?

1. nonintegration theory - there is no allegiance to social and economic systems 2. limited oppurtunities theory - lack of equality and access 3. reputation theory - establish reputation 4. labeling theory - negative labels 5. denial - they deny involvement or responsibility

What are the 8 aspects of intimacy?

1. physical intimacy 2. nonverbal communication - gestures 3. self-disclosure - secrets 4. presence - feel present when not 5. cognitive 6. affective - deep feeling of love 7. commitment - long time 8. mutuality - same cause now

What are the important parts of seven stages of cognitive development in young adults?

2. achieving - previous knowledge to establish in the world 3. Responsible - in family or occupation, children 4. executive - broaden focus from self to community