Exam #2 (Lesson 4-7)

Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high-achieving students by providing extra cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to:

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Bobby's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. What has this discrepancy been referred to as?

violation of expectations

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?

The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.

Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent employment?

Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities.

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills

Although young children may seem unaffected by a divorce at the time, problems may emerge when they are adolescents. This delayed effect is called:

a sleeper effect.

Which factor has not contributed to the transformation of family life in the past 40 years?

fathers' employment

Research suggests that the best way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through:

helping adolescents stay in school.

In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a:

particularistic norm.

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

authoritarian

Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles?

authoritative

What kind of family environment most closely resembles the optimal classroom environment?

authoritative

According to adolescents, what is the best thing about school?

being with friends

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.

cliques; crowds

Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescence?

cognitive

According to the research, one of the most effective ways for helping adolescents to assume greater autonomy involves:

engaging in discussions with adolescents and respecting their opinions.

Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be:

mainstreamed whenever possible.

Cross-cultural comparisons during the 1980s revealed that American adolescents were scoring significantly lower on achievement tests than those in many industrialized countries. As a result, during the late 1980s, education reformers called for:

more emphasis in the classroom on higher-order thinking.

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called:

student engagement.

All of the following are noted to be benefits of service learning, except:

teaching respect and obedience.

In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?

viral marketing

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, a thorough understanding of school and its impact on adolescent development requires an examination of:

what goes on beyond the classroom.

When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?

when they are alone