Exam 2, Linguistics 201

A vowel might be described in terms all of the following criteria except _____________?

Its place of articulation.

The contrast in meaning between read [rid] and read [rεd] indicates that:

The contrast in meaning between read [rid] and read [rεd] indicates that:

Acoustic Phonetics is the study of:

The physical properties of sound.

Consonants are speech sounds that are produced by constricting or stopping the airstream at some place along its path.

True

It would be a true statement to say that no one has every said the phoneme /p/.

True

Mandarin is an tonal language and English is a intonational language

True

The junctions in the pair [gre+det] and [gred+et] are called perceived junctures because they may not be physically produced during speech.

True

The vowel sounds in the following words are all diphthongs: toy, plough, and my.

True

[m] is a voiced bilabial consonant.

True

/bæl/ and /hæl/ is an example of:

a minimal pair.

A form such as /_ʌt/ in which different sounds could be inserted in place of the underline is called:

a substitution frame.

For languages that they speak fluently, people know were one word ends and another one begins because they

all of the above ( detect sounds or sound combinations that would never occur in certain positions in a word. detect sounds that would be'left over' if a string of sounds were divided up in a specific way. detect cues (such as aspiration in English) that indicate that a sound must occur at the beginning, middle, or end of a word.

The unaspirated [k] and the aspirated [k h] are both part of the phoneme /k/. They are:

allophones

Which of the following words has a diphthong in it?

coil

/n/ is a voiceless alveolar oral fricative.

false

A broad transcription or a phonemic transcription would include as much detail about each sound in the transcription as was known.

false

Aspirating an initial voiceless stop consonant is an obligatory phonological process in all languages.

false

Consonants are sounds that are produced with no obstruction of the airstream.

false

In English /t/ and /b/ are the same phonemes.

false

In English the aspirated p sound [pʱ]and the unaspirated [p] sound are separate phonemes.

false

In English, differences in stress can change the meaning of a monosyllabic word.

false

Mandarin is an intonational language and English is a tonal language.

false

The /z/sound is a less marked sound (unmarked) compared to /s/.

false

The fact that two sounds do not form minimal pairs in certain circumstances always means that they are not different phonemes.

false

The phonemes /s/, /z/, /b/ and /i/ are most likely in the same natural class of sound.

false

The vowel sounds in the following words are all diphthongs: lawyer, house, and fat

false

The word cat is transcribed phonetically as /cæt/.

false

Vowels in English are almost always voiceless.

false

The three nasal consonants in English are /p/, /g/ and /t/.

false, n, m, and ŋ

The fact that we could say economics as /ikə̃nãmɪks/ or /ɛkə̃nãmɪks/ is an example of

free variation

Phones are characterized by an overlapping distribution

if they can occur in all or most of the same phonetic environments.

A raised [ʰ]next to a phonetic symbol, means that the sound

is aspertated

The criterion for naming the phoneme

is based on which allophone of that phoneme is the most common.

Which of the following is one of the three nasal consonants in English?

m

Aspiration of voiceless stops at the beginning of a syllable and before a stressed vowel is an example of what type of phonological process?

obligitory

A perceptional unit of sound that changes the meaning of a word when alternated with an other such unit is called a

phoneme

The word though is made up of __________ individual sound(s).

2

Standard American English has about __________ phonemes.

35-44

Standard American English has about _____________vowels.

44

The word philosophy is made up of ________individual sound(s)

8

Languages differ significantly in the number of phonemes they have. The range in the number of phonemes is

9- 141

A phoneme is:

A perceived unit of language that signals a difference in meaning when contrasted to another like itself.

Marked sounds can be described as all of the following except:

A sound that might be easier for a child to learn than an unmarked sound.

A natural class of sound is:

A subset of significant sounds that share a number of phonetic features.

Sounds that are perceived as being the same sound (but physically are not) which do not change meaning of the word if one is substituted for the other are called:

Allophones of the same phoneme.

Which of the following is not a manner of articulation?

Alveolar.

A phone or phonetic unit or segment is:

An actual speech sound produced by the vocal tract that is perceived as an individual and unique sound, different from other such sounds.

The fact that one sound often comes to resemble one or more of its surrounding sounds in terms of a distinctive feature or features that it usually does not have is called:

Assimilation.

/p/ is a voiceless bilabial oral stop.

true

A form such as /_ʌt/ in which different sounds could be inserted where the underline is located, is used, in part, to establish whether different sounds are different phonemes or not.

true

Allophones of a one phoneme in one language may be different phonemes in another language.

true

Aspirating an initial voiceless stop consonant in English would be an example of an obligatory phonological process.

true

Free variation is a condition in which phonetically different sounds may occur in the same environment without changing meaning.

true

If one sound assimilates to a neighboring sound, the assimilating sound has become similar, in one distinctive feature, to the neighboring sound.

true

If two sounds do not form minimal pairs in some words, they are definitely not different phonemes.

true

If two sounds form minimal pairs, the two sounds are different phonemes.

true

Linguists use a phonetic alphabet to describe speech sounds, in part, because each symbol of a phonetic alphabet is only pronounced one way, thereby eliminating the ambiguity of the letters of the alphabet used for regular spelling, many of which can be pronounced in more than one way.

true

Phonology is concerned with factors that are rooted in language as a system; that is, with the intrinsic systems used to organize speech sounds.

true

Since native speakers of English do not use [p], and [ph] in the same phonetic environment, these three phones are said to be in complementary distribution.

true

Sounds that are more frequently used in a language, acquired earlier, and are simpler to articulate, are said to be unmarked.

true

The aspirated /ph / sound and the unaspirated /p/ sound in English are in complementary distribution.

true

The fact that /b/ and /p/ form minimal pairs means that they are different phonemes.

true

The junctions in the pair /gre+det/ and /gred+et/are called perceived junctures because they may not be physically produced during speech.

true

The phonemes /u/, /o/, /e/ and /i/ could be said to be in the same natural class of sounds.

true

The three nasal consonants in English are [m], [n] and [ŋ]

true

The three types of assimilation mentioned in the book are: voice, manner, and place.

true

The vowel sound /a/ might be accurately portrayed as an unmarked sound.

true

There are twelve main monophthong vowel sounds in most varieties of American English.

true

Sounds that are produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream are called

vowels

These sounds are made without constriction or stoppage of the airstream.

vowels

Voiceless sounds are:

Sounds that are produced with little of no vibrations of the vocal folds.

A voiceless sound is a speech sound produced at very low volume (amplitude).

False

Articulatory phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.

False

Differences in the amount of stress placed on the syllable in a monosyllabic English word, such as read, will always change the meaning of the word

False

Phonology is concerned with the meaningful units of language such as words.

False

The phonemes of an allophone are real physical units; they are what the speaker produces. The allophone is the idealized sum of all of its phonemes.

False

The terms stop, fricative, and affricate refer to manners of articulation.

False

There are seven phonemes in the word friends.

False

There are two vowel sounds in the word grade.

False

[u] is a central, low, and rounded vowel.

False

An allophone is:

One of the variations of a unit of sound that signals a difference in meaning when substituted with another such unit.

The word spelled convict can either mean to prove guilty or can refer to a person found guilty depending on:

Where stress is placed.

The word caught would be transcribed phonetically as _________in most dialects of American English (rhymes with fought):

[kat] (the k is aspirated)

The pair, [bæt] and [bæn], is an example of:

minimal pair

Unmarked sounds can be described as all of the following except

more unusual sounding