Exam 2 Mgmt 423

How much money did Bogle say was being drained out of the productive US economy by these industries in: 2007 and 2008?

$500 billion and $650 billion

Originally corporations (from approximately 1712-1889) were different from corporations today. How were they different?

-Owner were liable -Could not purchase other corporations -Limited to a single purpose -Limited lifetime -Size was limited -For public benefit

What are some of the metrics being proposed for a better "dashboard?"

-health stats -education -environment -wealth distribution inequity -political engagement -quantification of natural resources (fuel gage)

. In the "Hidden History" article, what are some of the conditions that states placed on corporations in granting their charters?

-limited lifetime -corporations terminated if exceeded charter -limited to one purpose -owners were liable -could not own other corporations -political and charitable contributions not allowed

What does Korten suggest as alternatives to the global capitalist economy (name two)?

-market economy -democracy

How are corporations different from real people?

-no feelings -no conscience -no death

Why are security measures protecting GDP data so strict?

A premature unveiling or leak of the data would put world markets in turmoil

In the film, Michael Walker (Executive Director of the Fraser Institute) discussed the implications of the "privatization" of everything. What did he believe that owners would do that justified his reason for believing in such private ownership?

Act as stewards of the resource, maintain the resource, be accountable for the resource.

Why is GDP seen as a problematic way to measure a sustainable economy?

Because the GDP measures activities that may overburden the planet, deplete natural resources beyond recovery, and pollute the planet past the tipping point.

During the Civil War period, corporations paid people for a role similar to today's lobbyists. They were called_____

Borers

What organization calculates the GDP?

Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Department of Commerce

How did CEO stock-options contribute to the recent corporate corruption? What are some possible corrections

CEOs of major banks and fund managers were incentivized to make very risky investments and to cash in despite the crash they caused.

What did Bogle say is the likely percentage of S&P annual profits generated by the finance sector? How does that compare to the energy, health care, manufacturing, and information technology sectors?

Finance sector is 33% and is larger than combined profits of energy and health care; 3x as much as manufacturing and IT.

What is the name and type business of the company that Bogle founded?

Founder and CEO of the Vanguard Group Inc., the 2nd largest mutual fund.

What distinction does the article make between people's feelings of satisfaction in making money versus enjoyment or happiness? What policy options does that difference imply for government economic policy and the measurement of national progress?

Increased wealth gives people a sense of satisfaction, but more money does not give us more happiness or enjoyment according to survey data. This presents government with the choice of two different policy alternatives; 1) Is national progress a matter of increasing the number of very rich people, or 2) Is it about getting as many people as possible into the middle class?

In practice, what kind of 'shareholder return' was emphasized by the incentive that stock options gave CEO's?

Increasing share prices.

The earliest forms of corporations date back to?

India and Ancient Rome

.How was the Roman Catholic Church of the Middle Ages similar to today's corporations?

It existed as an entity that was more than the sum of its members; therefore giving it life perpetually.

What would Adam Smith think about a measurement that indicates that the wealth of the nation is growing when other measurements show that most people are getting poorer?

It is an indication of monopolistic forces; that it is not a free market.

Does the conventional view of the GDP equate GDP growth to how well the country and its citizens are doing? Why do many see that as misleading?

It is common for citizens and politicians to equate growth of GDP with the well being of the country. It is misleading since it does not reveal a skewed distribution of wealth and increasing gap between rich and poor, it counts the value of cleaning up disasters, it counts destructive behaviors, it masks health problems arising from the activities, and it does not show growing unemployment, etc.

How is the GDP compared to the dashboard on an automobile?

It is like having only a speedometer on your dashboard.

What form of business was Andrew Carnegie's steel industry? What form of business was John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil?

Limited partnership and trust

What are "finance capital" and "finance capitalism"?

Making money out of money without making anything useful; trading rather than producing.

What did Korten say about the relationship of money to wealth?

Money is not wealth; it is a chit that enables buying things. The making of money often destroys wealth. He indicated forms of real wealth are such things as natural resources, a skilled workforce, a safe and stable society, an effective/honest government, etc.

According to Korten, does an increase in GDP necessarily indicate an increase in our well being? What are some specific examples when this may not be the case.

No, -Children buying guns or cigarettes -Divorces -Security devices -Environmental cleanups --Etc..

Do increases in share prices necessarily reflect an increase in productive capacity or output?

No, since it is often accomplished by cutting cost, jobs, etc. and manipulation of financial reports.

Are our political leaders able to assess the economic health of the nation using stock market increases and GDP growth as indicators of economic success? Can they confidently predict that more jobs and increased wages will follow?

No, they can only predict that the rich are getting richer.

What does the phrase "scaled voting" mean for corporate governance?

One person, one vote; large and small shareholders had equal voting power

What is the name of the economic theory that justified the CEO stock-option practices described in the article?

Principal-agent theory

What statistical bias likely exists in the GDP measurement concerning public-sector benefits (i.e. the common good)?

Public benefits and common good are undervalued leading to inadequate investment in such things as infrastructure, crime prevention, etc.

Does Bogle suggest that the US economy is healthy and making things that the world will buy or simply trading pieces of paper, swapping stocks and bonds back and forth?

Simply trading pieces of paper back and forth.

What did Bogle think about the Wall Street Banking and investment industries?

That by definition they "subtract from the value created by our productive businesses."

What was the argument made in one of the papers concerning corporations and "unalienable rights"?

That corporations are simply another way to organize a business such as a sole proprietorship or partnership; not beings with unalienable rights.

Was the Boston Tea Party similar to the anti-corporate demonstration (the Battle of Seattle) in Seattle in 1999? Explain.

The Boston Tea Party was a protest against a government established monopoly; the Battle of Seattle was a protest against the perceived global monopolies established by governments cooperating on to establish trade policy, monetary policy, etc.

Fill in the blanks: From roughly 1810 to 1900, the Supreme Court and State Courts tended to side with _____, while while the state legislatures tended to side with_____.

The corporations collective bargaining

Under that theory, how does the principle of 'shareholder return' relate to other stakeholder interests? What stakeholders are most likely to benefit? Which ones may be harmed?

The principle of "maximize shareholder returns" tends only to benefit the major shareholders (today, mostly financial fund managers). Small shareholders are often hurt as are customers, employees, and communities.

How do they do it? What kind of information is involved?

They do calculations based on some 10,000 streams of data that describe recent economic activity in the US.

How did the Malaysian Forest Minister propose to increase Malaysia's wealth?

To cut down its forests, sell the wood, put the profits in the bank so it could earn interest.

What is the principal-agent theory?

To incentivize the agent (CEO) to act in the interest of the principal (shareholder) by providing a type of compensation that gave CEOs a stake in the game similar to that of shareholders, in this case, stock options.

Define the corporate concept of 'externalizing costs.' What are the implications of this concept for the common good?

To push the costs off operations or waste onto a third party not directly involved in the transaction. The costs of low prices (jobs sent overseas, pollution, etc.) dumped on public, causing tax money to be spent on repairing the damage rather than on providing needed infrastructure or services.

How would GDP be a better measurement if it were calculated on the median income rather than on the average income?

Using the average income as a basis for the calculation is distorted by top earners and corporate profits; consequently masks extreme wage inequalities.

List at least 4 legal tactics described in the article that firms use to manipulate the price of stock and therefore the value of stock options. List at least 2 used in the same way that are illegal.

You can read these in the article and you should know from your accounting classes which ones are legal and which ones are illegal.

What stages did Bogle say that the nation's economy had passed through over the past two centuries? According to Bogle, what is the current stage and does it add to or subtract from the value created by our productive businesses? agricultural

agricultural, manufacturing, service, financial

institutional capital example of corps depleting

corrupting government for favorable policies

Simon Kuznets, who invented many of the indicators that now include the GDP, was concerned from the start that the GDP might be mistaken for what

its citizens well-being.

Name two other forms of capital.

natural and human

In order to increase share prices as financial markets demand, what is an example of corporations depleting:

natural capital, human capital, social capital, institutional capital

Human capital example of corps depleting

poor working conditions, low wages

Natural capital example of corps depleting

strip mining, dumping toxic waste

In the case 1886 of Santa Clara County vs. Southern Pacific Railroad (14th Amendment interpretation), is there any doubt that the Supreme Court granted corporations "personhood"? Explain

there is some indication that it was a clerical error

Social capital example of corps depleting

union busting, relocating plants

Does Bogle seem to agree with Keynes that the financial markets are like a casino? What does the word, "croupier" mean?

yes, and it is someone who collects and pays money at the gambling table.