Exam 2

20. The period of time in which a housewife, who has survived the death of her husband, will not receive income benefits from Social Security is called the: a) "Blackout period" c) Qualification period b) Elimination period d) None of the above

a) "Blackout period"

75. Which of the following is true concerning the elimination period? 1. It is the period after a disability has occurred, and before being entitled to benefits 2. It makes the new employee wait before qualifying to receive health insurance 3. It does not distinguish between illnesses and accidents a) 1 only b) 2 & 3 c) 1, 2 & 3

a) 1 only

98. Travel accident insurance may be purchased from any of the following except: a) A professional life agent b) A vending machine c) An insurer representative d) A travel agent

a) A professional life agent

35. Which of the following is a policy that can be considered "never paid up." a) A term to age 65 policy b) A life paid-up age 65 policy c) An endowment age 65 policy

a) A term to age 65 policy

58. Kim has purchased a new car. The salesman told Kim of a program that will make the loan payments if Kim were to become disabled as the result of sickness or injury. Kim would pay for the plan by having higher bank loan payments. Identify the form of insurance the salesman has described to her. a) Credit health insurance c) Long term care insurance b) Credit life insurance d) Travel accident insurance

a) Credit health insurance

32. Which of the following does not necessarily lead to effective retention of policies by an agent? a) High sales production b) Proper and timely service c) Effective communication with the client

a) High sales production

62. What do the letters IPA stand for in the managed care industry? a) Independent Practice Association b) Internalized Patient Activation c) Inactive Policy Account

a) Independent Practice Association

59. Frank has a Blue Shield health plan through his work. Which of the following is not a part of Frank's program? a) It is for hospital services c) It is a prepaid health plan b) It is for doctors services d) It provides benefits on a service basis

a) It is for hospital services

27. Applications for life insurance: a) May not be modified by an agent for any reason without the applicant's initials for the change. b) Must be made a part of the contract only if cash values are a feature of the policy. c) A and B are false d) A and B are true

a) May not be modified by an agent for any reason without the applicant's initials for the change.

68. Overall there are three main factors that are used to compute the premiums charged for health insurance. They are: a) Morbidity, interest, expenses c) Mortality, interest, expenses b) Policy reserves, interest, expenses d) Morbidity, reserves, expenses

a) Morbidity, interest, expenses

11. How does the California Life and Health Insurance Guarantee Association limit the total amount of benefits for the life insurance policies it protects? a) On a per-life basis b) On the total number of policies in effect only c) There is no maximum on the guarantee

a) On a per-life basis

61. Choose the special characteristic that does not apply to Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO's). a) Payment to the subscriber is on a reimbursement basis b) The plan is prepaid c) Special focus is placed on preventative care d) They are considered to be managed care programs

a) Payment to the subscriber is on a reimbursement basis

5. "Fiduciary Responsibility," as it pertains to an insurance agent, is best defined as: a) Prompt and timely forwarding of the insured's premium payment to the home office b) Prompt and timely handling of a claim form c) Frequent reviews of an insured's insurance coverage d) Assisting clients in the selection of policies

a) Prompt and timely forwarding of the insured's premium payment to the home office

94. Choose the benefit for which LTC policies do not provide protection. a) The care received while in a hospital b) Adult day care c) Custodial care

a) The care received while in a hospital

47. The principal amount from a death benefit is held by the insurer upon the request of the beneficiary. Payments are made per a schedule and subject to a guaranteed rate of interest based on the amount of the benefit. The principal is withdrawn only on the request of the beneficiary. What is this type of settlement option referring to? a) The interest only option b) The variable option c) The life income option

a) The interest only option

72. Sharon is comparison shopping disability income policies. Sharon finds two nearly identical policies offered by the same insurance company with exactly the same premium and terms. The only difference is that one is issued as non-cancelable, and the other guaranteed renewable. Which should she buy? a) The non-cancelable policy b) The guaranteed renewable policy c) Neither, both are illegal in California

a) The non-cancelable policy

78. In order to discourage people from being dishonest about their illnesses on a disability policy and reduce the moral hazard to which they expose the insurance company, most policies are limited: a) To about 70% of their earned income. b) If the insured has very high amounts of unearned income c) Both A and B d) Neither A nor B

a) To about 70% of their earned income.

49. John has been paying into his whole life policy that has generated cash value for many years. He now wishes to take the cash value out before maturity and use it to effect a non-forfeiture option. The company is required to fulfill his request as per law. a) True b) False

a) True

79. A Guaranteed Insurability Option allows an insured to purchase more insurance in the future. There is no requirement to provide any proof they are insurable. a) True b) False

a) True

82. In most major medical policies, individual deductibles in a family are replaced with one large family deductible to cover the entire family. a) True b) False

a) True

83. A provision in a major medical policy reads: "when expenses reach a certain dollar amount, the insured no longer shares the costs of expenses. The insurer pays 100% of remaining covered charges." This is called the stop loss feature. a) True b) False

a) True

18. Arnold is trying to improve his time efficiency. To accomplish this, he decides to answer objections only if they are brought up by the client at least twice. This is generally considered to be: a) Unethical by most standards b) Ethical by most standards c) Ethics are not an issue in the scope of insurance

a) Unethical by most standards

64. Choose the statement from the following that is true about group health insurance. a) When an employee leaves a company they have the right to convert their group plan to an individual one b) All employees (100% of the eligible employees) must be covered by the plan when it is contributory c) At least 75% of the employees must participate if it is a non-contributory plan d) Group policy premiums are typically more expensive than individual policies

a) When an employee leaves a company they have the right to convert their group plan to an individual one

56. Phil works for a non-profit religious organization. He wishes to invest some of his income into a retirement program that will provide him with the most benefits. Can Phil qualify to open a Tax Sheltered Account? a) Yes b) No

a) Yes

93. Beverly is shopping for a life insurance policy. Could she have an endorsement/rider that covers her for long term care? a) Yes b) No

a) Yes

60. The "gatekeeper" concept which is used in HMOs means: 1. The gatekeeper routes patients to specialists 2. Law requires that no coverage is provided by someone other than a gatekeeper 3. After choosing a primary care physician this physician approves the care provided the patient. a) 2 & 3 b) 1 & 3 c) all the above d) none of the above

b) 1 & 3

76. The definition of "disability" can be very different depending upon the policy wording. If a contract were to define it as "the insured's inability to perform the duties of any occupation for which he or she is reasonably qualified by education, training, or experience," what would this definition describe? 1. Any occupation definition 2. Own occupation definition 3. It is less restrictive than other definitions 4. It is more restrictive than other definitions a) 1 &3 b) 1 &4 c) 2 & 3 d) 2 & 4

b) 1 &4

12. Mitch qualified for, and received his life agent license in 2002. He markets Long Term Care products. What must he complete to solicit long term care products? a) 8 hours of long term care continuing education in addition to his 24 hour continuing education requirement b) 8 hours of long term care continuing education as part of his 24 hour continuing education requirement c) 8 hours per year in long term care in addition to his 24 hour continuing education requirement d) 16 hours a year in long term care in addition to his 24 hour continuing education requirement

b) 8 hours of long term care continuing education as part of his 24 hour continuing education requirement

38. All of the following apply to variable life insurance except: a) Their funds are invested in equity investments like stocks. b) A guarantee is provided by the insurer for the performance of the fund c) A securities license is needed for an agent to sell variable products to the public

b) A guarantee is provided by the insurer for the performance of the fund

54. Which of the following would be the best client to purchase a variable annuity? a) A person who does not like the fluctuations of equity investments b) A middle aged divorced housewife with a substantial portfolio, and $60,000 per year income c) An older man searching for a guaranteed monthly income that will last for the rest of his life. He is on Social Security and has little savings

b) A middle aged divorced housewife with a substantial portfolio, and $60,000 per year income

10. A "life agent" can work in all of the areas of insurance listed below, except: a) Life and disability b) All areas and classes (if authorized by an insurer) c) Fixed annuities

b) All areas and classes (if authorized by an insurer)

16. Identify which of the following is not a deceptive act or practice, or unfair method of competition. a) An insured submits a claim, but it is not covered by his insurance policy. The agent doesn't take the insured's call, but instead, sends a letter to him explaining the reasons why the benefit is not payable b) An agent tries to sell a prospect on three separate occasions. A second agent is able to sell the same prospect by convincing him to buy a more expensive, but better coverage policy c) An agent tells an insured to submit a second proof of loss in order to allow more time for a payment to be made on a prior proof of loss that is taking several weeks to be processed

b) An agent tries to sell a prospect on three separate occasions. A second agent is able to sell the same prospect by convincing him to buy a more expensive, but better coverage policy

19. A sailor in the merchant marines has contacted you and expressed interest in life insurance. What important planning step will you take to determine this sailor's needs in order to provide an appropriate policy? a) Refer to mortality tables. b) Assess the current buy/sell needs c) Review key employee insurance requirements d) Review the person's overall financial goals

b) Assess the current buy/sell needs

13. The only circumstance, according to provisions of the code, by which a name can always be approved, is if it is a true corporate name. a) True b) False

b) False

17. Protector Life establishes an agreement with Twilight Builders to provide an annuity without any separate charge (free) as an inducement to those who buy homes from Twilight. The Code has no requirement prohibiting this. a) True b) False

b) False

33. Generally, E & 0 coverage is issued in a standard form determined by state law. a) True b) False

b) False

42. Unlike other financial instruments, life insurance cannot be transferred by an assignment since it has no monetary value; it is only an agreement. a) True b) False

b) False

55. Non-tax deferred compensation plans are examples of qualified retirement programs. a) True b) False

b) False

65. Compared to life insurance, health insurance relies on the agent much more to provide field underwriting information. a) True b) False

b) False

71. The Unpaid Premium Provision states that an insurer is not allowed to deduct from claims any unpaid premiums that were due the insurer. a) True b) False

b) False

80. A Key Person Disability policy is used to insure the family member who contributes the highest amount of income to a family. a) True b) False

b) False

88. HMOs are prevented from offering their coverage in exchange for Medicare benefits being assigned to them by those over the age of 65. a) True b) False

b) False

89. The California Insurance Code stipulates that Medicare Supplement Insurance policies are not permitted to exclude coverage for any pre-existing condition. a) True b) False

b) False

91. Many Long Term care policies are sold to California residents in the middle class with the express purpose of protecting these insureds from large medical expenses. a) True b) False

b) False

96. 24-Hour coverage can only be sold by life agents. Property and casualty agents are not allowed to transact this form of insurance. a) True b) False

b) False

51. Choose the correct statement from the selection below: a) Dividend income is considered a taxable event b) If a company overestimates what is needed to issue policies a dividend can result c) Dividends cannot be paid in cash by an insurer d) Law restricts the use of dividends to pay down premium payments

b) If a company overestimates what is needed to issue policies a dividend can result

30. Compared to a yearly premium, a whole life insurance contract's quarterly premium will be: a) Less c) The same b) More d) Whole life does not offer quarterly premiums

b) More

66. An application has been submitted to an insurer for health insurance. The insurer reviewing the information looks at, among other things, the applicant's age, gender, job and general health. Is the population of the city where the applicant resides a factor? a) Yes b) No

b) No

46. What are the requirements of the insurer should the insured take their own life after only seven months after the inception of life policy? a) The full death benefit is payable b) Only a return of premiums is necessary c) A service charge is assessed the death benefit payable to the insured's estate

b) Only a return of premiums is necessary

23. All of the following are correct about disability income from Social Security, except: a) The disability is expected to last 12 months or end in death b) Since the majority of employers provide private disability income insurance, social security disability costs are reduced c) The insured is unable to acquire gainful employment

b) Since the majority of employers provide private disability income insurance, social security disability costs are reduced

8. The insurance code provides which of the following: a) Federal laws relative to the practice and principles of insurance b) State of California laws relative to the practice and principles of insurance c) Rules or guidelines for the industry to follow d) Model laws that help reach a conformity between each of the states

b) State of California laws relative to the practice and principles of insurance

97. The elimination period in a DI policy is the equivalent of: a) The pre-existing conditions period in a medical policy b) The deductible in a medical expense policy c) The grace period d) The free look period

b) The deductible in a medical expense policy

92. Identify the "activity of daily living" not associated with triggering events for Long Term Care policies. The inability: a) To be mobile c) To bath one's self b) To talk on the telephone d) To eat

b) To talk on the telephone

45. Which of the following is false about beneficiaries? a) Minor children can be named as beneficiaries b) Trusts are only documents, and therefore cannot be named as beneficiaries c) Corporations can be named as beneficiaries

b) Trusts are only documents, and therefore cannot be named as beneficiaries

50. An automatic premium loan, found only in cash value policies: a) Will pay a premium that is due only one time; the loan must immediately then be paid off b) Will pay a premium that is due by using the policy's cash surrender value c) Is used to pay off consumer loans

b) Will pay a premium that is due by using the policy's cash surrender value

69. Assume that a claim is filed with a health insurer on March 6. The insured did not pay the premium on the due date (March 1) because they didn't want the policy any more. Will the insurer pay the claim, and why or why not? a) No. The claim was filed after the due date, the insurer is not liable b) Yes. The claim falls within the grace period c) Yes. The insured didn't notify the company of his intent to not renew

b) Yes. The claim falls within the grace period

26. The applicant, the policyowner, and the insured of a life insurance policy may be: 1. The same individual 2. Three different individuals a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 1 or 2

c) 1 or 2

84. This deductible is paid by the insured after benefits from a basic policy are exhausted, and allow the benefits of the major medical policy to begin. a) A carry over deductible b) A "kick-up" deductible c) A corridor deductible

c) A corridor deductible

63. An entity that provides the administrative services for employers, such as the documentation and recordkeeping for group insurance needs, is called: a) A self-funded plan b) An administrative services only program c) A third party administrator

c) A third party administrator

52. What occurs during the accumulation period of an annuity? a) Payout of the benefits of the annuity b) Provides for a guarantee of mutual fund growth c) Allows the annuity to build on a tax deferred basis d) Allows the annuity to build on a tax free basis

c) Allows the annuity to build on a tax deferred basis

34. From the following, select the type of life insurance which could be best used to protect your customer's heirs from a mortgage obligation should your customer die: a) Level term insurance c) Decreasing term b) Increasing term d) None of the above

c) Decreasing term

7. If an HMO were able to prove with a certificate that it was primarily regulated by the Department of Corporations, they may also be subject to the jurisdiction of: a) Department of Labor b) Department of Justice c) Department of Insurance d) Department of HMOs

c) Department of Insurance

28. Which entity or entities financially support(s) the non-profit Medical Information Bureau? a) The State of California c) Insurance companies b) The federal government d) A network of medical practitioners

c) Insurance companies

31. Which of the following statements about collecting an initial premium with the application is incorrect? a) It is not encouraged since it can lead to misunderstandings b) It is encouraged since it creates commitment to the purchasing decision c) It can provide immediate protection for the insured. d) Both A & C are incorrect

c) It can provide immediate protection for the insured.

24. Regarding federal income taxes, which of the following is false? a) A company usually receives a deduction when paying for their employees' group plans. b) Typically, premiums on individual policies are not deductible c) Life insurance death benefits are not tax exempt

c) Life insurance death benefits are not tax exempt

1. Marvin is involved in a serious car accident. No one is surprised because Marvin is known to drive too fast. Identify the hazard here. a) Marvin owns a car b) The bodily injury he sustained in the accident c) Marvin drives too fast d) Medical payments paid by the insurer

c) Marvin drives too fast

48. Cash surrender value, extended term insurance, reduced paid-up insurance. These are examples of: a) Dividend options b) Settlement options c) Nonforfeiture options

c) Nonforfeiture options

70. The clause that states that an insured is to provide the health insurer a written notice of claims that will be forthcoming is the: a) Claim forms - 15 days b) Proof of loss - 90 days c) Notice of claim - 20 days d) Notice of claim - 90 days

c) Notice of claim - 20 days

74. Hank and Eva are married. Hank works for company "H" and Eva works for company "E". They are both covered by a health plan through their work that also covers the other spouse. In reference to the coordination of benefits for these medical plans, all the following are true except: a) Should Eva file a claim, her company, the "E" company, is primary b) Should Hank file a claim, Eva's company, the "E" company, is secondary c) Only if one insurer were to exclude a claim would the other insurer be forced to provide coverage

c) Only if one insurer were to exclude a claim would the other insurer be forced to provide coverage

41. The incontestable clause of a life insurance policy: a) Says that if the insured dies after 2 years, misrepresentation, concealment or fraud may disallow the beneficiary from collecting the death benefit b) Says that the insurer is protected from liability from misrepresentation, concealment or fraud of an agent c) Prevents the insurer from voiding the policy after 2 years on the grounds of misrepresentation, concealment or fraud of the insured d) Says the insurer can't contest paying the claim if the premium is not paid

c) Prevents the insurer from voiding the policy after 2 years on the grounds of misrepresentation, concealment or fraud of the insured

53. Select the type of annuity payment option that has the least amount of risk for the insurer, and therefore, pays the highest amount of income to the insured over time. a) Life with 15 year certain b) Life with 30 year certain c) Straight/pure life d) None, the above do not apply to annuities

c) Straight/pure life

67. Health insurers classify risks in different ways. Of the following, select the classification that would charge the highest premium: a) Preferred b) Standard c) Substandard

c) Substandard

21. All of the following are examples of types of life insurance, except: a) Term plans b) Ordinary plans c) Surety plans (bonds)

c) Surety plans (bonds)

73. Your customer pays her insurance premium for one year. On November 1 the policy has 2 months left to run. The portion of her premium payment for which the insurer has provided insurance coverage (the first 10 months) is called: a) The unearned premium c) The earned premium b) Deferred compensation d) The carryover period

c) The earned premium

43. The Free Look provision of life insurance issued in California states that certain conditions exist in order for a policy to be delivered to the insured properly. Which of the following is not correct in determining good delivery? a) The policy was mailed with a signed delivery receipt b) The policy was mailed certified c) The policy was hand delivered personally, no receipt of delivery needed d) None of the above

c) The policy was hand delivered personally, no receipt of delivery needed

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of an ideally insurable risk? a) The insurer must make a profit b) The loss must be catastrophic in nature c) There must be a possibility of a loss d) The loss must be certain

c) There must be a possibility of a loss

36. A type of life insurance policy, called a first-to-die policy, is very helpful in business situations, whereby a partner can purchase the interest of a deceased partner at death. This policy can also be used by a husband and wife by naming each other as beneficiaries. Select the incorrect statement about first-to-die plans from below. a) Compared to buying two individual ordinary life insurance contracts, a first-to-die would be cheaper b) They pay the full face amount on the death of the first insured to die c) They pay a reduced amount upon the death of the last surviving insured

c) They pay a reduced amount upon the death of the last surviving insured

4. Select the answer from below which best describes an insurance sales situation closely connected to the direct response marketing system: a) Waiting by the phone to get calls from prospects with no effort being made to get these leads b) Seeing an old friend at the supermarket and hoping he will give you his personal life insurance business c) Using a vending machine in an airport to purchase travel accident insurance

c) Using a vending machine in an airport to purchase travel accident insurance

57. IRA accounts have certain restrictions that apply to them for the purpose of discouraging participants from withdrawing money from them too soon. If a withdrawal is made before the age of 591/2 there can be a: a) 6% tax penalty (with certain conditions) b) Total cancellation of all prior tax deferral c) There is no penalty on withdrawals before 59 1/2 d) 10% penalty (with certain conditions)

d) 10% penalty (with certain conditions)

22. From the following, select the correct choice(s) concerning a contributory group life program: 1. 100% of eligible employees must participate 2. 75% of eligible employees must participate 3. 100% of premium paid by employee 4. 75% of premium paid by employee a) 1 & 3 b) 2 & 3 c) 1 only d) 2 only

d) 2 only

14. Which of the following documents must show the license number of an active life agent? 1. Price quotes 2. A magazine advertisement 3. Business cards a) 1 only b) 3 only c) None of the above d) All of the above

d) All of the above

81. How can a basic medical expense policy pay their benefits? a) On an indemnity basis c) On a reimbursement basis b) On a service basis d) All of the above

d) All of the above

86. Part A of Medicare covers expenses incurred for: a) Charges for a private hospital room c) Private duty nursing b) The first three pints of blood in a calendar year d) Home health care

d) Home health ca

90. Medicare excludes all of the following benefits, except: a) Long term care c) Intermediate care b) Custodial care d) Limited nursing home benefits

d) Limited nursing home benefits

29b. In determining the rates to charge payers for health insurance premiums, a company will use: a) Policy reserves, interest, expenses c) Morbidity, interest, policy reserves b) Mortality, policy reserves, expenses d) Morbidity, interest, expenses

d) Morbidity, interest, expenses

29a. In determining the rates to charge payers for life insurance premiums, a company will use: a) Policy reserves, interest, expenses c) Mortality, interest, policy reserves b) Mortality, policy reserves, expenses d) Mortality, interest, expenses

d) Mortality, interest, expense

77. "The inability of an insured to perform one or more of the regular duties of his or her own occupation." This is a description of a: a) Partial disability c) Recurrent disability b) Residual disability d) None of the above

d) None of the above

87. Part B of Medicare covers: a) Skilled nursing over 100 days c) Dental care b) Prescription drugs d) None of the above

d) None of the above

9. Audrey forgot about a small health problem she had some years ago. A disability income policy is issued to her. A short time after policy issuance, she is in a serious car accident and not able to work for about 1 1/2 months. The insurance company will still pay the loss and not cancel the policy even though the small health problem is discovered just a day after the accident, since: 1. The insurer would only cancel if these concealed facts were "material". 2. Those concealed factor were unintentional, therefore legal. 3. Because canceling the policy would have to be done before the loss occurred. a) 1 & 3 b) 1 only c) 2 & 3 d) None of the above

d) None of the above

85. All individuals listed below are entitled for Medicare, except: a) Persons who are not eligible for social security, are still willing to pay premiums, and are age 65 b) Persons who are eligible for social security and are age 65 c) Person able to receive disability benefits for 24 months d) Persons who qualify for public assistance programs

d) Persons who qualify for public assistance programs

39. A waiver of premium provision of a policy contains which of the following features? a) A linking to the CPI b) Is frequently referred to as living needs benefits c) Provides an income in the event of a disability d) Releases the owner from having to pay premiums in the event of a disability

d) Releases the owner from having to pay premiums in the event of a disability

25. Tax laws have established the Modified Endowment Contract or "MECs." Select the correct response: a) They reduce the premiums payable for high death benefit policies b) They are actively used by the public, so they are recommended c) Taxing of their death benefit is not like a non-MEC d) Taxing their living benefit is not like a non-MEC

d) Taxing their living benefit is not like a non-MEC

37. Index-linked life insurance plans have their benefit determined by an index which provides an indication of the effects of inflation on the purchasing power of the dollar. Which index is typically used to do this? a) The Seventh District Cost of Funds Index c) Table of Guaranteed Values b) Actuarial tables d) The Consumer Price Index

d) The Consumer Price Index

3. From the choices below, select the answer that best reflects the concept of indemnification: a) A promise is given by only one party, the insurer b) If it is determined that a statement in the contract is ambiguous, courts will favor the policyowner c) Either of the parties to the contract can assume the other is not concealing facts d) The insured cannot get back any more than the loss they have experienced

d) The insured cannot get back any more than the loss they have experienced

44. Betty, the beneficiary of a life insurance policy, dies before the insured of the contract dies. In the state of California, when the insured eventually passes away, the death benefit goes to which of the following, if the policy is still in effect: a) The insured's next of kin c) The State of California b) Betty's next of kin d) The insured's estate

d) The insured's estate

99. Which of the following is the first step in the Medicare claims process? a) The local Medicare carrier pays the benefits to the patient b) The patient files a claim directly with the local Medicare carrier c) The local Medicare carrier pays benefits to the patient d) The patient's hospital/physician files a claim with the local Medicare carrier

d) The patient's hospital/physician files a claim with the local Medicare carrie

40. From the choices below, identify the party able to exercise the right of borrowing from cash value: a) An irrevocable beneficiary b) A designated officer of the insurer's underwriting department c) The insured (as named in the contract) d) The policy owner

d) The policy owner

6. "Consideration," as it applies to a life insurance contract, is defined as: a) $50.00 minimum b) The "face value" on any contract anniversary date c) What the insurance company gives your application during the underwriting process d) The premium payment

d) The premium payment

15. Attempting to induce a policyholder to lapse, forfeit, or surrender existing insurance through the use of misleading representations or comparisons of insurers is the definition of: a) Coercion b) Boycotting c) Rebating d) Twisting - a misdemeanor which could result in imprisonment of up to 1 year

d) Twisting - a misdemeanor which could result in imprisonment of up to 1 year

95. If a policy contains benefits for community-based services or home care, they must cover: 1. Hospice care 2. Home health care services 3. Respite care a) 1 & 3 b) 2 & 3 c) 2 only d) all the above

d) all the above