Exam 2 PSYCH

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ___ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. -Acquisition -Extinction -Secondary conditioning -Stimulation

Acquisition

___ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the Axon terminals. -Action potential -Depolarization -Hyperpolarization -Threshold of excitation

Action potential

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ___. -After dreaming about having a fight with their parents -After dreaming they were on TV -After seeing a TV character being punished for taking violent action against another character -After seeing a TV character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

After seeing a TV character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ___ learning. -Associational -Instinctive -Processual -Reflexive

Associational

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? -Boys display fear differently from girls -Boys display more fear than girls -Emotion can be a conditioned response -Fear cannot be a conditioned response

Emotion can be a conditioned response

The only way to establish a cause-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ___. -Detailed literature search -Experiment -Study -Survey

Experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? -Correlational -Experimental -Quasi-experimental -Survey

Experimental

Which of the following is NOT part of obtaining informed consent? -Explaining the hypothesis to the participants -Letting participants know that participation is voluntary -Obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor -Reviewing the data is confidential

Explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? -Acquisition -Extinction -Recovery -Reflex

Extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? -Fixed interval -Fixed ratio -Variable interval -Variable ratio

Fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? -Fixed interval -Fixed ratio -Variable interval -Variable ratio

Fixed ratio

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ___. -Axon -Glial cell -Soma -Terminal button

Glial cell

In ___ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. -Higher order -Initial -Primary -Secondary

Higher order

The ___ is controlled by the experimenter. -Confounding variable -Dependent variable -Independent variable -Variability

Independent variable

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of 2 vocabulary learning strategies on word retention 2 weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ______ variable and word retention is the ______ variable. -Control; experimental -Dependent; Independent -Experimental; Control -Independent; Dependent

Independent; dependent

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? -It can be tested using empirical methods -It is an if-then statement -It is complex -It is falsifiable

It is complex

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use? -Case study -Experiment -Naturalistic observation -Survey

Naturalistic observation

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ___. -Negative punishment -Negative reinforcement -Positive punishment -Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning ___ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. -Negative reinforcement -Positive reinforcement -Punishment -Punishment reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ___ balance. -Emotional -GABA -Neurotransmitter -Serotonin

Neurotransmitter

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ___. -Conditioned stimulus and an unconditional response -Neutral response and a conditional response -Neutral stimulus and a neutral response -Neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response

Neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident? -Blindness -Cannot move his fingers -No sensation in his legs and feet -No sensation in his legs and thumbs

No sensation in his legs and feet

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watchers her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? -Classical -Conditioning -Observational -Operant

Observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ___ learning. -Latent -Observational -Pavlovian -Vicarious

Observational

A negative correlation means___. -A third variable eliminates a correlational relationship. -One variable decreases as the other increases. -There is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant. -Two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome.

One variable decreases as the other increases.

A(n) ___ is a description of how researchers will measure the variables of interest. -Experimental plan -Hypothesis -Operational definition -Theory

Operational definition

___ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. -Classical -Operant -Primary -Secondary

Primary

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? -Acquisition -Extinction -Punishment -Recovery

Punishment

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ___ and ___. -Blind group assignment; blind sampling -Blind group assignment; random sampling -Blind sampling; random group assignment -Random sampling; random group assignment

Random sampling; random group assignment

Agonists bind to ___ and antagonists bind to ___. -Receptors; nothing, since they do not bind -Receptors; receptors -Receptors; the cell membrane -The cell membrane; receptors

Receptors; receptors

___ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. -Generalizability -Reliability -Statistical significance -Validity

Reliability

Which of the following is NOT part of the fight or flight response? -Adrenaline surges into the bloodstream -Heart rate and blood pressure increases -Pupils dilate -Running away

Running away

Green et al. used a ___ from their ___ of interest in order to make a ____. -Generalization; sample; hypothesis -Population; sample; generalization -sample; population; generalization -sample; population; hypothesis

Sample; population; generalization

A ___ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation. -Bar graph -Correlation coefficient -Histogram -Scatterplot

Scatterplot

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? -Acquisition -Learning -Reinforcement -Shaping

Shaping

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? -Control groups -Operational definitions -random assignment -small sample size

Small sample size

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? -Longitudinal research is time consuming -Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places -Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample -Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Sensory and motor neurons of the ___ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. -autonomic -parasympathetic -somatic -sympathetic

Somatic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ___. -Brainstem -Internal organs -Peripheral nerves -Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longers falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to falls asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ___. -Classical conditioning -Higher order conditioning -Neutral stimulus -Spontaneous recovery

Spontaneous recovery

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ___. -Conditioned response -Stimulus discrimination -Stimulus generalization -Unconditioned response

Stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ___. -Imitation -Modeling -Stimulus discrimination -Stimulus generalization

Stimulus generalization

___ is/are often with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. -Archival research -Case studies -Surveys -University experiments

Surveys

The space between two neurons is called the ___. -Soma -Synapse -Terminal button -Vesicle

Synapse

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? -Checking your Facebook account at random times during throughout the day. -Playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores. -Playing poker -Taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4 PM.

Taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4 PM.

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ___, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immegiately feels ill. -Taste aversion -Taste response -Unconditioned aversion -Unconditioned response

Taste aversion

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ___. -Cognition and emotion -Language, such as speech -Motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face -Temperature, touch, and pain

Temperature, touch, and pain

The ___ of a neuron contain ___ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. -Axons; terminal buttons -Dendrites; synaptic vesicles -Terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles -Terminal buttons; transport proteins

Terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Which of the following is an example of a reflex; automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? -Becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice -Becoming bored at a wedding -Sitting very still in a classroom -The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? - -0.9 - 0 - +0.2 - +0.9

+0.2

Studying close relatives allow behavioral geneticists to determine ___. -How behaviors have changed over time -The contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied -The relative contributions of genes and environment in a population -Whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait

The relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ___. -Deductive reasoning -Inductive reasoning -The experiment -The scientific method

The scientific method

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. -The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant" -The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism" -The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval" -The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition"

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition"

A(n) _____ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. -Conclusion -Hypothesis -Operational Definition - Theory

Theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ____. -Smoking causes lung cancer -Smoking contributes to lung cancer -There is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer. -There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

The ___ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. -amygdala -corpus callosum -hypothalamus -pons

amygdala

Which of the following higher level processes is NOT a function of the cerebral cortex? -breathing -emotion -memory -reasoning

breathing

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ___ and ___. -autonomic; somatic nervous systems -autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems -central; peripheral nervous systems -parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems

central; peripheral nervous systems

The ___ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. -cerebellum -sensory cortex -substantia nigra -ventral tegmental area

cerebellum

Which of the following imaging techniques does NOT collect information about brain functioning? -computerized tomography (CT) scan -electroencephalography (EEG) -functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) -positron emission tomography (PET)

computerized tomography (CT) scan

The theory of ___ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. -behavioral genetics -evolution by natural selection -genetics mutation -survivalism

evolution by natural selection

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ___, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ___. -fast; short duration -fast; long-lasting -slow; a short duration -slow; long lasting

fast; long-lasting

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain? -frontal -occipital -parietal -temporal

frontal

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling VERY COLD, ALMOST FAINTING, a REDUCED APPETITE, and REDUCED SEXUAL DESIRES. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? -Broca's area -hypothalamus -substantia -thalamus

hypothalamus

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on? -amygdala -medulla -pons -reticular formation

medulla

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place? -difficulty comprehending language -difficulty producing language -motor skill deficits in the left side of her body -sensory deficits in the right side of the her body

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ___. -factors -hormones -neurotransmitters -proteins

neurotransmitters

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about what images shown to ___. -both visual fields -neither visual or field -only the left visual field -only the right visual field

only the right visual field

The ___ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. -autonomic -parasympathetic -somatic -sympathetic

parasympathetic

Which of the following is NOT a limbic system structure? -amygdala -hippocampus -hypothalamus -substantia nigra

substantia nigra

The ___ nervous system is responsible for responses such as PUPIL DILATION, INCREASED HEART RATE and INCREASED RESPIRATION. -autonomic -parasympathetic -somatic -sympathetic

sympathetic

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? -Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments -Fear is a conditioned response -Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus -One can learn new behaviors be observing others

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

___ is a neurotransmitter with roles in PLEASURE and PAIN MODULATION. -Acetylcholine -Beta-endorphin -GABA -Norepinephrine

Beta-endorphin

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ___. -Between -1 and 0 -Between -1 and +1 -Between 0 and +1 -Between 0 and +100

Between -1 and +1

The brain contains ___ of interconnected neurons and glia. -Billions -Tens of thousands -Thousands -Millions

Billions

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? -Broca's area -hippocampus -thalamus -Wernicke's area

Broca's area

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) _____ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. -Case study -Experiment -Naturalistic Observation -Survey

Case study

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli? -Classical conditioning -Controlled conditioning -Physiological conditioning -Psychic conditioning

Classical conditioning

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ___. -Conditioned response -Conditioned stimulus -Unconditioned response -Unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ___ study. -Control -Double-blind -Double-control -Single-blind

Double-blind

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? -Conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings -Conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell -Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle -Conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle.

A(n) ___ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. -Confounding variable -Control variable -Dependent variable -Independent variable

Confounding Variable

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? -Continuous -Partial -Primary -Secondary

Continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ___ reinforcement. -Continuous -Partial -Primary -Secondary

Continuous

The ___ group DOES NOT get the experimental treatment. -Alternate experimental -Control -Dependent -Independent

Control

___ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. -Cause and effect -Correlation -Reliability -Validity

Correlation

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that they study is about the effects of aging on likability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ___ in order to resolve the ___ in the study. -Debrief participants; ageist attitudes -Debrief participants; deception -Pay participants; deception -Pay participants; use of personal photos

Debrief participants; deception

The ___ variable measures effects of the independent variable. -Confounding -Dependent -Experimental -Independent

Dependent

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ___. -Depression -Obsessive-compulsive disorder -Parkinson's disease -Schizophrenia

Depression

A major advantage of case studies is ___. -Detailed information -Generalizability -Large sample size -Quick data collection

Detailed information

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? -Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. -Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. -Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. -Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive on if she behaves herself.

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? -Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June -Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work -Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets -Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? -Blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room. -Determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting. -Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day every exam day to see how long before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student. -Rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables.

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day to see how long before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student.

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? -Conditioning -Instincts -Learning -Reflexes

Learning

According to Albert Bandura, ___. -Fear is a conditioned response -Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say -Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals -Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ___. -Cognition -Model -Response -Stimulus

Model

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve this disagreement? -They could ask their friends and see which perspective has the most support. -They could conduct a study with students on their campus to see which perspective has the most support. They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic. -They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ___. -Be twice as strong -Last twice as long -Undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration -Travel twice as fast down the axon

Undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

___ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. -Generalizability -Operational definition -Reliability -Validity

Validity

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? -Fixed interval -Fixed ratio -Variable interval -Variable ratio

Variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? -Latent acquisition -Latent punishment -Vicarious punishment -Vicarious reinforcement

Vicarious punishment

Which of the following would be the BEST example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior? -Assessing behaviors from a police cruiser dash cam -Having passengers rathe the driver's behavior -Using footage from the red light cameras -Watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets.

Watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? -Broca's area -occipital cortex -prefrontal cortex -Wernicke's area

Wernicke's area

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? -When a cat and dog share the same water bowl -When a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener -When a dog plays dead when she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior -When a dog refuses to play dead

When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity? -adrenal -pancreas -testes -thyroid

adrenal

___ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. -acetylcholine -dopamine -glutamate -serotonin

dopamine

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? -frontal -occipital -parietal -temporal

temporal