Exam 2 Quizzes

The electrolocation capability enables weakly electric fish to distinguish between objects differing in which property?

Conductivity

If two electric discharges have the same frequency and phase, the crests and the troughs add together, so the amplitude of the resulting wave, the mixed signal, is equal to the sum of the individual amplitudes. This is a form of

Constructive interference

What is the function of lateral pathways with regard to the descending motor pathways?

Control goal directed voluntary movements

Time and amplitude channels are encoded in separate, parallel pathways in both the weakly electric fish and the barn owl. This is an example of

Convergent evolution

In the toad's sensory world, 'prey' can be described as objects characterized by the following two features:

Elongated objects; moving in the direction of their long axis

T or F: Brain Neuron class 1 (BNC-1) neurons have activity patterns that follow the temporal pattern of the song

False

T or F: Corollary discharges are copies of motor commands used to produce two motor actions simultaneously

False

T or F: If the Mixed signal leads when the amplitude rises and lags when the amplitude falls. The circular trajectory rotates clockwise for negative Dfs and that means the frequency of neighbor was higher than the frequency of the fish

False

T or F: Iontophoresis of GABA in nE↓ region leads to a decrease in EOD frequency

False

T or F: The electroreceptors on the fish's body are affected by the neighbor's current in the same manner regardless of the location on the body

False

T or F: The information about the sign of the Df computed by neurons in the Toris semicircularis is unambiguous

False

T or F: The pulse timer network in the A3 and A4 ganglia determine the chirp period

False

T or F: To execute a correct jamming avoidance response, Eigenmannia uses the frequency of its own pacemaker nucleus as a reference

False

T or F: Unlike cells in the LGN, neither simple cells nor complex cells have a "null" position in their receptive fields, so they are invariant to stimulus position

False

T or F: in the stereotyped motor sequence of a toad in pursuit of prey, the toad tracks the prey with slow eye movements as it moves and snaps at it when it falls in its binocular fixation area

False

T or F: the cornea and the lens form an optical image on the retina. The retina encodes all the information in the optical image using a single neural image

False

Which reflex prevents you from falling when you suddenly lift one foot off the ground in response to pain?

Flexor Crossed-extensor reflex

To complete the JAR the fish needs to compare a mixed signal to a pure Sfish signal i.e, a signal without the interference of the Sneighbor Signal. How does the fish get the pure fish signal?

For most parts of the body, the fish's signal dominates because the currents coming from the neighbor affect only those body areas where the current flow has a component perpendicular to the skin

Which type of motor neurons ensure that muscle spindles continue to provide information about muscle length during muscle contraction? Choose the correct option.

Gamma motor neurons

Which cells in the retina have axons that leave the retina?

Ganglion cells

Which cells in the retina contribute to lateral information flow that is usually inhibitory?

Horizontal cells

P or M pathway: pathway proceeds from the primary visual cortex as the dorsal stream of processing in visual association cortex

M

T or F: Central pattern generators may be activated by 'command neurons', which are defined as correlated, sufficient and necessary for production of the behavior

True

T or F: Corollary discharge provides transient, protective inhibition of sensory networks

True

T or F: Corollary discharges are copies of motor commands that do not produce any motor action but influence sensory processing.

True

T or F: Corollary discharges enable organisms to distinguish sensory input arising from the outside world from sensory input generated by the animal's own action.

True

T or F: Current from the fish's discharge originates from an internal source and penetrates the body surface perpendicularly and at similar intensities at all points

True

T or F: During Jamming Avoidance Response, the mixed signal is a complex wave because there is both constructive and destructive interference between the fish's signal and the neighbor's signal

True

T or F: Electroreceptors only sense the current component oriented perpendicularly to the local body surface

True

T or F: Female field cricket ears are preferentially sensitive to a specific carrier frequency because the extra distance of indirect route to the tympanum is half the wavelength of the carrier frequency

True

T or F: Giant cells in the Toris semicircularis receive direct excitatory input from spherical cells that code for local phase

True

T or F: Neuronal responses of P-units and T-units are a close match to the phase/amplitude plots of the mixed signal

True

T or F: Omega neurons have activity patterns that follow the temporal pattern of the song

True

T or F: Orientation tuning is important for form perception and object recognition

True

T or F: Plots of the amplitude of the mixed signal as a function of the phase difference between the mixed wave and the fish's own signal at any time point within one complete cycle determines the sign of the DF (frequency difference).

True

T or F: Small cells in the Toris semicircularis respond to differences in timing between different parts of the body surface and code for differential phase

True

T or F: Spherical cells in the ELL encode the phase of the stimulus with less jitter than individual T-unit afferents

True

T or F: The basal ganglia are involved in procedural (motor) learning

True

T or F: The decision to shift the frequency of its own EOD either up or down is based on the evaluation of afferent information contained in the interference pattern resulting from the mixing of its own discharge and that of the neighbor

True

T or F: The jamming avoidance response involves a shifting of the fish's own frequency away from the frequency of the interfering signal

True

Identify the basic elements of cricket song

A: chirp B: syllable or pulse C: pulse period D: chirp period E: carrier frequency

Male cricket song is an example of how motor systems are organized hierarchically. Indicate which part of the hierarchy determines each feature of the song - number of syllables (pulses) in a chirp is determined by _____ - chirp onset is determined by ______ - carrier frequency is determined by _______ - syllable (pulse) duration is determined by ________ - chirp duration is determined by _______

- CPG in ganglia - brain - wing morphology/muscles - wing morphology/muscles - CPG in ganglia

Match: spherical cells, basilar pyramidal cells, nonbasilar pyramidal cells: - fire one spike phase-locked to the positive zero crossing of the mixed signal - respond to amplitude increases, E-unit - respond to amplitude decreases, I-unit

- fire one spike phase-locked to the positive zero crossing of the mixed signal: spherical cells - respond to amplitude increases, E-unit: basilar pyramidal cells - respond to amplitude decreases, I-unit: nonbasilar pyramidal cells

Female crickets walk in a zigzag pattern toward the male song, because the left tympanum is (maximally/minimally) moved when the sound is coming from the left and the left tympanum is (maximally/minmally) moved when the sound is coming from the right. The reverse is true for the right tympanum. As a result, the auditory afferents are (maximally/minimally) excited by sounds coming directly from the side where they reside.

- maximally - minimally - maximally

E/advance-units and I/delay-units provide inputs to which type of cell?

-Df selective cell

If waves of two different frequencies interfere, a phenomenon known as beating occurs. If the two waves are 254 Hz and 250 Hz, the beat frequency is

4 Hz

Which of the following manipulations would both result in no decreases in EOD frequency for the JAR? - Iontophoresis of glutamate in nE↑ region / Iontophoresis of glutamate in CP/PPnG: - CNQX, and AMPAR antagonist, applied to the cells of the pacemaker nucleus / bilateral lesion of CP/PPnG - APV, an NMDAR antagonist applied to the relay cells of the pacemaker nucleus / bilateral lesion of SPPn

APV, an NMDAR antagonist applied to the relay cells of the pacemaker nucleus / bilateral lesion of SPPn

What is convergent evolution?

Adaptation to similar ecological features brings about similarities in behavior or structure among animals that are only distantly related

Which of the following contributes to image stability during a saccade

At the time of a saccade neurons in the frontal eye fields respond to stimuli presented within the classical receptive field and a future field

Four receptive fields are shown below, straddling a border between 50% gray (left) and bright light (right). If these are all ON-center retinal ganglion cells, which ganglion cell responds with the most action potentials?

C

P or M pathway: pathway proceeds from the primary visual cortex as the ventral stream of processing in visual association cortex

P

P or M: this type of information processed includes pattern, color, form, object recognition

P

Afferents of _____ receptors increase firing rate with a rise in stimulus amplitude

P-type

The neural circuit in the electrosensory lateral line lobe involved in processing of phase and amplitude information extracted from electrosensory stimuli reflects a

Parallel processing architecture

E-units and I-units in the Toris are

Pure amplitude coders

Which of the following manipulations would not provide anatomical or physiological evidence that T5(2) cells project to motor centers in medulla and spinal cord? - Record antidromic spikes in T5(2) cells when stimulating bulbar-spinal motor center - Inject retrograde tracers in bulbar-spinal motor center, find labeled cells in optic tectum layer that has T5(2) cells - Record antidromic spikes in bulbar-spinal motor center when stimulating T5(2) cells - Inject anterograde tracers in physiologically identified T5(2) cells find labeled axon terminals in bulbar-spinal motor center

Record antidromic spikes in bulbar-spinal motor center when stimulating T5(2) cells

What happens in a photoreceptor cell (a rod) in response to a light stimulus?

Rod membrane hyper polarizes and there is decreased NT release

Walter Heiligenberg was able to silence the electric organ discharge (EOD) with curare because

Spinal motor neurons that innervate the electrocytes of electric organ are cholinergic neurons

Afferents of ________ receptors fire one spike phase-locked to the positive zero-crossing of the signal

T-type tuberous electroreceptors

Which one of the following statements concerning the cerebellum is not true?: - The cerebellum is involved in the sequencing and timing of complex movements - The cerebellum is involved in the selection and initiation of willed movements - The cerebellum generates an error signal that is used to correct ongoing and future movements - The cerebellum is involved in procedural (motor) learning

The cerebellum is involved in the selection and initiation of willed movements

What is reciprocal inhibition?

The contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the relaxation of the antagonist muscles.

Why are lower motor neurons referred to as the "final common pathway" for behavior control?

They directly command muscle contraction.

Amplitude and phase information extracted from electrosensory stimuli converge in the

Torus semicircularis

T or F: All electroreceptive animals have ampullary receptors which permits "Passive" electroreception, a form of electroreception to supplement or replace other senses when detecting prey and predator

True

T or F: Auditory afferents have activity patterns that follow the temporal pattern of the song

True

T or F: The jamming avoidance response is a behavioral strategy to avoid detrimental effects on the electrolocation ability caused by signal interference of its own electric discharge with that of a neighbor fish discharging at similar frequency.

True

T or F: The number of cycles in a pulse depends on the number of teeth on the file of the wing

True

T or F: The retina uses different cell types to create parallel circuits for simultaneous transmission of information to the brain

True

T or F: The vertical pathway from the photoreceptor to the bipolar cell to the ganglion cell forms the "center" of a retinal ganglion cell's receptive field

True

T or F: The voltage output generated by the electric organs of weakly electric fish is achieved by arrangement of the electrocytes in series and in parallel.

True

T or F: To recognize objects, the visual system must integrate local information from the retina into global percepts such as contours, surfaces and three dimensional shapes

True

T or F: a dummy stimulus with a large releasing value means that there is a good resemblance between model and prey

True

T or F: feature detectors are neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of a sensory stimulus

True

T or F: if a toad orients towards an object, it has already decided "prey" and then commits itself to snapping

True

T or F: visible light occupies a small waveband in the electromagnetic spectrum

True

Active electrolocation, which is used for seeing with the body surface, uses _________receptors

Tuberous electroreceptors

In the toad, what type of behavioral pattern is evoked by stimulation of the optic tectum?

Visual orienting response to retinotopic site of stimulation

Object Recognition relies on Perceptual constancy or invariance, where selectivity is maintained over translations of size, retinal locus, and contrast within the cell's receptive field (RF). For each of the following indicate if the cells in Inferotemporal (IT) cortex exhibit invariance to each stimulus property or if there is no invariance at all. Choose all that apply. - stimulus location in RF - stimulus contrast (bright/dark) - stimulus size - not invariant

all except not invariant

P-type of electroreceptors encode local

amplitude

The adult toad exhibits behavioral response invariance to all of the following stimulus parameters except: - angular size - direction of movement - contrast - structure (----)(____)

angular size

In the toad, what type of behavioral pattern is evoked by stimulation of the thalamic pretectum?

avoidance response

Which retinal cell axons cross to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm?

axons from the nasal hemiretina

All of the following properties are true of neurons in the M pathway except: - respond well to moving objects - cells in the magnocellular layers of the LGN - cells process information concerning fine detail and color - large receptive field size

cells process information concerning fine detail and color

Simple cells in primary visual cortex are orientation selective because they receive inputs from

cells that have ON-center and OFF center-surround receptive fields aligned in alternating rows

How was the releasing value of dummy stimuli measured in Evert's behavioral experiments with the toad?

counting number of orienting turns the toad made per minute

For an OFF-center ganglion cell, in the presence of dark in the center, the photoreceptor is ________ while the ganglion cell is _________

depolarized; depolarized

In the toad's sensory world, anti-worm dummies can be described as objects characterized by the following two features:

elongated objects; moving in the direction of their short axis

The right primary visual cortex contains a precise map of the

entire left visual field

Orienting, approaching, fixating and snapping are all

fixed action patterns

Because of the center-surround RF organization of retinal ganglion cells, the signal leaving the retina is a contrast signal. The surround inhibition is mediated by inhibitory lateral information flow involving:

horizontal cells

Which of these brain areas does not receive a projection from retinal ganglion cells? - lateral geniculate nucleus - superior colliculus (optic tectum) - pretectum - medial geniculate nucleus

medial geniculate nucleus

Which of the following describes the function and location of Golgi tendon organs?

monitor muscle tension, situated in series with muscle fibers

Which of the following features of the male cricket song are essential to elicit female tracking behavior?: - natural syllable rate and number of syllables/chirp - syllable duration (duty cycle) and number of syllables/chirp - syllable duration (duty cycle) and 5 kHz carrier frequency - natural syllable rate and 5 kHz carrier frequency

natural syllable rate and 5 kHz carrier frequency

E/advance-units and I/delay-units provide inputs to

nucleus Electrosensorius (nE) ↑ region

T-type of electroreceptors encode local

phase

Which of the following are not part of the toad's prey-catching behavior? - fixating - approaching - orienting - planting down

planting down

All of the following are criteria for designation as a 'Command Neuron' EXCEPT?: - sufficiency - proximity - necessity - correlation

proximity

Complex cells in primary visual cortex are orientation selective because they receive inputs from

several simple cells each having the same orientation preference but different receptive field structure

In the toad, if the thalamic pre-tectum were lesioned, what type of behavioral pattern would be evoked by presentation of a large square stimulus?

visual orienting response

If you are recording from a neuron that is rhythmically active at a particular fixed phase of the cycle, how can you prove that it is part of the CPG circuit and not simply a neuron that receives synaptic input from the CPG?

you need to perform a 'reset' experiment and demonstrate that a current injection advances or delays the expected rhythm