Exam 2 Review

which of the following is characteristic of hallucinogenic substances?

alterations in visual perception or sense of time

Attempting to make inferences about others thoughts by using the strategy of imagining what our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors would be in a similar situation is known as ________________.

automatic empathy?

A person with ________ blindness might report that they cannot see anything even though the structures of their eyes are undamaged and work perfectly. The condition is a result of damage to the primary visual areas of the brain.

cortical

David Eagle described a study where people found faces with __________ more attractive, even though they were unaware of why they preferred those faces.

dilated pupils

The philosophical position of ________, championed by Rene Descartes, posted that one's mental and physical beings were two different entities.

dualism

When a person unwittingly mimics another person's expressions and feels the other person's emotions they are engaged in automatic ________.

empathy

Which type of brain imaging technique measures changes in the oxygenation of blood flowing in the brain?

fMRI

If Janet were to fly from Toronto to London, she might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because _______.

her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto

Darcy is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcy in?

hypnosis

The failure to notice something that is fully obvious that is right there in front of you when you attention is engaged on something or someone else is known as

inattentional blindness

The study were you were asked to attend to the conversation of two women talking was a study of

inattentional deafness

When a person copies another's behaviors without realizing that they are doing so, they are engaged in _______.

mimicry

Which of the following is the best definition of priming?

recent exposure to a stimuli increasing accessibility to the traits associated with that stimuli

Which of the following are interpersonal functions of emotions?

refer to the role emotions play between individuals within a group.

Each night at 10 pm, Jiao becomes very sleepy. This is most likely because _________.

she experiences an increase in melatonin production

According to the __________ theory of consciousness, people fare better in environments and situations where they can accurately anticipate what other individuals are going to do.

social neuroscience

Which of the following is NOT an example of low awareness?

studying

According to Daniel Simons, the goal of vision is to

to make sense of the meaning of the world around you

Slight stimulation of the fear-related areas in the brain causes animals to freeze, whereas intense stimulation causes them to flee.

true

Affective Neuroscience attempts to:

understand how matter (brain structures and chemicals) creates the emotions.

According to the Charlie Rose video that we saw in class, which of the following are false about consciousness?

*WRONG* One dimension of consciousness is arousal and vigilance. Sensory inflow is not necessary for consciousness or sleep

According to the film we saw in class which of the following are true about the processing of a visual stimulus that is consciously perceived?

The wave of stimulation that is created by a consciously perceived visual stimulus was described as a tsunami that goes from the back of the cortex to the front and then reverberates. Processing of a consciously perceived visual stimuli in the cortext was described as a wave that is amplified as it spreads. Processing starts in the visual cortex on the brain and it is very active there The cortical processing of a visual stimulus is amplified before reaching the higher cortical centers in the parietal and frontal cortex.

Consciousness can best be described as:

A state of awareness of the self and of the environment

In an important study of the process by which consciousness occurs, Kornhuber and Deecke (1965) used electroencephalography to show that the first sign of unconscious preparation for an action occurred approximately ________ before conscious awareness took place.

800 milliseconds

According to one model, stress is the result of systemic activation of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the ________. The result of these series of activations is the release of a hormone called ________.

???, cortisol

Violence:

Aggression intended to cause extreme physical harm, such as injury or death.

The study where you are asked to count the number of passes of one team while a man in a gorilla suit walks between them and two members of the unobserved team leave is a study of

B and C

Which of the following is the best characterization of consciousness?

Conscious thought is an awareness of experience.

Which philosopher is credited with having proposed the idea of dualism, which posits that there is a strict distinction between the body and the mind?

Descartes

When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?

Emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness

Who is generally regarded as the most famous advocate of the importance of unconscious processes?

Freud

Dr. Magooby is conducting research in the area of contemplative science. She would be interested in gathering data on all EXCEPT which of the following people?

Gilad, who smokes a small amount of marijuana several times each day

Most researchers define ________ as any behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed.

aggression

Which of the following is true of sleep?

Many studies show that sleep is a common problem for college students.

Which researcher is well-known for having conducted a study of conformity that involved having participants express a judgment of the sizes of lines?

Solomon Asch

The rubber hand illusion demonstrates

The powerful connection between what we see and what we feel. Neural plasticity in that the brain is changing to accommodate the rubber hand as part of the body as the result of experience.

According to the video we watched in class which of the following is false about our construction of sentence we are about to say.

We consciously form the grammer of the sentence based upon our learning experience. We consciously have to for the words in the exact form in which they will be spoken.

According to the video we watched in class which of the following is true about our construction of sentence we are about to say.

We don't consciously pick the words that we're going to use. In fact, you sort of know the gist of what your are going to say but you don't know precisely what you are going say until you say it. We don't consciously form the grammatical structure.

What is the most accurate statement regarding understanding another's consciousness?

You cannot know consciousness from another person's point of view.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of alcohol?

a decrease in the neurotransmitter GABA

Which of the following is characteristic of people in a trance?

a lack of voluntary control

Lucas is able to discuss the pretty colors that appear on the picture placed in front of him even though he is not consciously aware that he can see the picture. He believes himself to be blind even though he can analyze and respond to visual stimuli. This unusual condition is called __________.

blindsight

Despite the title, the video of Magic Singh is actually a demonstration of

change blindness

The study where the person asking for directions is momentarily hidden and then replaced is a study of

change blindness

The neural networks involved in infant attachment are different from those that are sensitive to separation.

false

Martyn is seated at a chair, and sees his father standing by a box with a ball in front of it. His dad leaves the room, and another person comes in and puts the ball into the box, and closes the lid. Martyn is then asked where his father will look for the ball when he returns. This is an example of the ________ test.

false belief

Researchers had an infant crawl toward their mother across a table, and then the mother was instructed to make a face expressing a specific emotion. The response of the infants demonstrated an awareness of the mothers' emotions. Which emotional expression led to the child refusing to crawl to her in all instances?

fear

If Gina remarks, "It feels cold in here" but her two friends disagree with her and one point to the thermometer showing it is a record day for heat, Gina's comment is a reflection of her:

first person perspective

When Jason goes to a football game, he likes to sit with people who are cheering for the team that he likes. Those who cheer for the other team sit on the opposite side of the stadium. Relative to Jason, the fans of Jason's team would represent a(n) ________, while those who cheer for the opposing team are an example of a(n) ________.

ingroup, outgroup

Sherise sees that the rubber ball in her yard is about to blow into the pool, so she walks over to it, picks it up, and places it in a toy bin. Sherise has acted in a way that would bring about a specific, desired outcome. In other words, she has acted with ________.

intentionality

Hermione and Ron are on a tropical vacation. Hermione points out to sea and says "I think I saw a whale tail over there." Ron cranes his head over so that he is looking from approximately Hermione's point of view. They are engaged in __________.

joint attention

When two people are directing their awareness to the same object and are aware that they are both attending to it, this is called ________.

joint attention

Functional __________ involves classifying how regions within the nervous system relate to psychology and behavior.

neuroanatomy

To discover the brain networks involved in feeling 'left out', brain activity was assessed in an fMRI while participants played a virtual game of catch with two other players. Which brain system was activated in participants when they were left out of the Cyberball game?

pain?

When he gets to work one morning, Emile notices that his colleague Romero and their supervisor Lisa are having an animated conversation. He immediately assumes that there is a problem and that they are arguing, but later finds out that they were sharing interesting stories from their weekends. Emile's assumption demonstrates the hostile ________ bias.

perception

On their first date, Brendan and Jonathan are sitting at a table getting to know each other. When Brendan leans in and rests his elbows on the table, Jonathan does the same thing without even realizing it. When Jonathan scratches his face, Brendan reaches up and adjusts his glasses without recognizing how he is copying the behaviors. These are examples of _________.

synchrony

In the film we saw, hitting a baseball was given as an example of an activity

that is completed before the conscious mind is aware of what the body has done is completed without conscious thought

Awareness of experience, such as the taste of a glass of wine, must be "prepared" somewhere inside an individual. In an old experiment on conscious thought Watt asked participants to create word associations. He found:

that people could not report at all on their conscious experience of making associations

hostile expectation bias:

the tendency to expect others to react to potential conflicts with aggression

hostile attribution bias:

the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as hostile actions

hostile perception bias:

the tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive

When people have conversations online, there are often misunderstandings about how statements are intended. This is because it is difficult to know whether some comments are serious or made as jokes. In the same way, understanding another person's intentions in various situations requires an understanding of _________.

theory of mind

Affective Neuroscience:

uses unbiased, observable measures that provide credible evidence to other sciences and laypersons on the importance of emotions. It also leads to biologically based treatments for affective disorders (e.g., depression)