Exam 2 Sociology

Ideas about life, the way the society should work, and where we fit into it are called ______.

Beliefs

Socialization takes place ___

Childhood

Carol is examining women who work for a major corporation. She hypothesizes that the women will have difficulty in meeting the expectations of the corporation while still trying to live up to what is expected of them as wives and mothers. Which theoretical perspective is she most likely using?

Conflict

The statement, "Those who have power use socialization to manipulate others into supporting the power structure and interests of the elite," is most closely related to ___

Conflict theory

When asked to list who he "is," Philip writes, "I am a Black male; I am a father; I am a husband; I am a good worker." These things compose Philip's ______.

Core self

The way of life shared by a group of people is their

Culture

According to a conflict theorist's view of culture,

Dominant groups may impose their cultural beliefs on minorities and other subcultural groups

Parents and teachers can best be described as ______.

Formal agents of socialization

Jane recently became embarrassed for using a four-letter word in front of a group of Catholic nuns. Mead would argue that her embarrassment illustrates the internalization of _

Generalized other

Part of you wants to get up right now, tear up this test, leave, and go get some pizza. The other part of you will keep trudging through because you want a good grade and want to graduate from college. The first part of you is the ______, and the second part of you is the ______.

I,ME

As a small child, Kirby was read many stories about his society emphasizing the equal treatment of all individuals, who are able to pursue their individual desires. Kirby was told about his society's ______ culture.

Ideal

Bob told his boss that he deserves a 40% raise because he helped the company get a big contract. When he finished speaking, Bob observed his boss frowning. Bob then said, "Even a 10% raise would be fine!" Bob offered to take a lower raise because he used ______.

Looking glass self

A child who can play "mommy" but who cannot play baseball is in what stage of George Herbert Mead's social development?

Play

Which of the following is a micro-level socialization activity?

Playing house

Individuals who live together in a specific geographical area, interact with each other more than they do with outsiders, cooperate for the attainment of common goals, and share a common culture over time constitute a _

Society

The statement, "Different levels of socializing agents operate to support each other," is most closely related to ______.

Structural-functional theory

When trying to explain the assertion that women want to get married more than men do, Ed responded, "It is because women have an instinct to ensure that they have a male partner to provide for their children, therefore ensuring that their kids will be able to survive to adulthood and have children of their own." Ed is most likely a __

Symbolic Reductionist

__ theory pictures humans as consciously and deliberately creating their personal and collective histories.

Symbolic interactions

A cultural relativist's perspective examines cultural practices according to ______.

The culture where practice occurs

___ are nonmaterial, shared judgments about what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, or good or bad in a culture.

Values

Angela's professor privately complemented her on how well she did on the exam. The professor demonstrated ______.

an informal positive sanction

Hoops is a member of a militia organization believing that individuals should be able to live without rules and regulations imposed by society. Because the militia has values and practices that go against the practices of the dominant culture, Hoops is a member of a(n) ______.

counterculture

John and Amanda grew up on cattle range in Texas. While visiting India, John and Amanda were surprised to find that cows there were protected and treated with respect, as opposed to being slaughtered for food. However, Amanda remembered reading about the religious significance of cows and, as a result, understood the practical importance and the central value of the practice. John, however, said that he didn't see any reason to continue this ancient practice. Amanda was experiencing ______, and John's reaction was a result of ______.

cultural relativism; ethnocentrism

While visiting Spain, Link was surprised to find that many of his Spanish peers left work and school in the middle of the day to take a siesta (a short rest at home). However, Link realized how important the siesta was to his Spanish peers because it gave them time to relax and be with their families, two very central values in Spanish culture. Link took a(n) ______ perspective when trying to understand siesta.

culturally relative

Attempts to transport the United States' "way of life," or ______, including individualism, capitalism, freedom of religion, and democracy, to other parts of the world illustrates that these ideas are not always successful in other settings.

culture

The knowledge, beliefs, values, rules or laws, language, customs, symbols, and material artifacts constitute a society's ______.

culture

As a contestant on The Amazing Race, Mary was required to eat fish eyeballs when visiting China. Although the eyeballs are a common snack, Mary, an American woman, could barely swallow the eyeballs without spitting them out and gagging. Mary is having a(n) ______ reaction to eating the Chinese snack.

ethnocentric

John became friends with some local students while visiting Cambodia. John's new friends took him out to a nice restaurant and ordered a popular delicacy, grilled tarantulas. John, having lived in the United States his entire life, could not bring himself to eat the big, hairy, chunky spiders. John's reaction is a result of ____

ethnocentrism

A society's culture prescribes, to a large extent, the way people behave and think in that society.

false 1

Using proper table manners and speaking quietly in a library are examples of mores.

false 10

Most sociologists believe that sociobiology and evolutionary psychology thoroughly answer the nurture-versus-nature dilemma.

false 11

Functional theorists believe that those who have power and privilege use socialization to manipulate individuals in the social world.

false 14

According to the text, humans are born with a sense of self.

false 15

The looking-glass self refers primarily to an individual's feelings of self-worth.

false 16

Through role taking, people begin to see who they are from the standpoint of others.

false 17

Most sociologists believe all mammals use symbols to communicate.

false 18

he "Me" attempts to ignore the needs of the "I".

false 19

Most non-Western societies are isolated from globalization and global impact.

false 2

According to Mead, the critical states in development are the primary and secondary stages.

false 20

The generalized other is composed only of those people that an individual knows personally.

false 21

Resocialization involves learning one's roles in more depth.

false 22

Cultural relativism requires that social scientists agree with all of the beliefs and behaviors of the societies or groups they study.

false 23

The material and nonmaterial cultures in a society tend to change at the same rate.

false 24

Ethnocentric behavior is hostile and racist

false 3

Extramarital sex is an example of ideal culture in American society.

false 4

Ethnocentrism is a Western phenomenon not found in other parts of the world.

false 5

It is illegal for first cousins to marry in all states of the United States.

false 6

A subculture is a group with expectations and values that contrast sharply with the dominant values of a particular society.

false 7

Antigovernment "patriot" groups would be categorized as subcultures.

false 8

The weapons a society uses to wage war are an example of nonmaterial culture.

false 9

Zuzu went to the doctor's office and sat directly beside the only other person in the office, even though there were multiple empty seats in the office. Zuzu violated a __

folkway

Because prison sentences are official punishments used to enforce laws, they serve as ______.

formal negative sanctions

The process through which the entire globe is becoming a "single sociocultural place" is known as ______.

globalization

A useful metaphor your text's authors use to explain society and culture is that society is the ______, and culture is the ______ of our social world.

hardware; software

According to the text, countercultures:

have different expectations and values when compared to mainstream society.

Michael grew up being told that his culture emphasizes the importance of equality between all individuals regardless of their goals in life. Michael was taught about his society's _

ideal culture

Disney movies, such as Cinderella or Snow White, can best be described as ______.

informal agents of socialization

Individuals often smile at another person who does something nice for them; however, this action is not an official action required by society when someone does something nice for us. Smiling is an example of a(n) ____

informal positive sanction

An organization that influences one small segment of an individual's life or influences an individual's life for only a short period of time is a ______.

microculture

The scientific method calls for ______, the practice of considering observed behaviors independently of one's own beliefs and values.

objectivity

The basic building block of socialization through which a child becomes shaped into a human being, learns his or her culture, and becomes a member of a society is _

process of interaction

As a small child, Kirby was read many stories about his society's emphasis on the equal treatment of all individuals and ability to pursue their individual desires. However, when Kirby was looking for a job, he noticed that individuals with higher credentials were more likely to get jobs he could do as well. Kirby encountered the ______ culture of his society in his job search.

real

Willy was unsure whether he should ask his friend Susan to help him host a party. He decided, "Susan loves throwing parties, so she would probably like helping me out with this one." Willy is __

role-taking

Which of the following do most sociologists see as a uniquely human characteristic?

sense of self

According to the structural-functionalist view of culture,

shared norms, values, and beliefs hold a society or subculture together.

A Hispanic Canadian who engages him or herself within an ethnic community that provides food, a place of worship, and many other resources is part of a ______.

subculture

Unthinkable or unspeakable actions in a culture are considered ______.

taboos

According to the symbolic interactionist view of culture,

the meaning of symbols is learned through interaction with others.

Culture acts as the "hardware" of society while structure acts as the "software" of the society.

true 1

Symbolic interactionists stress the importance of symbols in how we define situations and how we determine how to act.

true 10

Conflict theorists argue that people with power in a society manipulate institutions to ensure that all members of society learn the values, beliefs, and norms of the privileged group

true 11

Children learn their culture by interacting with others.

true 12

Studies of isolated children provide evidence that just meeting the basic necessities of children is not enough to help them develop normally.

true 13

At the micro-level, most parents teach children proper behaviors.

true 14

The concept of a core self refers to a stable inner sense of who one is.

true 15

Social class has an impact on socialization.

true 16

Culture is adaptive

true 2

Sociologists believe that having a shared culture is what separates humans from other animals.

true 3

Beliefs, values, norms, and languages are all types of nonmaterial culture.

true 5

Beliefs are ideas we hold about life, about the way society works, and about where we fit into the world.

true 6

Rules about which family members or individuals in a society can or cannot have sexual relationships vary across cultures.

true 7

The dean's list is a formal positive sanction used in many colleges and universities.

true 8

According to the text, nonverbal language may carry as much as 90% of the meaning of a message.

true 9

All of the following are examples of material culture EXCEPT:

values of a culture.

The idea that one should support a sports team is an example of one of the United States' cultural ______, whereas the ideals of competition and work ethic are expressed through the ______ that sports are healthy and help local communities.

values; beliefs

Which of the following is an example of a negative sanction?

verbal reprimand

Most societies tend to store language in the ______ form to pass information from one generation to the next.

written