exam 2 sociology
In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts.
300
Ferdinand Tonnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.
Gemeinschaft
Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?
How do we know how to interact in a given situation?
The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________.
Charles H. Cooley
Ferdinand Tonnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.
Gesellschaft
As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:__________.
What holds societies together?
When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.
a social script
Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?
a sociology class
A(n) __________ is an organization model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters.
bureaucracy
The least amount of interaction between members occur in a(n) __________.
category
Women with blue eyes, people who wear contact lenses, people over 7 feet tall, and college men who belong to a fraternity are each an example of a(n) __________.
category
People do not voluntarily become members of __________ organizations.
coercive
From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.
conflict
Members of a country club, sorority or fraternity, or even a group of friends share values and beliefs and are aware of those whom they believe are like them. Sociologists term this awareness __________.
consciousness of kind
We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.
definition of the situation
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.
dramaturgical analysis
Erving Goffman coined the term __________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.
face-saving behavior
A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
formal organization
A __________ is a highly structures group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
formal organization
Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.
front stage
From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.
functionalist
A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________.
goal displacement
Which of these is an example of a utilitarian organization?
high school
The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of __________.
informal structure
Latisha is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. Whenever the group meets, other members are easily sidetracked and Latisha is always trying to keep the group focused on the assignment. Latisha would be considered the __________ leader of the group.
instrumental
__________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented.
instrumental
__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.
instrumental
Which of these is not part of the sociologist definition of any group?
interactions are emotion-based
Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
mechanical solidarity
Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations.
normative
__________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.
obedience
The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
organic solidarity
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
primary group
Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________.
primary group
A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.
reference group
All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that __________.
require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind
A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.
role
The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.
role
It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18-21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________.
role ambiguity
Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________.
role conflict
Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________.
role conflict
A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work ad her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________.
role distancing
__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.
role distancing
__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
role exit
Cooley coined the term __________ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
secondary group
The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary group is __________.
significant others
The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________.
significant others
__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.
social marginality
The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________.
social network
Which of these statements about social networks is false?
social networks work equally well for people of all social classes
Teacher, student, professional, athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of __________.
statuses
In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________.
this research raises some questions concerning research ethics
Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?
travel
We voluntarily join _________ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.
utilitarian
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.
a self-fulfilling prophecy
Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and -- if he lives long enough -- will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses.
ascribed
Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.
civil inattention
__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.
conflict
Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.
democratic
Sociologist Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies both __________.
developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies
According to __________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with who you are speaking will take turns speaking?
ethnomethodologists
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
feeling rules
__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.
functionalist
__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.
functionalists
In 2010, concern about cost overruns and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. The failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of __________.
groupthink
A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principal for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of a bureaucratic characteristic of __________.
hierarchy of authority
Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?
homeless
__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.
industrial societies
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.
interaction order
Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
laissez-faire
The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership?
laissez-faire
Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the __________ of the situation.
macro view
Maintaining eye contact during conversation is __________.
more common for women than for men
What do most men consider to be their master status?
occupation
The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________.
oligarchy
In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that __________.
people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group
Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)?
postmodern theorists
__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.
primary groups
Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to go to graduate school in sociology. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her __________.
reference group
__________ occurs when the expectations associated with the role are unclear.
role ambiguity
For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.
role performance
Schools, churches, and corporations are example of __________ groups.
secondary
Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them __________.
secondary group
Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
secondary group
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
social construction of reality
A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
social institution
Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that __________.
social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society
A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.
status
Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.
status set
Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.
status symbols
Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.
stigmas
Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.
studied nonobservance
After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________.
the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure
Which of these is the best example of a primary group?
the people working together in the same department
a group composed of three members is termed a(n) __________.
triad
Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?
values and beliefs
A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
achieved
Occupation is an example of a(n) __________ status.
achieved
A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.
aggregate
A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
ascribed