Exam 2 Study Guides
According to Ninian Smart, most islanders of the Pacific bloc espouse which religion?
CHRISTIANITY
According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, what is the chief mark of Indian philosophy?
CONCENTRATION UPON THE SPIRITUAL
According to John Esposito, who was Ali to Muhammad?
COUSIN AND SON-IN-LAW (HUSBAND TO FATIMA, DAUGHTER OF MUHAMMAD)
TRUE / FALSE: According to Douglas Allen, phenomenologists claim that phenomenology is an autonomous discipline and approach to the study of religion, self-sufficient with respect to other reductive approaches to the study of religion, like sociology, psychology, and anthropology.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Frederic Spiegelberg, Lao Tse taught that people cannot express or discuss the tao in human terms, because once people try to do so, they lose it.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Frederic Spiegelberg, one most accurately translates the Taoist concept of "wu-wei" as "not doing," promoting the doctrine of passive inactivity.
FALSE
29. TRUE / FALSE: According to Ruth Fuller Sasaki, Zen Buddhism, from the first, prided itself on being founded on key Buddhist scriptures that preserved the original words of Buddha.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According H. G. Creel, following the practices of his era in China, Confucius defined a true gentleman as a person of good birth as distinct from a person's variable conduct.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Douglas Allen, by attempting sympathetically to place themselves within the religious life-world of others, phenomenologists of religion declare that religious phenomena are not illusory and that the intentional objects really exist behind the phenomenal appearancE.
FALSE
According to Roger Eastman, what does the term "samadhi" mean?
ABSOLUTE FREEDOM OF PURE CONTEMPLATION
How does D. T. Suzuki describe or define "satori"?
ACQUIRING A NEW POINT OF VIEW IN OUR DEALINGS WITH LIFE AND THE WORLD; AN INTUITIVE LOOKING INTO THE NATURE OF THINGS IN CONTRADISTINCTION TO THE ANALYTICAL OR LOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF IT
How does Frederic Spiegelberg translate the term "wu" into the terms of Kant's categorical imperative?
ACT IN SUCH A WAY THAT YOUR ACTION AND THE RESULTS OF YOUR ACTIONS ARE NOT NOTICEABLE, EITHER TO YOURSELF OR TO OTHERS, FOR THEY SHOULD FIT SO SMOOTHLY INTO THE SURROUNDINGS AND CIRCUMSTANCES THAT THEY WILL NOT BE EGREGIOUS
According to Roger Eastman, what is the term or phrase, "Africans traditional religions," commonly used to denote?
AFRICA'S INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS
According to Heinrich Zimmer, what was the attitude that the Buddha had about Buddhist teachings or doctrines?
AFTER REACHING NIRVANA, ABANDON THEM
According to H. G. Creel, what did Confucius regard as the necessary foundation of the state?
AN ENLIGHTENED OR EDUCATED CITIZENRY
According to Roger Eastman, what does the term "satori" mean?
AWAKENING
According to John S. Mbiti, why are the Living-Dead in African traditional religions the best group of intermediaries between humans and God?
BECAUSE THEY ARE STILL HUMAN
According to Frederic Spiegelberg, what is the one and only true subject of all religion?
BECOMING CONSCIOUS OF THE MIRACLE OF BEING
According to Roger Eastman, what small portion of the Mahabharata is often called the "Bible" of India?
BHAGAVAD-GITA
According to Ninian Smart, what is liberation theology?
BLEND OF CATHOLICISM AND MARXISM
According to Roger Eastman, who is the Indian monk who brought Zen Buddhism to China in the sixth century?
BODHIDHARMA --- FIRST CHINESE PATRIARCH
According to Roger Eastman, what is the ideal way emphasized by the Liberal Wing of Buddhism?
BODHISATTVA: WAY OF COMPASSION FOR OTHERS
According to Buddhist scriptures, how do those who have not achieved nirvana know how happy a state that it is?
BY HEARING THE WORDS OF THOSE WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED NIRVANA
According to the Sigala-sutta, how does one worship the family and social groups of Buddha's six directions?
BY PERFORMING ONE'S DUTIES TOWARDS THEM
TRUE / FALSE: According to Geoffrey Parrinder, because of the presence of religion in all aspects of life in black African societies, those societies have many formal occasions of regular congregational worship in their many temples and formal structures for worship.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Geoffrey Parrinder, due to the matrilineal nature of most black African societies, black African societies generally personified their "High God" as a great female ruler.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to H. G. Creel, Confucius was a pacifist, teaching that a true gentleman lived a life of non-violence.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Heinrich Zimmer, Hinduism was the only religious and philosophical message of India to spread far beyond the borders of its homeland.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, Muslims meet as a congregation to worship on Saturdays, like Jews.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, the Arabic word "salat" is better translated as "prayer" rather than as "worship".
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to John Esposito, the Archangel Michael brought the message from God to Muhammad.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to John Esposito, the prophet Muhammad became the Messenger of Allah, or the Prophet, in his mid-twenties.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to John S. Mbiti, in African traditional religious systems, if humans live virtuous lives on earth, then they can become a spirit after death, rather than automatically fall into the category of the Living Dead for eternity.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Lin Tung-chi, Taoist individualism closely resembles Western libertarian individualism.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Lin Tung-chi, a Taoist is a skeptic by temperamental necessity.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, although secularization continues to grow in many nations especially in the West, more and more people are becoming religious.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, because Buddhism denies the existence of gods, the cosmos is neither the creation nor the body of God.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, in English-speaking parts of Africa, Roman Catholicism and Reformed Christianity are prevalent.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, most of Southeast Asia has become Mahayana Buddhist.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, on the whole, scientific humanism tends to be an ideology of the Western and Marxist blocs.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Roger Eastman, the Taoist seeks salvation in the material world.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Roger Eastman, the Zen Buddhist, Ruth Fuller Sasaki, originally came from a strict Methodist familY.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Roger Eastman, the name "Tantrayana" refers to the role of meditation in Mahayana Buddhism.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Roger Eastman, the prophet Muhammad, like Jesus, performed many miracles and had a variety of other special powers.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Roger Eastman, the society in which Confucius lived had settled into an orderly and peaceful civilization.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosophy has such a respect for wisdom that, however seemingly impractical, every Indian seeks the truth as academic knowledge for its own sake.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, although Indian philosophy makes unquestioned and extensive use of intuition, for Indians, only reason serves as the method through which one can know ultimate reality.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Vincent Mulago, African traditional religions universally distinguish between secular and sacred, holy and profane, realms of living.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Walpola Rahula, Buddha concerned himself exclusively with the liberation of individuals from illusion and craving, but did not concern himself with larger social and economic issues.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Walpola Rahula, a Buddhist does not have to perform any external rites or ceremonies.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: Walpola Rahula concurs with Heinrich Zimmer's claim that Buddhism is meant only for the happy few and not for everyone
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: Walpola Rahula concurs with Heinrich Zimmer's claim that Buddhism is meant only for the happy few and not for everyone.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE: William Paden argues against looking for continuities between religions merely in the kinds of things that people do as humans, precisely because that approach minimizes the distinctively "religious" dimension of human behavior and experience.
FALSE
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, what does the term "Siyam" mean?
FASTING
According to John Esposito, who is the most famous of Muhammad's surviving children?
FATIMA, HIS DAUGHTER
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, how many times daily must Muslims worship (pray)?
FIVE TIMES DAILY
According to Frederic Spiegelberg, what did the ideogram for the term "wu" originally mean?
FORTY MEN DISAPPEAR INTO THE WOODS
According to Douglas Allen, what is the primary aim of philosophical phenomenology?
TO INVESTIGATE AND BECOME DIRECTLY AWARE OF PHENOMENA THAT APPEAR IN IMMEDIATE EXPERIENCE AND THEREBY TO ALLOW THE PHENOMENOLOGIST TO DESCRIBE THE ESSENTIAL STRUCTURES OF THESE PHENOMENA
According to Roger Eastman, what was the ambition of Confucius for his life?
TO OBTAIN A SIGNIFICANT POSITION IN GOVERNMENT THROUGH WHICH HE COULD PUT INTO PRACTICE THE IDEAS AND IDEALS THAT HE TAUGHT
According to Shunryu Suzuki, what is the true practice of zazen?
TO SIT AS IF DRINKING WATER WHEN YOU ARE THIRSTY
According to William Paden, what did Emile Durkheim claim was the source and structuring principle of religious life?
TOTEMIC PRINCIPLE: SACRED OBJECTS MAINTAINED AS SACRED BECAUSE THEY SYMBOLIZED EACH GROUP'S OWN SOCIAL IDENTITY AND TRADITION
According to Fazlur Rahman, what is the "Hadith"?
TRADITION FROM THE PROPHET, ABOUT BEHAVIOR OF THE PROPHET AS EXAMPLE
30. TRUE / FALSE: According to Shunryu Suzuki, whatever one does is zazen.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Arthur Waley, translator of the Analects, Confucius's Way was essentially one of moderation.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to C. Jouco Bleeker, phenomenology of religion systematizes historical facts in order to understand their religious meaning.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to D. T. Suzuki, Zen Buddhism defies all concept-making, and takes things as they are, perceives or feels, but neither abstracts nor meditates
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to D. T. Suzuki, Zen Buddhism is neither a system of philosophy or a religion as those things are ordinarily understood.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Douglas Allen, for Gerhardus van der Leeuw, phenomenology describes how all understanding rests upon self-surrendering love.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Douglas Allen, phenomenology of religion attempts to suspend value judgments about what is real or unreal in experiences of others.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to E. Geoffrey Parrinder, the qualities that African traditional religions attribute to God or the Supreme Being generally correspond to many of the qualities that other religions attribute to God.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to E. Geoffrey Parrinder, the southern Nuba people refer to God as "the Great Mother".
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Frederic Spiegelberg, Taoism teaches that, through yielding, one achieves success.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to H. G. Creel, Confucius condemned the practice of sacrificing goods to the ancestors in expectation of receiving blessings.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to H. G. Creel, Confucius had religious convictions, but did not use them as the basis of his philosophy.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Heinrich Zimmer, for Buddha, after enlightenment, even the notion of nirvana is without meaning.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, the Muslim duty of fasting lasts for an entire month.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to John Esposito, after Muhammad moved to Medina, the Jewish Arab tribes did not convert to Islam.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to John Esposito, after receiving his first revelation from God Muhammad, Muhammad became suicidal.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to John S. Mbiti, in African traditional religion, women are more prone to possession by spirits than men.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to John S. Mbiti, in the spiritual world of African peoples, "divinities" belong in the category of spirits that God created.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Joseph Kitagawa, Chinese religion never made a distinction between sacred and secular.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Julia Ching, the word "religion" ("tsung-chiao/zongjiao") did not exist in the Chinese vocabulary until the late nineteenth century.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, Rastafarians name their religion after the last emperor of Ethiopia, Ras Tafari.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, in Hinduism, while many gods occupy the imagination and the practical life of the ordinary Hindu, Hindus perceive them as many particular ways in which the one divine being manifests himself or herself.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, nationalism has some of the same characteristics as religion.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Ninian Smart, the Catholic Christian tradition absorbed into itself something of the atmosphere of old Roman religion.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Roger Eastman, Muslims regard the Qu'ran as the infallible word of God, existing in its form on earth in Arabic, exactly as it exists with God in eternity.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Roger Eastman, popular Taoism evolved over time and featured belief in many deities, heaven and hell, magical practices, and concern about immortality, astrology, and fortune-telling.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Roger Eastman, the term "sutra" is usually reserved for the teachings of the Buddha.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Vincent Mulago, black African ethics are anthropocentric.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Vincent Mulago, when black Africans convert to another religion, whether Christian religion or Islam or something else, they do not abandon their traditional African religions.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Walpola Rahula, Buddhism advocates and preaches non-violence and peace as its universal message.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to William Paden, comparison of religions ultimately involves more than description.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to William Paden, renewal rites express the broad activity by which humans construct time.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to William Paden, those who approach the comparative study of religions with a religious motivation use their own beliefs as a standard of interpretation.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: According to the Tao Te Ching, the universe is sacred and humans cannot improve it.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: For William Paden and many other comparativists of religion, the notion of "sacredness" is a broader concept than the concept of "religion."
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: In agreement with Hans Küng's understanding of Confucianism, Julia Ching regarded Confucius as a prophet like the Hebrew prophets of Judaism.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: Lin Tung-chi understands Confucianism and Taoism as the yang and yin of China.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: Ninian Smart claims that materialism, in both of the major forms that he discusses, is atheistic.
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE: William Paden claims that religious patterns are in many ways natural human behaviors writ large and given a sacred basis.
TRUE
According to the Analects of Confucius, what are four of the virtues that belong to the Way of the True Gentleman?
a. COURTEOUS IN PRIVATE CONDUCT b. PUNCTILIOUS IN SERVING ONE'S MASTER c. GIVING MORE THAN DUE, IN PROVIDING FOR THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE d. JUST IN EXACTING SERVICE FROM THE PEOPLE
According to the Analects, what four subjects did Confucius take for his teaching?
a. CULTURE b. CONDUCT OF AFFAIRS c. LOYALTY TO SUPERIORS d. KEEPING OF PROMISES
According to William Paden, what are five interpretations that Christian theologians have given through their traditional strategies to account for the existence of other religions and their gods?
a. DEMONIC ORIGIN b. HISTORICAL DIFFUSION: IDOLATRY AS HISTORICAL DEGENERATION OF BELIEFS c. ALLEGORICAL TRUTHS: OTHER RELIGIONS CONTAIN SYBOLS OF XIAN TRUTHS d. NATURAL VERSUS REVEALED RELIGION: ALL HUMANS HAVE A NATURAL POTENTIAL TO KNOW GOD; CHRIST FULFILLS INNATE YEARNINGS OF ALL PEOPLE e. DIALOGUE: LISTENING STANCE, APPRECIATE PRESENCE OF HOLY IN OTHER RELIGIONS
According to the Analects, what three things did Master Tseng identify as things that a gentleman places above all the rest?
a. REMOVE ALL TRACE OF VIOLENCE OR ARROGANCE b. EVERY LOOK MUST BETOKEN GOOD FAITH c. REMOVE EVERY TRACE OF COARSENESS OR IMPROPRIETY FROM HIS SPEECH
According to Roger Eastman, what are the four groups of the Hindu scriptures known as the Vedas?
a. RIG VEDA b. SAMA VEDA c. YAJUR VEDA d. ATHARVA VEDA
According to Roger Eastman, what is another name for the term "Vedanta"?
UPANISHADS
According to Roger Eastman, what do the names of the two major divisions of thought in early Buddhism mean?
a. CONSERVATIVE WING: WAY OF THE ELDERS (THERAVADA BUDDHISM) b. LIBERAL WING: THE GREAT RAFT (MAHAYANA BUDDHISM)
According to Ninian Smart, what is the basic threefold triangular structure of all worldviews?
a. COSMOS b. SELF c. SOCIETY
According to Heinrich Zimmer, what are the eight components of the eightfold path?
a. RIGHT VIEW b. RIGHT ASPIRATION c. RIGHT SPEECH d. RIGHT CONDUCT e. RIGHT MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD f. RIGHT ENDEAVOR g. RIGHT MINDFULNESS h. RIGHT CONTEMPLATING
According to Roger Eastman, what are the two strongest of several sects or school of Zen Buddhism in Japan today?
a. RINZAI ZEN b. SOTO ZEN
What are the three general human dispositions that serve the comparative study of religion, as discussed by William Paden?
a. SACRED HISTORIES b. PERIODIC RENEWAL RITES c. SACRED ORDER
List the three distinctive comparative modalities of the sacred (as interpreted by Mircea Eliade) that William Paden discusses?
a. SACRED SPACE b. MYTHIC TIME c. SACRALITY OF NATURE
According to Roger Eastman, what are the three parts found in each group of the Vedas?
a. SAMHITAS: EARLY HYMNS, PRAYERS, AND RITES b. BRAHMANAS: LATER COMMENTARY AND EXPLANATORY MATERIAL c. ARANYAKAS: FOREST TREATISES
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, what two purposes did Islam assign to fasting?
a. SELF-DISCIPLINE b. COMMISERATION WITH THE HUNGRY OF THE EARTH
According to Lin Tung-chi, what are the two features of the dual nature of the Chinese people?
a. SOCIALLY CONFUCIAN b. INDIVIDUALLY TAOIST
According to Ninian Smart, what are the two predominant cultural divisions of Islam?
a. SUNNI b. SHI'I
According to Vincent Mulago, for black Africans, what two beliefs underlie veneration of the dead?
a. SURVIVAL OF THE INDIVIDUAL AFTER DEATH b. INTERCHANGE OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE LIVING AND THE DEAD
According to the Analects, what four things did Confucius eschew?
a. TAKING THINGS FOR GRANTED b. OVER POSITIVENESS c. OBSTINACY d. EGOTISM
According to Roger Eastman, what are the two primary sources for Taoism?
a. TAO TE CHING: FIRST BOOK OF TAOISM b. CHUANG TZU: SECOND BOOK OF TAOISM
According to Ninian Smart, what three layers of society does Latin America display?
a. THOSE OF IBERIAN DESCENT b. THOSE OF MIXED DESCENT c. THOSE OF INDIAN DESCENT
According to H. G. Creel, Confucius believed that the conscience of the individual should forbid one to do two things: what are those two extremes?
a. TO WITHDRAW FROM SOCIETY AS A RECLUSE b. TO FOLLOW THE CROWD
According to Roger Eastman, what three circumstances or difficulties have complicated the study of religion in Africa?
a. VAST CONTINENT, 800 MILLION PEOPLE b. NO WRITTEN DOCUMENTS OR SACRED SCRIPTURES UNTIL MODERN TIMES c. MANY MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA AND ITS PEOPLE
According to Roger Eastman, what major body of writings does the literature of the Age of the Epics include?
MAHABHARATA
According to William Paden, what did the term "hierophany" (as used by Mircea Eliade) mean?
MANIFESTATION OF THE SACRED: ANY OBJECT OR FORM BELIEVED TO CONVEY SPIRITUAL POWER AND VALUE
According to Mircea Eliade, what are hierophanies?
MANIFESTATIONS OF THE SACRED
According to Ruth Fuller Sasaki, what is a "roshi"?
MASTER
According to Roger Eastman, what does the Chinese name "K'ung Fu-tzu" mean when translated?
MASTER K'UNG
According to William Paden, who was the most influential nineteenth-century advocate of comparative religion?
MAX MÜLLER
Among the phenomenologists of religion whom Douglas Allen discusses, which one had the greatest focus on religion?
MAX SCHELER
According to John Esposito, what does the term "hijra" mean and to what does it refer?
MIGRATION ---- MOVE OF MUHAMMAD AND FOLLOWERS TO MEDINA
According to William Paden, who was the best-known comparative-religion scholar of the last generation?
MIRCEA ELIADE
According to Fazlur Rahman, what is the basic elan of the Qu'ran?
MORAL
According to John Esposito, what happened on "the Night of Power and Excellence"?
MUHAMMAD RECEIVED THE FIRST OF MANY REVELATIONS FROM GOD
According to John Esposito, who was al-Amin?
MUHAMMAD, THE TRUSTED ONE
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, what is an imam?
MUSLIM LEADER OF A CONGREGATION, PREACHER, LEADER OF WORSHIP
According to Douglas Allen, who was the scholar who first used the phrase "phenomenology of religion"?
P. D. CHATEPIE DE LA SAUSSAYE
According to Roger Eastman, what is a "koan"?
PARADOXICAL, MIND-SNAPPING PROBLEM ASSIGNED TO STUDENT FOR MEDITATION
In Ninian Smart's brief overview of the cultural bloc that he calls "Greater Africa," why does he not consider North Africa?
PART OF THE ISLAMIC CRESCENT AND ARAB WORLD: FROM MOROCCO TO EGYPT
According to Fazlur Rahman, what does the term "Sunna" mean?
PERFECT MODEL (MUHAMMAD)
According to Ninian Smart, what is a deist?
PERSON WHO BELIEVES THAT GOD CREATES THE UNIVERSE, THEN LETS IT RUN ITS OWN COURSE, REMAINING DETACHED FROM IT
To what referent, does Ninian Smart use the word "cosmos" to point?
PHYSICAL UNIVERSE ONLY
According to Roger Eastman, what does the notion of wu-wei mean?
POSSESSING SUCH EMPATHY WITH NATURE THAT NATURE'S POWERS BECOME ONE'S OWN
According to Ruth Fuller Sasaki, what is the main road to the attainment of satori in all schools of Zen Buddhism?
PRACTICING MEDITATION IN A SITTING POSTURE (LIKE SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA)
How does Roger Eastman describe the great Confucian virtue of "li"?
PRINCIPLE OF PROPRIETY, PROPER STRUCTURED WAY OF DOING THINGS, ORDERLINESS AND CEREMONY
According to Ruth Fuller Sasaki, what is a "sanzen"?
PRIVATE INTERVIEW BETWEEN STUDENT AND MASTER
According to Fazlur Rahman, what is the doctrine of "'isma"?
PROPHETS AS IMMUNE FROM SERIOUS ERROR
According to Fazlur Rahman, what is the only adjectival name of God that is very frequently used in the Qu'ran as a substantive name of God besides Allah?
RAHMAN OR THE MERCIFUL
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, during which month of the year do Muslims practice Siyam?
RAMADAN
According to Roger Eastman, what does the term "Qu'ran" mean?
RECITATION
According to John Esposito, what was the Kaba at the time of Muhammad's revelation from Allah?
RELIGIOUS SHRINE THAT HOUSED THE TRIBAL IDOLS, CENTRAL SANCTUARY OF ARABIAN TRIBAL RELIGION
According to Fazlur Rahman, what does the Arabic term "wahy" mean?
REVELATION OR INSPIRATION
According to Roger Eastman, which school of Zen Buddhism, does D. T. Suzuki follow?
RINZAI SCHOOL
According to Ninian Smart, which branch of Christian religion has strongly affected the bloc that he designates as "the Latin South"?
ROMAN CATHOLICISM
Who was the phenomenologist of religion who wrote and published The Idea of the Holy or Das Heilige?
RUDOLF OTTO
According to Ninian Smart, where is the heart of the Islamic Crescent?
SAUDI ARABIA
According to Roger Eastman, what does the term "zazen" mean?
SEATED MEDITATION
According to Roger Eastman, what is the person's name who founded Buddhism?
SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA
According to Roger Eastman, how do Hindus refer to (or "term") the literature of the Age of the Epics?
SMIRTI: THAT WHICH HAS BEEN "REMEMBERED" AND TRANSMITTED BY TRADITION
According to Roger Eastman, which school of Zen Buddhism does Shunryu Suzuki follow?
SOTO SCHOOL
According to Lin Tung-chi, what is the underlying spirit of Confucianism?
SPIRIT OF DUTY
According to the Qu'ran, who are the "wide-eyed Houris"?
SPOTLESS VIRGINS FOR THE COMPANIONS OF THE RIGHT IN PARADISE OR THE GARDENS OF DELIGHT
According to Ninian Smart, which South-Asian nation has experienced a civil war between Buddhists and Hindus?
SRI LANKA
According to Roger Eastman, how do Hindus refer to (or "term") the literature of the Vedic period?
SRUTI: THAT WHICH WAS "HEARD"
According to Ninian Smart, what does the word "Islam" mean?
SUBMISSION (TO ALLAH)
According to Roger Eastman, what does the word "Islam" mean?
SUBMISSION [TO THE WILL OF ALLAH]
According to Roger Eastman, what does the term "rinzai" mean?
SUDDEN AWAKENING
According to Vincent Mulago, what is "vital union" in traditional African religions?
THE BOND JOINING TOGETHER, VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY, BEINGS LIVING AND DEAD; THE LIFE-GIVING PRINCIPLE IN ALL THINGS
According to Roger Eastman, what is the title of the book that contains a collection of teachings from the second sage of China?
THE BOOK OF MENCIUS
According to Heinrich Zimmer, what is "yana" in Buddhism?
THE BUDDHA'S DOCTRINE, VEHICLE, FERRYBOAT
According to D. T. Suzuki, what does Zen aim to grasp?
THE CENTRAL FACT OF LIFE AS LIVED
According to Vincent Mulago, for the Bashi people of Zaire, what does Nyamuzinda, the name for God as the ultimate source of all life, mean?
THE COMPLETION OF EVERYTHING
According to Doublas Allen, what did Rudolf Otto mean by "numen" and "numinous"?
THE CONCEPT OF "THE HOLY" MINUS ITS MORAL AND RATIONAL ASPECTS, THE UNIVERSAL ESSENCE OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
According to Roger Eastman, in what concept is the Taoist way of life epitomized?
THE CONCEPT OF WU-WEI
According to Douglas Allen, for W. Brede Kristensen, what is the focus of phenomenology of religion?
THE DESCRIPTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF HOW BELIEVERS UNDERSTAND THEIR OWN FAITH
According to Fazlur Rahman, in Islam, what is the deep-seated moral fact that produces actual moral disorder and in reference to which God and humanity must collaborate to remedy?
THE DEVIL, SHAYTAN
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, to what does the term "sadaqah" refer?
THE INSTITUTION OF ALMSGIVING
According to Walpola Rahula, what is "the Sangha" in Buddhism?
THE ORDER OF MONKS OR THE MONASTIC COMMUNITY
According to Frederic Spiegelberg, what does the Chinese ideogram for the word "tao" depict?
THE PICTURE OF A HEAD PLUS A WALKING MAN SIGN
According to William Paden, what was Mircea Eliade's interest in comparative religion?
THE RECURRING PATTERNS AND SYMBOLISMS BY WHICH RELIGIOUS CULTURES CONSTRUCT AND INHABIT THEIR PARTICULAR KINDS OF WORLDS
According to Julia Ching, what did the Chinese term for nobleman or gentleman (chun-tzu/junzi) literally mean?
THE RULER'S SON
According to Roger Eastman, what is the most widely known koan of all?
THE SOUND OF ONE HAND [CLAPPING]
According to Lin Tung-chi, what is probably the most basic of Taoist traits?
THE URGE TO DEBUNK, FIRST THE WORLD, THEN THE SELF
According to Roger Eastman, what are the most sacred scriptures of Hinduism?
THE VEDAS
According to Roger Eastman, what is the earliest period of Hindu thought?
THE VEDIC - AGE OF THE VEDAS (FROM 2500/1500 TO 600 B.C.E.)
According to Arthur Waley, to what does the word "Tao" refer?
THE WAY THE UNIVERSE WORKS
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, what is the Muslim confession of faith (not the Arabic term for it)?
THERE IS NO GOD BUT GOD AND MUHAMMAD IS THE PROPHET OF GOD
According to H. G. Creel, what was perhaps Confucius's most important observation about humans?
THEY ARE ESSENTIALLY EQUAL
According to Ruth Fuller Sasaki, what role did koans play for Zen Buddhism in the relationship between the masters and their students?
THEY WERE THE CRITERIA OF ATTAINMENT (OF SATORI)
According to Heinrich Zimmer, what story does "The Roar of Awakening" tell?
TIGER CUB BROUGHT UP AMONG GOATS
According to Heinrich Zimmer, what is the goal of the techniques of the Buddhist therapy?
TO BRING THE PROCESS OF SELF-ENVELOPMENT TO A STOP
According to D. T. Suzuki, what is the basic idea of Zen?
TO COME IN TOUCH WITH THE INNER WORKINGS OF OUR BEGIN, IN THE MOST DIRECT WAY POSSIBLE, WITHOUT RESORTING TO ANYTHING EXTERNAL OR SUPERADDED
According to Heinrich Zimmer, Buddha designed the way of ascetic training for what purpose?
TO CONDUCE TO THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THERE IS NO SUBSTANTIAL SELF OR ANY OTHER OBJECT THAT LASTS
According to Douglas Allen, what is the central aim of phenomenological method?
TO DISCLOSE THE ESSENTIAL STRUCTURE EMBODIED IN THE PARTICULAR DATA
According to Vincent Mulago, in African societies and religions, what is the greatest of all injustices?
TO INSULT THE VITAL HONOR OF SOMEONE, E.G., NOT RECOGNIZING THE ELDERS
According to Roger Eastman, what is the Sanskrit term for meditation?
"DHYANA"
According to H. G. Creel, what does the Chinese term "chün tzu" mean?
"GENTLEMAN"
According to H. G. Creel, what did the Chinese term "li" mean originally?
"TO SACRIFICE"
According to Roger Eastman, what did the Sanskrit term for meditation become in Japan?
"ZEN"
According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, what is "atmavidya"?
KNOWLEDGE OF SELF
According to Roger Eastman, who is traditionally held as the founder of Taoism?
LAO TZU
According to Roger Eastman, approximately what year does Buddhism begin?
560 B.C.E.
According to H. G. Creel, on what did Confucius base his whole system of ethics?
A CONSIDERATION OF WHAT IS THE NATURE OF HUMAN BEING
According to Ninian Smart, what is a theist?
A PERSON WHO BELIEVES IN GOD
According to John Esposito, what is the umma?
A SINGLE UNIVERSAL COMMUNITY
According to Roger Eastman, who is al-Ghazali?
A SUFI, AN ISLAMIC MYSTIC
According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, what term most aptly describes philosophy in India and what does that term mean?
DARSANA: MEANING TO SEE, TO HAVE A DIRECT INTUITIVE EXPERIENCE OF THE OBJECT (BECOMING ONE WITH IT)
According to Roger Eastman, what does the term "sutra" mean?
DISCOURSE
According to John S. Mbiti, in African traditional religions, what are the orisa?
DIVINITIES (1700 OF THEM) IN THE YORUBA RELIGION
According to Douglas Allen, who is the founder of the modern phenomenological movement?
EDMUND HUSSERL
According to Roger Eastman, what does the term "Vedanta" mean?
END OF THE VEDAS
According to Heinrich Zimmer, what does "bodhi" mean in Buddhism?
ENLIGHTENMENT
According to Doublas Allen, for Mircea Eliade, to what does religion refer?
EXPERIENCE OF THE SACRED
According to Heinrich Zimmer, what is nirvana?
EXTINCTION OF THE FIRE OR PROCESS OF SELF-ENVELOPMENT
According to Fazlur Rahman, what is the most intense impression that the Qu'ran as a whole leaves upon a reader?
GOD AS A UNITARY AND PURPOSIVE WILL CREATIVE OF ORDER IN THE UNIVERSE
According to Roger Eastman, to what does the Chinese concept of "jen" refer?
GOODNESS, HUMAN-HEARTEDNESS, KINDNESS, FEELING FOR HUMANITY
According to Roger Eastman, what does the term "soto" mean?
GRADUAL AWAKENING
According to Heinrich Zimmer, who is known as "the silent sage of the Sakyas"?
GUATAMA THE BUDDHA
According to Roger Eastman, who is the author of the most widely known koan of all?
HAKUIN EKAKU
How does Frederic Spiegelberg translate the Chinese ideogram for the word "tao"?
HEAD WALKING, MAIN ROAD, OR HEAD-WAY
According to H. G. Creel, what is the principal deity of the Chinese people?
HEAVEN
According to Roger Eastman, is another (uncomplimentary) name for the Conservative Wing of Buddhism and what does it mean?
HINAYANA: LITTLE RAFT
According to Ninian Smart, what culture dominates South and Southeast Asia?
HINDU AND BUDDHIST CULTURE
According to Ninian Smart, on which idea does the strand of modern humanism known as the philosophy of existentialism center?
HUMAN EXISTENCE CANNOT BE DEFINED OR FIXED: IT IS OPEN TO CREATIVE CHANGE, AND THIS CREATIVE CHANGE DEPENDS ON A NEW KIND OF FREEDOM AND AUTHENTICITY OR LIVING IN WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL IS NOT WEIGHED DOWN BY THE BAGGAGE OF THE PAST
According to Vincent Mulago, for black Africans, what is the criterion of good and evil?
HUMAN LIFE, HUMANS AS THE CENTER OF CREATION
Although Julia Ching does not regard Confucianism as either a philosophy or a religion, how does she describe this system?
HUMANISM OPEN TO RELIGIOUS VALUES
According to John S. Mbiti, what are the Living-Dead?
HUMANS WHO HAVE DIED AND ARE IN TRANSITION TO BECOMING SPIRITS; THE DEPARTED UP TO FIVE GENERATIONS
According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, what law affirms the responsibility of each individual for his or her life?
KARMA: GUILT OF AN ACTION ATTACHES TO ITS AUTHOR
According to William Paden, from what did Edward B. Tylor find belief in spiritual beings to originate?
IN THE EXPERIENCE OF DREAMS AND OF DECEASED RELATIVES - THENCE EVOLVING INTO POLYTHEISM AND MONOTHEISM
According to John S. Mbiti, where do spirit dwell for the majority of black African peoples?
IN THE WOODS, BUSH, FOREST, RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, OR AROUND VILLAGES
According to Ninian Smart, what is the largest Muslim nation in the world?
INDONESIA
According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, what attitude and approach characterize Indian philosophy?
INTROSPECTIVE ATTITUDE AND APPROACH TO REALITY
According to Roger Eastman, what is dukkha?
IRREMEDIABLE SUFFERING, IS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL CONDITION OF LIFE
According to John Esposito, what is the Qu'ran?
ISLAM'S SACRED SCRIPTURE
According to Roger Eastman, how does H.G. Creel describe the substance of Confucius's teaching?
IT DEALT WITH THOSE MORAL QUALITIES THAT COMPRISE THE CHUN TZU, THE SUPERIOR PERSON OR THE TRUE GENTLEMAN
According to William Paden, who was the best known of the pre-modern comparativists of religion?
JAMES G. FRASER
According to William Paden, who wrote the book, The Golden Bough?
JAMES G. FRASER
According to William Paden, who was a major advocate of the need for more rigorous contextual analysis in the comparative study of religion?
JONATHAN Z. SMITH, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
According to John Esposito, who was the wife of Muhammad?
KHADIJA
According to Ninian Smart, what worldview had such a large effect on Christianity in its earliest centuries?
NEO-PLATONISM
According to Roger Eastman, in what part of the world does Buddhism begin?
NORTHERN INDIA
According to H. G. Creel, what was Confucius's "principle of reciprocity"?
NOT DOING TO OTHERS WHAT ONE DOES NOT WISH THEM TO DO TO ONESELF
According to Max Scheler, how does the phenomenologist achieve phenomenological disclosure, focusing on what is given to consciousness as the Absolute, the Divine Person, or God?
NOT THROUGH REASON, BUT ONLY THROUGH THE LOVE OF GOD ORIENTING ONE TOWARD EXPERIENTIAL REALIZATION OF THE HOLY
According to Walpola Rahula, what are the minimal moral obligations of a lay Buddhist?
OBSERVING THE FIVE PRECEPTS
According to Frederic Spiegelberg, what does the name "Lao Tse" mean?
OLD MASTER
According to H. G. Creel, how did Confucius define a good government?
ONE THAT MAKES PEOPLE HAPPY
According to Ninian Smart, what does the Greek word "cosmos" mean?
ORDER
According to Fazlur Rahman, what does the Arabic term "amr" mean?
ORDER, ORDERLINESS, COMMAND
According to Ninian Smart, what other way of looking at the world, worldview, or religion combined with Buddhism to produce Ch'-an Buddhism in China and Zen Buddhism in Japan?
TAOISM
According to William Paden, what does the comparative approach of Universalism affirm?
THAT ALL RELIGIONS REFER TO THE SAME UNDERLYING SPIRITUAL REALITY, BUT DO SO THROUGH DIFFERENT CULTURAL FORMS AND LANGUAGES
According to Ninian Smart, as scientific, what does the worldview of scientific humanism believe?
THAT ALL TRUE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE WORLD IS ULTIMATELY TO BE FOUND THROUGH SCIENCE OR WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF A SCIENTIFIC OUTLOOK
How does Ninian Smart describe the ideal of "nationalism"?
THAT EVERY PEOPLE SHOULD IN PRINCIPLE HAVE ITS OWN STATE
According to Douglas Allen, phenomenology of religion begins with what view?
THAT RELIGION IS BASED ON RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
According to Roger Eastman, what one bold thesis predominates in all of the Upanishads?
THAT THE ATMAN, THE INDIVIDUAL SOUL, IS ONE WITH BRAHMAN, THE ABSOLUTE: ATMAN AND BRAHMAN ARE ONE; GROUND OF BEING IS FOUND IN ONESELF
According to Ninian Smart, as humanistic, what does the worldview of scientific humanism believe?
THAT THE HIGHEST VALUES ARE FOUND IN HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR CREATIONS
According to William Paden, what is the most common criticism of cross-cultural categorizations in the comparative study of religion?
THAT THEY SUPPRESS OR CONCEAL SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE, GIVING THE ILLUSION OF HOMOGENEITY BY MAKING THE EXPRESSIONS OR OTHER CULTURES CONFORM TO THE CONCEPTS USED BY THE SCHOLAR
According to Douglas Allen, what does the Greek word, "phainomenon," mean?
THAT WHICH SHOWS ITSELF OR THAT WHICH APPEARS
According to Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty, what is the best know hymn of the Rig Veda?
THE "CREATION HYMN"
According to John Esposito, for Muslims, what was the first and most decisive victory for the forces of monotheism over those of polytheism, for the army of God over the followers of ignorance and unbelief?
THE BATTLE OF BADR IN 624
According to Roger Eastman, to what does the term "Yoga" refer?
VARIOUS METHODS OF SELF-DISCIPLINE, TRAINING, MEDITATION, DEVOTION, AND CONCENTRATION THAT LEAD ONE TO A REALIZATION OF OR CONTACT WITH THE DIVINE OR TO SPIRITUAL FREEDOM
According to E. Bolaji Idowu, what did the Latin word, "paganus" originally mean?
VILLAGE-DWELLER OR COUNTRY-MAN, PERSON WHO LIVES AWAY FROM CIVILIZED COMMUNITY
How does Heinrich Zimmer describe the nature of "samsara"?
VORTEX WHERE THE LIFE-FORCE IS SPELLBOUND IN IGNORANCE BY ITS OWN POLARIZED PASSIONS OF FEAR AND DESIRE
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, with what activity does the required pilgrimage to Mecca both begin and end?
WALK AROUND THE KA'BAH SEVEN TIMES
According to Julia Ching, what did the Chinese term for scholar (shih/shi) originally mean mean?
WARRIOR
According to E. Bolaji Idowu, what did the word, "heath" originally mean?
WASTELAND, REMOVED FROM THE OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN, WHERE DWELLED OUTLAWS, VAGABONDS, BRIGANDS
According to Roger Eastman, what does the word "Tao" mean?
WAY
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, what does the term "zakat" mean?
WEALTH-SHARING
According to Shunryu Suzuki, what is true zazen?
WHEN YOU BECOME YOU; WHEN YOU ARE YOU; WHEN WHATEVER YOU DO IS ZAZEN
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, what does the Arabic word "shahadah" mean?
WITNESS OR CONFESSION
According to Roger Eastman, what is the ideal for the Conservative Wing of Buddhism?
WORLD-RENOUNCING ARAHAT: SELF-MASTERY, WISDOM, SOLITARY WAY OF THE MONK
According to Frederic Spiegelberg, what is the highest ethical principle of Taoism?
WU-WEI
According to John S. Mbiti, what are the two dimensions of the African concept of time?
a. A PAST: THE ZAMANI PERIOD b. A PRESENT: THE SASA PERIOD
According to the Julia Ching, in Hans Küng's metaphor, what are the three river-systems of the religions of the world?
a. ABRAHAMIC OR SEMITIC PROPHETIC RELIGIONS (TIGRESS/EUPHRATES/JORDAN RIVER SYSTEM) b. INDIAN AND MYSTICAL RELIGIONS (INDUS RIVER SYSTEM) c. CHINESE RELIGIONS OF WISDOM TRADITIONS (YELLOW RIVER BASIN)
According to Buddhist scriptures, what are "the Five Precepts"?
a. ABSTAIN FROM TAKING LIFE b. ABSTAIN FROM TAKING WHAT IS NOT GIVEN c. ABSTAIN FROM SENSUOUS MISCONDUCT d. ABSTAIN FROM FALSE SPEECH e. ABSTAIN FROM INTOXICANTS AS TENDING TO CLOUD THE MIND
According to Ninian Smart, what do the two parts of the phrase "Advaita Vendanta" mean?
a. ADVAITA: A = NON; DVAITA = DUAL OR DUALISTIC (1 point) b. VEDANTA: ANTA = END; VEDA = SCRIPTURES (FINAL MEANING OF HINDU SCRIPTURES)
According to William Paden, what are four variants of Universalism?
a. ALL HUMANS ARE BASICALLY ALIKE b. COMMON SET OF PRECEPTS UNDERGIRDING THE WORLD'S RELIGIONS c. COMMON AFFIRMATIONS ABOUT PEACE OR NONVIOLENCE d. CORE SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE OR REVELATION OF THE DIVINE
According to Heinrich Zimmer, what are the four noble truths that the Buddha states about humanity?
a. ALL LIFE IS SORROWFUL OR SUFFERING b. THE CAUSE OF ALL SUFFERING IS IGNORANT CRAVING OR DESIRE c. TO END SUFFERING, SUPPRESS OR ELIMINATE IGNORANT CRAVING OR DESIRE d. WAY TO DO SO IS THE EIGHTFOLD PATH
What are the major themes that emerge in each of the selections from the following Upanishads?
a. CHANDOGYA UPANISHAD: THAT ART THOU, ATMAN AND BRAHMAN ARE ONE b. BRIHADARANYAKA UPANISHAD: CONSCIOUSNESS OF SELF ELIMINATES INDIVIDUALITY c. KATHA UPANISHAD: SECRET OF DEATH, KNOWING MERGER OF INDIVIDUAL SELF (ATMAN) AND UNIVERSAL SELF (BRAHMAN)
According to Ninian Smart, what two religions do the vast majority of people in black Africa practice?
a. CLASSICAL AFRICAN RELIGION b. CHRISTIAN RELIGION
According to Vincent Mulago, for black Africans, what are two ways that life can be understood?
a. COMMUNITY IN BLOOD b. COMMUNITY IN POSSESSIONS
List the three distinctive major criticisms of comparative religion that William Paden discusses?
a. COMPARATIVISM SUPPRESSES DIFFERENCE - COMPARATIVIST CONCEPTS CULTURAL b. COMPARATIVISM HAS INADEQUATE ON NON-THEORETICAL BASIS: UNSCIENTIFIC c. COMPARISON SHOULD BE LIMITED TO HISTORICALLY CONTIGUOUS CULTURES
According to Roger Eastman, what are the Five Pillars of Islam?
a. CONFESSION OF FAITH (NO GOD BUT ALLAH) b. WORSHIP (INCLUDING PRAYER) c. WEALTH-SHARING (ALMS) d. FASTING (RAMADAN) e. PILGRIMAGE (TO MECCA/MEDINA)
According to Ninian Smart, what three religions eventually produced a religious interplay and symbiosis in Chinese culture?
a. CONFUCIANISM b. TAOISM c. BUDDHISM
According to Roger Eastman, what are the names of the two major divisions of thought or two camps (one conservative and one liberal) that developed in early Buddhism?
a. CONSERVATIVE WING: THERAVADA BUDDHISM b. LIBERAL WING: MAHAYANA BUDDHISM
As presented by Douglas Allen, list and briefly describe the five characteristics of philosophical phenomenology?
a. DESCRIPTIVE NATURE: AIMS TO BE A RIGOROUS DESCRIPTIVE SCIENCE OR DISCIPLINE b. ANTI-REDUCTIONISTIC: CONCERNED WITH FREEING INVESTIGATORS FROM UNCRITICAL PRECONCEPTIONS THAT PREVENT US FROM BECOMING AWARE OF THE SPECIFICITY AND DIVERSITY OF PHENOMENA c. INTENTIONALITY: THE PROPERTAY OF ALL CONSCIOUSNESS AS CONSCIOUSNESS OF SOMETHING d. BRACKETING: PHENOMENOLOGICAL EPOCHÉ, LITERALLY AN ABSTENTION OR SUSPENSION OF JUDGMENT, A METHOD OF BRACKETING / SUSPEND QUESTIONS ABOUT THE REALITY BEHIND PHENOMENAL APPEARANCES e. EIDETIC VISION (OR EIDETIC REDUCTION): REDUCE DIVERSE PHENOMENA TO THEIR ESSENCE THAT EXPRESSES THE NECESSARY AND INVARIANT FEATURES OF THE PHENOMENA
According to Roger Eastman, what are the names of the two masters who established Zen in Japan?
a. EISAI (RINZAI ZEN) b. DOGEN (SOTO ZEN)
According to Douglas Allen, for Ninian Smart, what two dominant approaches to the study of religion does phenomenology avoid?
a. ETHNOCENTRIC, NORMATIVE, THEOLOGICAL APPROACHES b. NORMATIVE PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES WITH EXCLUSIVE FOCUS ON BELIEF AND CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
According to William Paden, what four developments made possible the comparative study of religion as a modern academic field of knowledge?
a. EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE OF ASIAN RELIGIONS b. EMERGING KNOWLEDGE OF PRELITERATE CULTURES VIA ANTHROPOLOGY c. NEW IDEA OF HISTORY: WHOLE OF HUMAN CULTURE HAD LONG EVOLUTION d. GENERAL TREND TOWARD CLASSIFYING AND MAPPING THE DATA OF THE WORLD'S VARIOUS SUBJECT MATTERS
What are three recent contributions to phenomenology of religion that often contrast with earlier characteristics, as identified by Douglas Allen?
a. FOCUS ON THE OTHER b. FOCUS ON GIVENNESS c. FOCUS ON CONTEXTUALIZATION
According to Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi, the required fast for Muslims requires total abstention from dawn to sunset from what three daily needs of human life?
a. FOOD b. DRINK c. SEX
According to William Paden, what three principles did Max Müller's methodology of comparative study include?
a. GAINING KNOWLEDGE OF OTHERS THROUGH THEIR OWN WRITINGS b. GROUPING RELIGIONS ACCORDING TO THEIR REGIONAL, LINGUISTIC CONTEXTS c. AVOIDING COMMON DISTORTION OF COMPARING THE POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ONE RELIGION WITH THE NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF ANOTHER RELIGION
According to the translator of the Analects, what are the Three Ways of the true gentleman?
a. GOODNESS b. WISDOM c. COURAGE
According to Roger Eastman, what two portions of all the Vedic literature do Hindus deem as most significant?
a. HYMNS OF THE RIG VEDA b. THE PHILOSOPHICAL UPANISHADS
According to Ninian Smart, for what two reasons did religion remain strong in lands under Marxist rule?
a. IN PART, BECAUSE WHEN RELIGION IS OPPRESSED, IT TENDS TO REBOUND b. IN PART, BECAUSE RELIGION IS WOVEN INTO THE FABRIC OF NATIONAL FEELING
According to Ninian Smart, in Africa itself, what are the two strongest black Christian churches that are influenced by Protestantism, but also incorporate African themes?
a. KIMBANGUISM: SIMON KIMBANGU b. ZULU ZIONISM: ISAIAH SHEMBE
According to Walpola Rahula, what are "the Ten Duties of the King" that Buddha advocated?
a. LIBERALITY, GENEROSITY, CHARITY b. HIGH MORAL CHARACTER c. SACRIFICING EVERYTHING FOR THE GOOD OF THE PEOPLE d. HONESTY AND INTEGRITY e. KINDNESS AND GENTLENESS f. AUSTERITY IN HABITS: SIMPLE LIFE g. FREEDOM FROM HATRED, ILL-WILL, ENMITY h. NON-VIOLENCE i. PATIENCE, FORBEARANCE, TOLERANCE, AND UNDERSTANDING j. NON-OPPOSITION, NON-OBSTRUCTION
List the seven cultural/ideological/geographical blocs that Ninian Smart identifies and describes?
a. MODERN WEST b. ISLAMIC CRESCENT c. SOUTH AND MUCH OF SOUTHEAST ASIA d. EAST ASIA e. LATIN SOUTH f. BLACK AFRICA AND CARIBBEAN g. PACIFIC REGION
According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, what are the four ends of life?
a. MOKSA: CHIEF END OF HUMAN, DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL, FIND THE REAL SELF, SPIRITUAL FREEDOM (SPIRITUAL END) b. KAMA: REALIZE EMOTIONAL BEING, CONSCIENTIOUS ACCEPTANCE OF LIFE'S ENJOYMENTS (EMOTIONAL END) c. ARTHA: ATTAIN FREEDOM FROM SORDIDNESS, ATTAIN WEALTH AND MATERIAL WELL-BEING (ECONOMIC END) d. DHARMA: CONFORM TO THE RULE FOR LIFE OR RIGHT PRACTICE (INTELLECTUAL AND ETHICAL END)
List the four parts of the primal man and the respective social levels or castes that correlate to them, as expressed in "Parusa-Sukta or "The Hymn of Man":
a. MOUTH: BRAHMIN b. ARMS: WARRIOR c. THIGHS: PEOPLE d. FEET: SERVANTS
According to Roger Eastman, what are two challenges or sources of perplexity with respect to Buddhist scriptures?
a. NOT ALWAYS CLEAR WHAT SHOULD OR SHOULD NOT COUNT AS SCRIPTURE b. FINALLY CAME INTO BEING TWO CANONS OF SCRIPTURE WHICH OVERLAP
According to Geoffrey Parrinder, who are the two supreme Gods for the Bakuta people of the Congo?
a. NZAMBI ABOVE b. NZAMBI BELOW
According to Buddhist scriptures, what are the three kinds of abstention?
a. ONE FEELS OBLIGED TO ABSTAIN b. ONE FORMALLY UNDERTAKES TO ABSTAIN c. ONE HAS LOST ALL TEMPTATION NOT TO ABSTAIN
According to John S. Mbiti, in African traditional religions, what are the two subdivisions of spirits that were once human beings?
a. ORDINARY SPIRITS b. THE LIVING DEAD
According to William Paden, what is the twofold basic structure of the process of comparison?
a. POINT OF COMMONALITY: ALLOWS COMPARISON OF TWO OR MORE OBJECTS b. CRITERIA OF DIFFERENCE OF WHAT IS OTHERWISE IN COMMON
What five words does E. Bolaji Idowu discuss as "derogatory" terms when used to refer to Africans or African religions?
a. PRIMITIVE b. SAVAGE c. NATIVE d. PAGANISM e. HEATHENISM
List and briefly describe the four major varieties of Yoga as discussed by Roger Eastman?
a. RAJA YOGA: CLASSIC SYSTEM THAT LEADS TO SAMADHI , ABSOLUTE FREEDOM OF PURE CONTEMPLATION b. BHAKTI YOGA: WAY OF LOVE OR DEVOTION c. KARMA YOGA: WAY FOR THOSE WHO EXPRESS THEMSELVES MOST FULLY IN THEIR WORK d. JNANA YOGA: DISCIPLINE OF KNOWLEDGE FOR THOSE WITH INTELLECTUAL INCLINATION