Exam 3 : 1920's

The Equal Rights Amendment, The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of gender; it seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. THE WINNING PLAN

Alice Paul,

leader of the National Woman's Party and the Congressional Union, campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution and led protests

Prohibition:18th Amendment

prohibited the manufacture, sale, distribution and consumption of alcoholic beverages. (1919),

The Scopes Trial in Dayton, Tennessee,

the trial of John Scopes, a high school teacher in Tennessee, for teaching the theory of evolution in violation of state law. The trial was held in 1925, with eminent lawyers on both sides — William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense. William Jennings Bryan Clarence Darrow

Marcus Garvey, Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

was the most popular black nationalist leader of the early twentieth century, and the founder of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). A Jamaican immigrant, Garvey rose to prominence as a soapbox orator in Harlem, New York. Garveyism is an aspect of black nationalism that refers to the economic, and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. ... Garvey was fought by the African-American establishment in the U.S.

Airplanes

-Began as a mail service for the US Post Office -First flights in 1918 ended in disaster, but soon after many sucesses, they were taken as a valiable source of transportation -Weather forcasting bagan to be used in flights and soon they carried radios-Flights over the Alantic encouraged commercial airlines -WW1 had helped the development of airplanes

Purchasing power in the late 1920s

. Poor distribution of income, decline in auto production and new construction, Technological unemployment, Weaknesses in corporate structure, Defects in the banking system, Agricultural depression began by 1921-22, Imbalance of foreign trade, Sick industries

Warren G. Harding,

29th President of the United States (1921-1923). A Republican from Ohio. promised return to normality after WW1 used efforts of make no enemies during his presidency. scandals affected his presidency such as the Ohio Gang that had to do with financial jobs that he offered his friends. Died into his presidency.

Herbert Hoover

A political leader of the twentieth century, who was president from 1929 to 1933.Hoover became famous for his direction of relief work in Europe after World War I. He had been president only a few months when the Great Depression began (see stock market Crash of 1929, stock market, and Hoovervilles). a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s.

Al Smith

Al Smith (1873-1944) was a four-term governor of New York and the Democratic candidate for president in 1928. Smith, a fierce opponent of Prohibition and the first Roman Catholic to win a major-party nomination for the presidency, was trounced in the 1928 election by Republican Herbert Hoover.

Auto production

Although the blueprint for the modern automobile was perfected in Germany and France in the late 1800s, Americans dominated the industry in the first half of the twentieth century. Henry Ford innovated mass-production techniques that became standard, with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerging as the "Big Three" auto companies by the 1920s. Manufacturers funneled their resources to the military during World War II, and afterward automobile production in Europe and Japan soared to meet demand. Once vital to the expansion of American urban centers, the industry had become a shared global enterprise with the rise of Japan as the leading automaker by 1980.

Fundamentalism,

Anti-evolution laws in almost every Southern state

Al Capone,

Born in 1899 in Brooklyn, New York, to poor immigrant parents, Al Capone went on to become the most infamous gangster in American history. In 1920 during the height of Prohibition, Capone's multi-million dollar Chicago operation in bootlegging, prostitution and gambling dominated the organized crime scene.

Stock market crash 1929

Bull/Bear market = optimism/pessimism Bull market until 1929 - stocks selling all out of proportion of what they were actually worth = "Roaring Twenties."9 million investors in the stock market when market crashed. Stocks worth $87 billion in 1928; Only worth $18 billion in 1933.

Appliances

Cheerfully using an electric iron, 'Miss Magnet' is surrounded by the full range of available electric appliances: waffle iron, toaster oven, toaster, vacuum, stove, light, fan, cream separator, and washing machine.

Calvin Coolidge

Coolidge rose through the ranks of Massachusetts government as a Progressive Republican. Elected U.S. vice president in 1920, he became president following the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Coolidge, also known as "Silent Cal," chose not to seek a second term.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, 1930, passed by the U.S. Congress; it brought the U.S. tariff to the highest protective level yet in the history of the United States. President Hoover desired a limited upward revision of tariff rates with general increases on farm products and adjustment of a few industrial rates.

Immigration Restriction

In the 1920s a wide national consensus sharply restricted the overall inflow of immigrants, especially those from southern and eastern Europe. The second Ku Klux Klan, which flourished in the U.S. in the 1920s, used strong nativist rhetoric, but the Catholics led a counterattack.

Immigration Restrictions

In the 1920s a wide national consensus sharply restricted the overall inflow of immigrants, especially those from southern and eastern Europe. The second Ku Klux Klan, which flourished in the U.S. in the 1920s, used strong nativist rhetoric, but the Catholics led a counterattack.

The Teapot Dome scandal

In the 1920s, Teapot Dome became synonymous with government corruption and the scandals arising out of the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Since then, it has sometimes been used to symbolize the power and influence of oil companies in American politics. n a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration. Republican prosperity The Republican presidents of the 1920s—Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover—reversed the Progressive Era trend of regulating big business and lowering tariffs. Instead, Republican policies generally gave corporations free rein, raised protective tariffs, and cut taxes for the rich.

Women's movement,

It took women more than 72 years of arduous struggle to win the vote (called woman suffrage) - from the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights, held in 1848, to the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution in 1920.

Andrew Mellon

One of the major figures in the industrial and financial development of the Trans-Allegheny region, Andrew W. Mellon (1855 - 1937) was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Warren G. Harding in 1921, and he continued to serve under Presidents Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover. The Mellon Plan was economic legislation passed by Congress in 1924 reducing taxes on the wealthy and businesses, advocating high tariffs and cuts in government spending and corporate taxes. Warren Harding was the 29th American President who served in office from March 4, 1921 to August 2, 1923.

National Origins Act 1924,

Set quotas for certain ethnic groups entering the U. S.

Carrie Chapman Catt and the National Suffrage Association,

Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspired speaker and brilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.

Motion pictures

The 1920s was also the decade of the "Picture Palaces": large urban theaters that could seat 1-2,000 guests at a time, with full orchestral accompaniment and very decorative design (often a mix of Italian, Spanish, and Baroque styles). These picture palaces were often owned by the studios and used to premier and first-run their major films.

Suffrage:

The 19th amendment is a very important amendment to the constitution as it gave women the right to vote in 1920. You may remember that the 15th amendment made it illegal for the federal or state government to deny any US citizen the right to vote. ... The 19th amendment unified suffrage laws across the United States.

Consumer goods industries

The Birth of Mass Culture. During the 1920s, many Americans had extra money to spend, and they spent it on consumer goods such as ready-to-wear clothes and home appliances like electric refrigerators. In particular, they bought radios. Mass-produced consumer goods like automobiles and ready-to-wear clothes were not new to the 1920s, nor were advertising or mail-order catalogues. But something was new about Americans' relationship with manufactured products, and it was accelerating faster than it could be defined.

Budget and Accounting Act 1921

The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 (Pub.L. 67-13, 42 Stat. 20, enacted June 10, 1921) was landmark legislation that established the framework for the modern federal budget. The act was approved by President Warren G. Harding to provide a national budget system and an independent audit of government accounts.

Emergency Relief and Construction Act

The Emergency Relief and Construction Act was an amendment to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act which was signed on January 22, 1932. It created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which released funds for public works projects across the country.

Federal Home Loan Act

The Federal Home Loan Bank Act, Pub.L. 72-304, 47 Stat. 725, enacted July 22, 1932, is a United States federal law passed under President Herbert Hoover in order to lower the cost of home ownership. It established the Federal Home Loan Bank Board to charter and supervise federal savings and loan institutions.

Tariff policies of the 1920s

The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act raised tariffs above the level set in 1913; it also authorized the president to raise or lower a given tariff rate by 50% to even out foreign and domestic production costs.

Glass-Steagall Act

The Glass-Steagall Act, also known as the Banking Act of 1933 (48 Stat. 162), was passed by Congress in 1933 and prohibits commercial banks from engaging in the investment business. It was enacted as an emergency response to the failure of nearly 5,000 banks during the Great Depression.

The Great Migration,

The Great Migration, or the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest, and West from 1916 to 1970, had a huge impact on urban life in the United States. In the promised land, there were economic opportunities, enfranchisement, and a freer racial climate in contrast to the South, which they knew all too well. Both "push" and "pull" factors caused more than a half-million African-Americans to relocate to the North.

Harlem Renaissance,

The Harlem Renaissance was the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period, Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars.

NAACP,

The NAACP began to publicize the evils of the Jim Crow laws that sanctioned racial discrimination, and fought for a federal anti-lynching law. In the 1920s and 1930s, the NAACP devoted much of its energy to publicizing the lynching of blacks throughout the United States. W.E.B. Du Bois was an American civil rights activist, sociologist and writer who is famous for being the foremost black leader during the first half of the twentieth century, opposing racism and fighting for the civil rights of African Americans.

Red Scare

The Public blamed the"REDS" for unrest and violence not conditions.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was a government corporation in the United States between 1932 and 1957 that provided financial support to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations, and other businesses.

Twenty-FirstAmendment:

The Twenty-First Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 16, 1919. The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933.

Automobiles

The company produced 1,700 cars during its first full year of business. Henry Ford produced the Model T to be an economical car for the average American. By 1920 Ford sold over a million cars. At the beginning of the century the automobile entered the transportation market as a toy for the rich.

Radio

The introduction of the radio into American society in the 1920s made news, music and entertainment accessible to the masses and helped to unify Americans, as radio transcended social, political and economic boundaries. Radio broadcasts during the1920s included headline news, sports and advertisements.

Ku Klux Klan (the "new")

The resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s coincided with the anti-radical and anti-immigrant hysteria of the Red Scare that had engulfed the nation. The second KKK was founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons. Its goal was to preserve the white, Protestant civilization and instigate the re-establishment of white supremacy. The second era of the KKK promoted the ideology of 'Americanism' and targeted African Americans, Mexicans, 'New Immigrants', Asians, Jews, Catholics, Asians and any radical "un-American" groups. The rebirth and resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan peaked at 4 - 5 million members but by 1928 its membership had dropped to a few hundred thousand members.