Exam 3

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.

secretion

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

slightly superior

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the

small intestine.

Enterogastric reflexes

stimulate the contraction of the pyloric sphincter.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin? causes gall bladder to contract stimulates gastric secretion where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid carries absorbed sugars and amino acids

stimulates gastric secretion

The ________ mechanically digests ingested food.

stomach

Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the

submucosal plexus.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

the citric acid cycle.

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

the mitochondria

Which of the tubules is impermeable to water?

ascending limb of the nephron loop

Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? growth and repair regulation of homeostasis creation of essential amino acids production of secretions structural maintenance

creation of essential amino acids

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer.

cytochromes

The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is

gastrin

Your patient has inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach. This is known clinically as

gastritis

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

glomerular filtration rate.

The process of filtration occurs at the

glomerulus.

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout.

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

hypothalamus

Aggregated lymphoid nodules are characteristic of the

ileum

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except increase the glomerular filtration rate. increase systemic blood pressure. increase cardiac output. produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs. stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction.

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

large intestine

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

lipids

Movements unique to the large intestine are ________ movements.

mass

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism.

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the

movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Which of the following is classified as being either squamous or columnar?

mucosal epithelium

A viral infection that often involves the parotid glands, which swell noticeably, is

mumps.

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.

muscularis mucosa

Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the

nephron loop.

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea.

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

urea.

Mary had most of her stomach surgically removed in an effort to overcome obesity. As a result, Mary can expect to be at risk for

vitamin B12 deficiency.

Parietal cells and their secretions are not involved in

the release of bicarbonate into the stomach.

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves all of the following except the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). a properly functioning nephron loop. aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. the release of natriuretic peptides. a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts.

the release of natriuretic peptides.

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.

1200 mL

Put the following urinary structures in order as urine is produced and eliminated from the body 1) liver.2) urinary bladder.3) kidney.4) ureter.5) urethra.

3,4,2,5

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Which of the following is true regarding the central and local mechanisms controlling gastric and intestinal activities? The cephalic phase includes the release of bile from the gallbladder. The cephalic phase begins as food enters the stomach. The intestinal phase increases the stimulation of the stomach's stretch receptors. The intestinal phase triggers mucus and bicarbonate to help protect the duodenum from arriving acid. The gastric phase only lasts for minutes.

The intestinal phase triggers mucus and bicarbonate to help protect the duodenum from arriving acid.

A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in

a higher pH in the stomach during gastric digestion.

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would not affect the

ability to absorb carbohydrates.

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

Metabolism can be defined as

anabolism + catabolism.

The citric acid cycle

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

The process that catalyzes fatty acids using enzymes that generate acetyl-CoA is called

beta-oxidation.

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the pharynx. bladder. esophagus. colon. stomach.

bladder.

The afferent arteriole in the kidney

carries blood to the glomerulus.

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except ion transport. muscle contraction. glycogen synthesis. diffusion. protein synthesis.

diffusion.

Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP? citric acid cycle glycolysis glycolysis + citric acid cycle electron transport system None of the answers is correct.

electron transport system

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? regulates blood volume contributes to stabilizing blood pH excretes abundant protein molecules regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes eliminates organic waste products

excretes abundant protein molecules

Which of the following descriptions is not related to cholecystokinin (CCK)? secreted when chyme enters the duodenum increases the sensation of hunger accelerates the production and secretion of digestive enzymes causes the gallbladder to contract and eject bile causes the relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter

increases the sensation of hunger