exam 3

dogon

Are cliff dwellers who live in Mali In mali Dogon peoples have been invaded many times but they never succeeded Built everything into a cliff Easy to see over the whole place and defend Never Islamized About 500 sq miles 700 villages They hunt and grow Masquerades Around 800,000 Practice farming as their principal occupation Seated Couple

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. Giving live to inanement objects the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. male and Female Figures probably bush spirits

Ustad Ahmad Lahori, Taj Mahal, 1632 CE, Mughal Empire, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, Stone masonry and marble with inlay of precious and semiprecious stones

Center of the mughal empire A tomb mausoleum Glorify the diseased Initially they were cubes Very elaborate Everything draws your eye up The gardens around are a metaphor for paradise Purely symmetrical The building feels weightless Highly polished white marble Octagonal Interpreted as the throne of god The menurettes "hold" a canopy Backs up against the river Across the river was a duplicate river Accounting that, it means it is in the middle like its supposed to be The whole surface is carved Gem Inlay Script from the Quran 8 paradises of Islamic belief Built it for his wife who died Buried under it Dark green forms in the garden contrast with the white of the building Shah Jahan (Jahangir's son) built the immense mausoleum as a memorial to his favorite wife Taj Mahal means Crown Palace Eventually became the ruler tomb dome-on-cube shape of the central block has antecedents in earlier Islamic mausolea modifications and refinements in the design of the Agra tomb converted the earlier massive structures into an almost weightless vision of glistening white marble. Seems to float magically above the broad water channels and tree-lined reflecting pools The stairway is hidden from view Follows the traditional char-bagh (four-plot) plan of iranian garden pavilions Symbolized the koranic Garden of Paradise Appears not to follow it, but the other half of the plan is across the river Octogonal in plan Typically iranian arcuated Iwans on each side The interplay of shadowy voids with light-reflecting marble walls that seem paper-thin creates an impression of translucency, further enhanced by the pietra dura inlay of precious and semiprecious stones in the masonry walls. Leads the eye upwards System of proportions It is as wide as it is tall Dome height is equal to façade height

bamana

The _______of Mali are especially noted for their headdresses, which are made of antelope largest group of people in Mali who speak a Mande language and live along the Niger River in western Sudan (from Lake Chad to Dakar). Ci Wara headdress, Bamana,

Shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world. destroyer Mostly shown in a none figural image Lingam shrine Creator, destroyer and female aspects Destroyer Regenerative force Can be represented in the form of a linga Frequently has multiple limbs and heads, sign of suprahuman nature Matted locks piled atop his head Crowned by a cresent moon Rides bull Nandi

Cliff Palace

A drought occurred, the peoples abandoned their open canyon floor dwelling sies to move farther north to the steep-sides canyons Tucked inside the cliff Keep sun out and difficult to access Developed katsina Very dry Wedged into a sheltered ledge above a valley floor Contains about 200 rectangular rooms Stone and timber In front are about 25 kivas Kept katsina and masks used by katsina dancers The location takes advantage of the sun to heat them in the winter and sheltering the ledge to shade it during hot summer

Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto, c.1620-1663 (Edo)

A retreat for the imperial family Grew out of teahouse architecture Blew it up and refined it No clear entryway Asymmetry Departs from previous palaces The height of the tea ceremony in terms of importance Shoin Solids and voids and rectangles High roofs Keep the heat out in the summer and the cold out in the winter Many sliding doors with different sized rooms which can be changed witht eh doors Interior is like a tea house Covered in the mates Importance of nature Can see the garden The tokonoma in a lot of rooms Not much decorating Heavy eve line Some areas more decorated The scale is based off of the mattes No beds no chairs Emphasis on natural material Not home, a retreat Viewing spots in the garden Inspired frank lloyd wright

pound beads/ trade beads

Beads are given to the king Original beads came from the west Slave beads Used like currency Could be traded for slaves glass were very expensive Throne and Footstool of King Nsangu, Bamun

Sahifa Banu: Shah Tahmasp (miniature), early 17th century (Mughal India)

By a woman artist Women were kept separate from the men Mughal princess A princess of the court of Jahangir Most renowned female artist of the Mughal Empire Paying tribute to Shah Tahmasp of Iran Great patron of Safavid painting Sitting on a magnificent Persian carpet at the edge of a stream underneath the windblown branches of a tree combined different viewpoints in the same frame, depicting the shah and the tree seen from eye level, and the carpet, ground, and stream seen from above Enabled her to show the intricate design of the woven carpet with pristine clarity and without the distortion that perspective would result The decorative boarder painted by someone else Resembles the carpet Elegant calligraphy Work of another member In honor of the earlier leader Perspective was not a priority The carpet was from above so you can see the details of it The scripture translated in the forms in the painting Women were allowed to be calligraphers Asymmetry Was one of the founders of the Mughal empire He liked Iranian art Mostly done on paper Very tiny brushes Most miniature painters specialized in specific forms Full size sketch Then transfer to Gezelle skin Transplanted to a piece of paper Working in outlines Local color The turban focuses the attention on him Gold would be applied last Percious stones would be used to rub the paper and give the piece a shine

Chilkat Blanket with stylized animal motifs, Tlingit, Canada, early 20th century, cedar bark and mountain goat wool

Chilkat is a village Ceremonial blanket Still created today Men designed the pattern Women make the blanket Goats wool on a warp Take a very long time to make About a year Bear clan animal for this one Highly abstracted Very symmetrical Men own the clan imagery Power status and prestige Very decorative and refine Distaste for blank space Schematic animal motifs Male designers provided the templates for these blankets in he form of wood pattern boards for female weavers Woven of shredded cedar bark, mountain goat wool Suspended from a single bar rather than a loom Took 6 months to weave Served as robes worn over shoulders Prestige items of ceremonial dress Symmetry Rhythmic repetition Schematic abstraction of snimal motifs A bear in this case Eye designs Regularly swelling and thinning line Rounded corners

Arabesque

Elaborately designed complex, ornate design ornate design featuring intertwined curves Arab like Plant forms and curvilinear a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements. "Foliate ornament, used in the Islamic world, typically using leaves, derived from stylised half-palmettes, which were combined with spiralling stems" an ornament or style that employs flower, foliage, or fruit and sometimes animal and figural outlines to produce an intricate pattern of interlaced lines

masking rituals (masquerade)

Embody the spirits Faces are away Hold sticks to looks like some type of animal Almost all preformed by males A way of maintaining social control Ci Wara headdress, Bamana,

Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaykh to Kings

Figural piece Forbid figural art In Buddhism was not allowed to show Budda Secular image Small scale painting Miniature painting- not referring to size One man is based on a portrait from England painting Halo like form Implies the sun and the moon Position as center of the universe Handing book to a sufi Ran a sufi shrine Siritual is more important Next to sufi is --- English king james I Below is a self portrait of the artist Holding a miniature Costly gifts to the painter from the emperor Cherabs putti 2 are nude and 2 are clothes 2 clothed inscribing the throne with the wish that jahangir would live a thousand years The sand timer is running out Hope he lives for thousand years Stuble modeling Titled space Patterning Outlined figures Coming from Parisian Portraits became very popular during this ruling The king had lots of artists that worked for him One of the leading artists at court Emphasizing the wealth of the court Promoting the king Wasn't a public piece Highly idealized Jahangir Great-grandson of the founder of the mughal empire Hourglass throne Symbolizing seated above time Portrayed his patron as an emperor above time One of the inscriptions in the upper and lower borders gives the emperor's title as "Light of the Faith." portrayed his patron as an emperor above time and placed behind Jahangir's head a radiant halo combining a golden sun and a white crescent moon, indicating that Jahangir is the center of the universe and its light source. the artist signed his name across the top of the footstool Jahangir uses to step up to his hourglass throne. Thus the ruler steps on Bichitr's name, further indicating the painter's inferior status. Above the king- turkish sultan Bichitr's allegorical painting portrays his emperor in both words and pictures as favoring spiritual over worldly power. (Jahangir did not require his artists to sign their work. He was a connoisseur who boasted that he could recognize the hand of every artist in the imperial workshop.)

Yoshiwara

Founded in 1617, Yoshiwara was a pleasure district in Tokyo—gated, walled and surrounded by a moat. The district was maintained until 1957 when licensed prositution quarters were banned throughout Japan. Various fashions originated in Yoshiwara—clothing, manners, and style. Woodblock-print artists depicted Yoshiwara's beauties and kabuki actors, while popular novelists celebrated its escapades. Yoshiwara guidebooks best sellers, and fashionable Edo men were expected to know the district's etiquette. Here, they could escape from the rigid class distinctions of society. pleasure district Licensed brothel of Edo

Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl, folio 56 of the Borgia Codex, Mixtec-Puebla

In the middle of maya and Aztec Codex A book The Spanish burned everything they can Depicts the gods of life and death Back to back Dependence and opposition One hand of each holds a scepter And one is up White is death Black is life A deity feathered serpin god Here represented AS A Human With a mask Form defined by line No modeling Coloringbook styles Limited color A skull at the bottom The underworld Figures in the margin are related to the calendar Had a very complex calendar, even two Among the most impressive art-producing peoples of the late Postclassical period Wealthy The works demonstrated the culture's high level of artistic achievement Mixtecs were skilled goldsmith Long sheet of deer skin Coated with fine white lime plaster and folded into accordion like pleats Escaped the Spanish destruction The largest and most elaborate of several manuscripts known as the Borgia group Shows two richly attired The god of life; the black Quetzalcoatl Depicted as a masked human rather than the usual form of a feathered serpent Sitting back to back with the god of death; the white Mictlandtecuhtli Below them is an inverted skull with a double keyboard of teeth Symbol of the underworld Could be entered through the mouth of a great earth monster Both figures hold scepters in one hand and gesticulate with the other Conveys the inevitable relationship of life and death Important theme in mesoamerican art Symbols of the 13 divisions of the 20 days in the 260-day Mesoamerican ritual calendar appear in panels in the margins The origins of this calendar, used even today in remote parts of Mexico and Central America, are unknown.

Zen Buddhism

Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty a Buddhist sect that emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and stresses simplicity and discipline a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition. Buddhism was so complex so zen buddhism was introduced Simplified and brought to basically the first variation Zen means meditation Meditation and vigorous self-discipline Came from Korea to Japan Not many representations of buddha Believed that you can do it yourself Tied to wabi sabi and shibui Find buddha in yourself Began filtering into Japan in the late 12th century Had its most pervasive influence on Japanese culture starting in the 14the century during the Muromachi period First zen sect introduced into japan was the rinzai school Brought from the mainland in 1191 by the monk Eisai Later was the soto school Hoped to achieve enlightenment Asserted that everyone has the potential for enlightenment Worldly knowledge and mundane thought patterns are barriers to achieving it Must suceed in breaking through the boundaries of everyday perception and logic Most often accomplished through meditation According to Zen beliefs, by cultivating discipline and intense concentration, Buddhists can transcend their ego and release themselves from the shackles of the mundane world Zen gardens Zen teachings view mental calm, lack of fear, and spontaneity as signs of a person's advancement on the path to enlightenment.

Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion, 1760

Krishna, an avatar Purplish blue skin color Separating from humans As cow herder and lover Shown in lover aspect Similarities to islam images Conveying and idea, not representing the world realistically More linear and no stuble modeling In the action of love making Sensual Seen as devine Not seen as a sin Love was a model for devotion Bhakti Radha is a gopi Eternal concepts of krishna Companian Was the most beloved by him Shows ideal figure of man and woman Both are curvy Kind of a perspective, not like western though The passion is in the setting, the fruit and flowers Lightening bolt Shift emotions into the landscape and surrounding The couple seems quite Fruit symbolized fertility Don't know the artist The work of an artist in the Punjab Hills Probably an employ of Raja Govardhan Chend of Gulter Krishna was a herdsman who spent an idyllic existence tending his cows, playing the flute, and sporting with beautiful herdswomen The 12th-century poet Jayadeva related the story of Krishna and Radha in the Gita Govinda (Song of the Cowherd). Their love was a model of the devotion, or bhakti, paid to Vishnu. Jayadeva's poem was the source for hundreds of later paintings, including Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion

# Ando Hiroshige, The Great Bridge: Sudden Rain at Atake, from 100 Famous Views of Edo, 1857 (Edo), woodblock print

Landscape was a later theme Can see lighted roofs in the back, Yoshiwara Comes from a series Emphasis on changing moods of nature The bridge is cropped so it has a sense of continuing on Economy of line Things are represented by a couple of lines Transition of color Wiping Sign of a skilled print maker He was the realist He would depict things very realistically

Baule

Large and significant African culture...

Bill Reid (Haida), Recreation of a 19th-century Haida village with totem poles, Queen Charlotte Island, Canada, 1962

Large trees around it Rectangular with a central fire pit 30 by 40' Floor is planks Gabled roof due to rain The size of the house depended on the wealth of the family The forms on the totem poles represents a crest, an animal or a supernatural being who figures in the clan's origin story Haida was very guarded to the right to own a display crests that warfare could break out over the disrupted ownership of a valued crest The crest represented include an upside-down dogfish(a small shark), eagle with downturned beak, a killer whale with a crouching human between its snout and its upturned tail flukes

Samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate. A member of the warrior class in premodern feudal Japan Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. Warriors Very loyal to dymio Zen was very popular Admired zen Buddhist monks Took care of themselves and their own needs Very simple and frugal Indifferent to pain and sensual pleasure

Aztec

Lived in Mexico before Cortes claimed the land for Spain a member of the American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century. (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Post classic Named after a lake they settled by Would rebuild on top of the pyramids with every new leader Began as an island refuge No written language Cortes overthrew the empire, due to guns, horses, native allies and a smallpox epidemic The greatest Mesoamerican culture at the time cortes and his compatriots arrived in mexico Nahuatl speaking people Left behind a history of their rise to power Some think it is a mythic construct Transformed themselves from migratory outcasts and serfs to mercenaries for local rulers and then to masters in their own right of the Valley of Mexico's small kingdoms They would build a city where they saw an eagle perched on a cactus with a serpent in its mouth Settles on an island in lake Texcoco Seemed to glory in battle and in military prowess Changed the social and political situation in Mesoamerica Practiced bloodletting and human sacrifice Saw the world as a flat disk resting on the bock of a monstrous earthy deity Coatlicue (She of the Serpent Skirt)

Ci Wara headdress, Bamana, Mali, late 19th or early 20th century

Relate to masqurade Ci wara represents a mythical beast that combined animal parts Antelopes and millet representing The zigzag is path of the sun Male one Never shown separately, male female Though that it Taught the bamana their farming skills Would include either beading or metal No word for just the head piece Form depends on the location Vertical style

"totem" (mortuary) pole

Mark the doorway of the clan structure Tells the visiter what clan it is Contain ashes of the diseased at the top The ones by the house are used to see who lives there Abstracted animal and human figures Clans had their own animals Based on the tale about the clan Just represent the most important animal to the clan Bear, whale, thunderbird Show all parts of the animal Very symmetrical Link to ancestors Not supposed to be expressive Emphasis the identifying parts of the animal Black, blue, red, green Larger than life size Expressions of social status Display totemic emblems of clan groups artists carved poles up to 60 feet tall from the trunks of single cedar trees. Bill Reid (Haida), Recreation of a 19th-century Haida village with totem poles

helmet masks

Masks that fit over the head and are often carved from a single tree trunk. The inside of the trunk is hollowed out to fit over a person's head, and openings are cut for the person's eyes, nose, and mouth. Female mask, Mende, Sierra Leone,

#Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, c.1826-33 (Edo), woodblock print

Master of one stroke style Even more abstract and minimalist Mount fuji is playing a minor role Combine naturalism and abstract Very decorative wave Right to left Eye is going back and forth The people aren't as noticeable The mount parallels the shape of the wave Subtly of a masterful printer Wiping for gradation in the background Man is at mercy of nature Love and fear the sea Pression blue

Coatlicue (she of the serpent Skirt), Aztec

Means lady of the serpent skirt 11' tall The mother of Huitziolpochtli One of her sons decapitated her Snakes came out They make up her head Craving brutal Necklace with a skull and hand hearts and hands Skirt made of snakes A middle snake between her legs Carved like a giant relief Stood at the sacrifice sight Freestanding statuary Colossal statue f the beheaded coatlicue Discovered near Mexico's city cathedral Some believe it was one of a group set up at the great temple Main forms are in high relief Details executed either in low relief or by incising Enormous blocky mass From the goddess's neck, two serpents or snakes come out and meet to form a tusk mask A necklace of severed human hands and human hearts Pedant of the necklace is a skull Entwined snakes form the skirt Another snake from between her legs Symbolizing perhaps both menstruation and the male member Both masculine and feminine traits Hands and feet have claws All attributes symbolize sacrificial death combined savagery and tenderness, for out of destruction arose new life

Sande Society

Mende medicine/curative society women's secret society that initiated girls into adulthood a women's secret society in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and the Ivory Coast that initiates girls into adulthood by rituals including female genital mutilation. Female mask, Mende, Sierra Leone

bamun

One of the best surviving examples comes from the kingdom of Bamum in present-day Cameroon, where a long line of kings lived in a palace compound at the capital city of Foumban until its destruction in 1910. The royal arts of Bamum make extensive use of richly colored textiles and luminous materials, such as glass beads and cowrie shells. In the Grassfields had a social hierarchy Throne and Footstool of King Nsangu, Bamun,

Shoin style

Originally developed from the study, to become asymmetrical compositions of rooms arranged by use asymmetrical compositions of rooms arranged by use japanese architecture incorporating a writing area into the main room of residence A style of residence developing from the shinden style and established during the Muromachi and the Azuchi-Momoyama periods. Characteristics of buildings which compose the style are square pillars (kakubashira), tatami-mat flooring and various types of sliding doors such as fusuma, shoji and sugito. Staggered plan with separate corridors that are outside Elevated Refined simplicity Asymmetry Variety of textures

Karesansui (dry landscape) garden, Ryoanji, Kyoto, c. 1488 (Muromachi)

Part of a zen temple The temple of the peaceful dragon Most famous dry graden in japan Encourage mediation Very simple Focuses on groups of rocks Surrounded by Riverstone All racked in a specific way Look at it from the side Escape from distractions of daily life Meant to be viewed from a seated position 15 rocks In 5 groups Can only see 14 from any point of the veranda The sense of incompleteness Could represent a tiger and her cubs swimming through water, many interpretations, not sure Supposed to be abstract Asymmetrical Natural materials allowed to be themselves Surrounded by 4 wall The trees and plants around it to make a contrast Walls are clay stained by age Direct attention inward Surrounded by small carefully polished river rocks Raked daily Weeds are removed Large rocked left naturally, with moss

Throne and Footstool of King Nsangu, Bamun, Cameroon, c. 1870, wood, textile, glass beads, and cowrie shells

Prestige object just to show the status of the king Luxury object Towns are built around the complex of the king Beads and cowrie shells Both are very expensive Very elaborate Essentially made of money Carved from a single piece of wood Symbolic Two nobles Male with horn on the left Female on the right with a bowl Base on stool is entwined snakes Guardians with guns The very bottom is unknown, many interpretation Great material wealth Fon- the king To maintain social and political power King Nsangu's throne features luminous beads and shells and richly colored textiles. The decoration includes intertwining serpents, male and female retainers, and bodyguards with European rifles.

Female mask, Mende, Sierra Leone, mid- to late 20th century, painted wood

Relate to masquerade Related to a women's organization, Sande society Social control and nature specifically young women Become the right kind of woman The ritual with this mask takes place at the end of the initiation Believed to embody a spiritual power Its unusual because its danced by women Teach young women what is beautiful and proper adult hood manners Turtle represents water Ideal facial features Bold forehead Small features Mouth shut The rings are unknown, maybe rings of fat since it shows status Or crisilas of moth Or rings of water Shiney Good skin Or surface of the water Colored wood Learn their role Carved by men

crest masks

Sits up top on the head Tided to a basket in the shape of usually an antelope Ci Wara headdress, Bamana,

Otto Pentewa, Katsina Figure, Hopi

Related to an attempt to control land Katsina religion Petitioned rains to come Religious intent Personified ancestors and nature Usually represented water, fertility Katsina would visit them Replicas of people that dressed as katsinas Instruct the young how different katsina looked like Everything about them has a symbolic meaning Ritually fed and taken care of Mostly related to rain This one is petitioning to rain The feathers and everything at the top is to send the prayers up Terrace like clouds- the stairs Dotted lines- rain Arches with dots- corn Blue and green- north yellow- west red- south white - east black means into the ground - where the prayers should go Rattles made of turtle shells Katsinas are benevolent supernatural spirits personifying ancestors and natural elements living in mountains and water sources Humans join their world after death Masked dancers ritually impersonate katsinas during yearly festivals dedicated to rain, fertility and good hunting The figures were used to educate young girls in ritual lore Carved in cottonwood root with added feathers Rain bringing deity Wears a mask painted in geometric patterns symbolic of water and agricultural fertility Topping the mask are a stepped shape signifying thunderclouds Plus feathers to carry the hopi's airborne prayers

Seated Couple, Dogon, Mali, 1800-1850, wood

Represents a male and female couple The first couple that create the dogon people Very abstracted Complimentary couples "twinning" Male figures have a protruding chest They are similar to each other Male has a bread Female has a piercing through the lip Procreation, fertility Tublar Forms are simplified and geometric Lots of forms creating it that are very similar to one another and have a relationship with space Marks around the belly button and upper torso Scarification Would have been placed on an altar Seating is a sign of status Not sitting on the ground 4 figures under them May represent the first males Carving is ritualized On his back is a quiver to hold arrows On her back is a child Doubling means power Twinning means mystical power Sexual ambiguity

Coyolxauhqui (She of the Golden Bells), Aztec

Sacrifice bodies would land on it The daughter of Earrings of bells Limbs are placed all over because she was killed that way by her brother Body is made of large abstracted body forms Relief carving Flat No sense of space Seems to be spinning Goddess of the moon 11' diameter Was discovered under a library The Temple of Huitzilopochtli at Tenochtitlán commemorated the god's victory over his sister and 400 brothers, who had plotted to kill their mother, Coatlicue The moon goddess Her body was dismembered by her brother The discovery of the disk lead to ongoing archaeological investigations in the Zocalo Placed this relief at the foot of the staircase leading up to one of Huitzilopochtli's earlier temples Presents the image of Coyolxauhqui's murdered and segmented body The aztecs sacrificed their conquered enemies at the top of the great temple and then hurled their bodies down the temple stars to land on the stone Forced their foes to reenact the horrible fate of the dismembered goddess Example of art in the service of state ideology Slow turning rhythm, revolving galaxy or moon Low relief Smoothly even Flat surface Raised from a flat ground Sculptural equivalent of the line and flat tone The figure and neutral ground Characteristic of Mesoamerican painting

Blood debt

Sacrificial creation 2 gods sacrificed themselves Threw themselves in fire and became the sun and moon Created a son and needed blood Believed it held the universe together Also created distraught Prepared people for the sacrifice Liked young children 10,000 people Satisfied gods To please the gods and sustain the great cycles of the universe The aztecs engaged in this on a greater scale Even waging special battles to expressly obtain captives Coyolxauhqui (She of the Golden Bells)

miniature painting

Small individual Indian paintings intended to be held in the hand and viewed by one or two individuals at one time. refers to a format of painting associated with manuscripts or books. This format of painting became popular in India during the Mughal period. Most popular form of painting under the Mughal Emperors and Rajput kings Art historians usually call them miniatures because they are small Typically the size of a page in a typical art book Originally derives from the red lead (miniatum) used as pigment Designed to be held in hand Did not place them in frames and very rarely hung on walls Used opaque watercolors and paper, sometimes cotton cloth The manufacturing and painting of miniatures was a complicated process and required years of training as an apprentice in a workshop, each young artist usually becoming a specialist in one painting genre—for example, portrait heads, costumes, buildings, or decorative borders. Used very small brushes Painter's assistants made the natural pigments Began process by making a full-size sketch Then transferred the sketch onto paper by pouncing, or tracing using gazelle skin placed on top of the drawing and pricking the contours of the design with a pin with the skin laid on a fresh sheet of fine paper, the painter forced powdered black pigment through the tiny holes, reproducing the outlines of the composition Painters of miniatures sat on the ground, resting their painting boards on one raised knee Adding gold was last Polished with an agate or crystal

Nail figure (nkisi n'kondi), Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo, c.1875-1900, wood, nails, blades, medicinal materials, and cowrie shell

Statury Used by a preist of sorts Help people with all sorts of of problems Some of these figures are positive an some are negative The client drags a knife or blade into the figure to seal the help Form follows function The white int the eyes means connection with the spirit world Mouth open, also spirit world They don't become magical until it is injected in the belly with a substance, then covered with a shell or mirror 116cm Community enkese Used by the community Rough carving Expressive Head is larger The head is Important Kongo power figure A man bristling with nails and blades Embodied sipirits believed to heal and give life, or sometimes to inflict harm, disease or even death Each figure had a spcific role Wore a particular medicines Protruding from the abdomen Has a large cowrie shell Activated each one differently Owners appealed to a figure's forces every time they inserted a nail or blade To prod this spirit to do it's work Nearly 4 feet tall Larger ones aided entire communities This figure is relatively naturalistic Simplified the facial features and magnified the size of the head for emphasis

Shogun

Supreme military commander In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure. A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name General-in-chief Title of military dictators of japan Usually the de facto rulers of the country Figureheads, with real power in hands of the shikken of the Hojo clan The translation means conquer or subjugate and barabarian or savage Leader of the samurai

Sen no Rikyu, Taian Teahouse, Moyokian Temple, Kyoto, c.1582 (Momoyama)

The designer was a teamaster Separate structure Based on a hut or farm house Oldest japanese freestanding teahouse Approached through a garden Handwasjing took place outside Crawl through the door Bamboo grill The room is dark Simple rectangular structure Humble materials Crawling and entering the space was supposed to be humbling Sense of spatial clarity Mats on the floor, with woven exterior and grass inside The room was determined by the mats Only furniture Flat rooflines Always had a nook, not meant to walk into, usually had a flower arrangement or a hung scroll Heart pole Very integrated with nature

Male and Female Figures probably bush spirits (asye usu), Baule, Côte d'Ivoire, late 19th or early 20th century, wood, beads, kaolin

The forms are identical Could be a spirit spouse Can be identical in form Patina Believed everyone in this world has a spirit spouse to help you with you love life Have to take care of your spirit spouse Used by trance diviners Bush spirits because they are from the bush Invite a bush spirit into a sculpture Civilization and sophistication Down cast eyes Going for the ideal figures White around the eyes Communication with a spirit Inner calm and stubility Much more naturalistic ideal Lock neck Chuncky calves The bush spirit is civilized but the sculpture Used in rituals The figures are shown during the ritual but then kept away Beads are added to have a sweetness and value

Maya

They settled in the Yucatan Peninsula, not far from the Olmecs. A very cultural and intellectual people who used astronomy to create and very accurate calendar. Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. Very elaborate sculptural art Developed culture Highly sophisticated in maths Concern in time Flourished before the 1300 Were skilled in math and astronomy Developed a complex written language Kept detail historical records Great urban centers Imposing temple-pyramids

ukiyo-e

Translated as "pictures of the floating world", a Japanese genre painting popular from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century pictures of the floating world Japanese woodblock printing; translation: "pictures of the floating world" Buddhist term Something you should ignore The pleasurable aspects of middle class life -e means pictures World of pleasure

Suzuki Harunobu, Evening Bell at the Clock, from Eight Views of the Parlor, 1765 (Edo), woodblock print

Woodblock prints came with buddhism Like 8th century Distinct cultural context The growing middle class had money to spend Subject is commonly women courtesan Prostitutes Kept them in one place in the city Red was drawing attention to erotic areas The figures are a little dull Rarely showed the nude Beauty was shown by dress, hair, jewelry Sense of design and space and color Birds eye view Zig zag approach to space Vertical and stacked Sitting on tatami mattes Geometric Locked the organic figures of the people The names refers to the clock and the women's getting ready and her helper is worried about the time The color is very rich Came from a series of prints Each one has a clock Referring to an earlier Chinese series Emphasis on patterns Makes it appear very flat Cropping things in images

Yombe Mother and Child (pfemba), Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo, late 19th century, wood, glass, glass beads, brass tacks, and pigment

Yombe are a culture in the kongo Emblem of the king Images of leadership Rubbed with oil and camwood powder Red is associated with the king Cap is associated with the king Box throne Red is a symbol of life and birth Beaded jewlery Scarification Bonding of the breast Symbol of pain of birth Erotic elements Teeth are chiseled Female ideal Exemplified the creative force Also used in funerary context

kongo

a group of small kingdoms along the Zaire River in West-Central Africa, united under a single leader in the late 1400s Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade. Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy. nail figure

Hinduism

a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, developed from Vedic religion. A religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms From India Came from the Caucasian mountains Recognizes no founder or great prophet Has no simple definition Means "The religion of the indians" Ritual sacrifice To please a deity in order to achieve release (moksha, liberation) from the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara) and become one with the universal spirit. Religion of many gods Deities have various natures and take many forms 3 most important deities are the gods shiva and Vishnu and the godess Devi Each of the three major sects of Hinduism today considers one of these three to be supreme—Shiva in Shaivism, Vishnu in Vaishnavism, and Devi in Shaktism. (Shakti is the female creative force.) Shiva Destroyer Regenerative force Can be represented in the form of a linga Frequently has multiple limbs and heads, sign of suprahuman nature Matted locks piled atop his head Crowned by a cresent moon Rides bull Nandi Vishu Preserver of the Universe Portrayed with 4 arms holding various attributes When the evil forces in the world become too strong, he descends to earth to restore balance and assumes different forms including Krishna and buddha creation Devi The great goddess Takes many forms and has many names Creates and destroys One of the oldest religions in India White people brought it

Tokonoma

a niche or an alcove in a Japanese home for displaying a flower arrangement, kakemono, or other piece of art A shallow alcove in a Japanese room, which is used for decoration, such as a painting or stylized flower arrangement. A nook in teahouse A tokonoma is a decoration space in a Japanese tatami room. It is located at the far end of the room, opposite to the entrance, and it's the place where a Japanese scroll displaying a painting or calligraphy, seasonal flowers, and/or other ornaments are displayed.

Mughal Empire

a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Islamic based ruling families Based on the word Mongol Became one of the most successful Very open to various styles of art originally a Western term, means "descended from the Mongols" England frequently visited British ambassadors, European merchants, and Jesuit priests were frequent visitors, and the Mughal emperors acquired many European luxury goods Established by Babur Muslim prince from uzbekistan Encompassed vast territories in south asia in 1543 the sultan of Gujarat temporarily wrested control of the Mughal Empire acquired a taste for Persian illustrated books

iwan

a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. a rectangular vaulted space in a Muslim building that is walled on three sides and open on the fourth in Islamic architecture, a vaulted rectangular recess opening onto a courtyard Originally for academic buildings Niches to differentiate the different sections a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open The formal gateway to the iwan is called pishtaq, a Persian term for a portal projecting from the facade of a building, usually decorated with calligraphy bands, glazed tilework, and geometric designs.

Tea Ceremony

an elaborate Japanese ritual of serving and drinking tea, as an expression of Zen Buddhist philosophy. A Japanese ritual in which tea is prepared, served, and drunk in a certain way. First part of the buddhism practice Developed into an aesthetic Zen Buddhism Meant to keep the monks awake Developed to be simple Geared towards meditation A way for the samurai to get away from the stress Heating water Paying attention to the utensils Paying attention to the tea master One of the highest forms of art Lay out your tools Host does not talk Rules for how many sips, where to place the bowl etc developed in the 15th and 16th centuries, offered a temporary respite from everyday concerns, especially when the ceremony took place in a quiet setting with a meditative atmosphere, such as the Taian teahouse Chanoyu The practices began in china 9th century, it was introduced to japan Started in zen temples symbolic withdrawal from the ordinary world to cultivate the mind and spirit and to teach wa-kei-sei-jaku ("harmony, respect, purity, tranquility") The practices spread to other social groups, especially samurai and, by the late 16th century, wealthy merchants. In warrior residences served primarily as an excuse to display treasured collections of Chinese objects

Codex

an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll) an ancient manuscript text in book form. Accordion style Binding is a wood panel Folded deer skin cover in white lime plaster Cover is wood A bound volume resembling a modern book Precious vehicles for recording history, rituals, astronomical tables, calendar calculations, maps and trade and tribute accounts The text in these books consisted of columns of hieroglyphs read from left to right and top to bottom 3 maya books survived Wrote their books on a long sheet doubled in folds Enclosed between two boards finely ornamented "they contained nothing but superstitions and falsehoods of the devil" Covers were wood, mosaic or feathers Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl, folio 56 of the Borgia Codex, Mixtec-Puebla

Japanese woodblock prints

is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre of single sheets, but it was also used for printing books in the same period. provided inspiration to many French painters by flattening out figures to emphasize shapes, designs, patterns, and broad outlines; looked at a figure from an odd angle; let figures float without a ground line This brought the following influences to Impressionism ( three words) Cut off views Flat colors, no depth Use of patterns and outlines Small usaully First only black and white Colors applied by hand Carving No shadows for a while Using mutliple blocks to make one print Each one had separate details Did not use printing presses Barren Multi person activity Had to go through a censor and publisher

Krishna

one of the most popular gods, the eighth and most important avatar or incarnation of Vishnu. A god associated with divine playfulness; a form of Vishnu Multiple arms, to hold multiple attributes Major deity in Hinduism The name comes from a sanskrit ward that means " black", "dark", "dark blue", or "the all attractive" Worshiped as the 8th avatar of the vishnu Supreme god of his own right God of protection, compassion, tenderness, and love He

#nishiki-e

polychrome print Japanese, "brocade pictures." Japanese polychrome woodblock prints valued for their sumptuous colors.

Bush Spirits/ Spirit Spouse

spirit spouse: Can be identical in form Patina Believed everyone in this world has a spirit spouse to help you with you love life Have to take care of your spirit spouse bush spirit: hort, horrible-looking, and sometimes deformed creatures, yet Baule sculptors represent them in the form of beautiful, ideal human beings, because ugly figures would offend the spirits, who would then refuse to work for the diviner they would invite the bush spirit into a sculpture Male and Female Figures probably bush spirits (asye usu), Baul

wabi, sabi, and shibui

terms of taste, including ideas of rustic simplicity; the time-worn, and the lonely tranquility of old age 3 aesthetic orientations Wabi, expressed through natural materials Sabi, time worn, mellowed by use, humble, expressed by lowkey colors and simple shapes Shibui, a bitter but refreshing, counter point by striking accent Used from food, to architecture, influenced everything Wabi suggests austerity and simplicity. Related to wabi and also important as a philosophical and aesthetic principle was sabi—the value found in the old and weathered, suggesting the tranquility reached in old age.

#Islam

the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life Submission to the will of Allah A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. Simple religion Based on a direct relationship to god Spread rapidly Came into Asian with the arabs spread with astonishing speed from the Arabian peninsula to Syria, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, North Africa, and even southern Spain The Ghorids and other Islamic rulers gradually transformed South Asian society, religion, art, and architecture.