Exam 3
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:
"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.
outgroup
"them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
outgroup
"them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.`
ingroup
"us"—people with whom we share a common identity.
discrimination
(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
Joleen has just pulled into the parking lot of her local grocery store. As soon as she gets out of the car, a homeless woman approaches her and asks for money. Joleen gives the woman a few dollars and then goes inside the store to do her shopping. Joleen believes that the woman is homeless because she has not been given the same opportunities as others. Joleen is most likely a member of the:
Democratic Party.
Dr. Cheng studies social influence at a university in China. He is concerned because he is finding that rates of conformity in his experiments are much higher than those reported by his cousin, another social influence researcher who does his research in the United States. Which of the following reasons might account for this difference?
Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that prizes collectivism, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism.
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
The attribution theory was proposed by _____.
Heider
_____________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
Informational social influence
Why would Shane's doctor suggest that he begin an aerobic exercise program in addition to psychotherapy for his depression?
It will produce more neurons in his brain.
Donald takes 15-minute lunch breaks, goes to the bathroom only when he can no longer hold it, has to have his cell phone with him at all times, checks his Blackberry the moment he wakes up, and puts in 14-hour days at the office. Donald is a:
Type A personality
People who are easygoing, relaxed, and don't let things get to them are classified as:
Type B
In terms of the bystander effect, during which of the following situations will the odds NOT be best for our helping someone? The victim appears to need and deserve help. We are in a good mood. We are in a hurry. The victim is similar to us.
We are in a hurry.
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.`
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
Judith purchased a nice home, whose value depreciated as a result of the housing crash. She was able to have the majority of her remaining mortgage payments forgiven, which eased a huge financial burden for her. She reasoned that the debt she was forgiven would not negatively impact the overall debt of the country. Judith's reasoning is an example of:
a social trap.
Mr. Rogers thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mr. Rogers appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective evidence that define all members of this particular age group. Mr. Rogers is demonstrating:
a stereotype.
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's conribution to behavioral medicine.
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.
Carl Wilkens was a missionary living in Kigali, Rwanda in 1994 with his family when militia began killing members of an ethnic minority group, the Tutsi. Wilkens was encouraged to leave the area but refused. After evacuating his family, he stayed and contested the 800,000-person genocide. When the militia came to kill him and his Tutsi servants, Wilkens' Hutu neighbors deterred them. Despite repeated death threats, he spent his days running roadblocks to take food and water to orphanages and to negotiate, plead, and bully his way through the bloodshed, saving lives time and again. Wilkens was exemplifying:
altruism.
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have healped them.
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction.
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
People tend to use emotion-focused, rather than problem-focused, coping strategies when they:
believe they cannot change a stressful situation.
Yolanda has been having bouts of tension headaches. Her physician has not found any medicine that prevents future attacks. Which of the following is most likely to be effective in treating tension headaches? Correct: biofeedback biofeedback church attendance Incorrect: increased exercise increased exercise Incorrect: meditation meditation
biofeedback
Prejudice contains:
both actions and beliefs.
After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kathy alleviated her stress by avoiding contact with her ex-boyfriend and by planning recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior BEST illustrates:
emotion-focused coping.
Attempting to alleviate stress indirectly by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction is known as:
emotion-focused coping.
A stressor is a(n):
environmental event that threatens or challenges us.
Upon learning that his parents have just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Bill is likely to experience an outpouring of:
epinephrine
Walter Cannon confirmed that the fight-or-flight response was associated with the release of _____ into the bloodstream.
epinephrine
Although Natalie receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than her husband does, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of:
equity
Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of:
face-to-face contact.
As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will:
fail to notice the older woman's problem.
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if you would put a small sign in your yard. You agree. The next week, your wife can't believe you agreed to put the 3-foot sign on the front lawn. This technique is known as the:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
What explains the rise of facism in the 1930's?
group polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group is called:
group polarization.
What was partially responsible for the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the escalation of the Vietnam war, the U.S. Watergate cover-up, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, the U.S. space shuttle Challenger explosion, and the Iraq war?
groupthink
You are the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on your choice of scales. You decide to change your opinion for the good of the group. This best illustrates:
groupthink
groupthink
he mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
attribution theory
he theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
Stephanie's new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room and is being sloppy. She assumes this is because she is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. Stephanie is attributing her behavior to:
her heavy course work
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
Anders has just received devastating news about the coffee shop he owns. Things seem very bleak because a nationally-known competitor is moving in on the same block. Anders has many debts to pay and his wife is expecting their fourth child. When he hears the bad news, his heart rate zooms and he feels faint, as if he were in shock. According to Hans Seyle, he is:
in Phase 1 of GAS, experiencing an alarm reaction.
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
At a meeting in your office, three of your colleagues agree that the plan is correct as is; you feel the pressure to get the plan out today and agree. Your behavior illustrates:
informational social influence.
Marcie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz-Carlton. She has never been served a 10-course meal before so she is unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Because Marcie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Marcie is displaying:
informational social influence.
Type A personality is to Type B personality as ____________ is to ____________.
irritable; calm
The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the:
just-world phenomenon.
Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates:
mirror-image perceptions.
Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of:
modeling
John Darley and Bibb Latane simulated a physical emergency in their laboratory. University students participated in a discussion over an intercom. Each student was in a separate cubicle, and only the person whose microphone was switched on could be heard. One of the students was an accomplice of the experimenters. When his turn came, he made sounds as though he were having an epileptic seizure and called for help. Those subjects who believed only they could hear the victim were:
more likely to help.
Religiously active people have _______ socially supportive relationships and ________ life-styles than those who are not religiously active.
more; healthier
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
Javier has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates his teachers because of his actions. Rather than work to succeed, he tends to "dumb down" to act more like the students with whom he hangs out. He has at times answered questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like his friends. Javier's behavior is an example of:
normative social influence.
Maria has been invited to a new church by one of her closest friends. When she first attends, everyone seems so nice and friendly. She begins attending regularly. After a few weeks, sexual activity is discussed during one of the lectures where the women are told that they are forbidden to resist the sexual advances of any of the men associated with the church. Maria looks around and sees several women nodding their head in agreement but Maria feels extremely uncomfortable. At what point is Maria most likely to resist this teaching?
now, since it was first brought up
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
Those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup are referred to as:
outgroup
Stella and Anthony are newlyweds. They are most likely experiencing:
passionate love.
The director of an assisted-living housing complex was puzzled by the following situation. When she let the residents choose their own dinner-time, as well as what they wanted to eat, she realized there were far fewer health problems and deaths. To what might she attribute this?
perceived control
Which most affects first impressions?
physical attractiveness
Sara and a colleague are having dinner together. While they wait on their order, a Muslim family enters the restaurant and the woman is wearing a Hijab. Sara's colleague leans closer to her and says "I am not sure how she expects to eat with all of that junk covering her face." Her colleague is demonstrating:
prejudice.
NK cells are cells that:
pursue and destroy diseased cells in the body.
Research suggests that regular exercise can not only reduce stress but also can:
reduce the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely? -executive board members who each receive an equal share of the company profits -girl scouts who must gather wood for a campfire -students working on a group project for which they will all receive the same grade -restaurant food servers who are allowed to keep the individual tips they receive
restaurant food servers who are allowed to keep the individual tips they receive
Jan, who is on a strict diet, often finds herself cheating when she is tired or stress. This is because her _____ varies over time.
self-control
Superordinate goals refer to:
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
Evan's father yells at him for being five minutes late for tee time. Rather than believe his father is a rude jerk, he decides that he may be having difficulties at his job. This means he makes a _____ attribution about his behavior.
situational
In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to:
situational attributions.
At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates:
social facilitation.
The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of the home audience on their home court. This best illustrates:
social facilitation.
Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
sterotype
A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of:
stress appraisal.
Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family has been found to promote:
stronger immune functioning.
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety.
Psychologists would MOST likely use biofeedback to help clients reduce:
tension headaches.
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called:
the bystander effect.
Sherelle is with three of her friends at a restaurant. One of her friends yawns, then another friend, and then Sherelle. She has just experienced:
the chameleon effect.
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
Why does social facilitation account for the home advantage noted in both college and professional athletic events?
the energizing effect of the enthusiastic audience
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
A close friend visits Katy and asks her to lend her ten dollars for gas. She happily agrees. Two weeks later her friend visits again and this time asks for twenty dollars for gas and she agrees again. This is known as:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Researchers asked homeowners for permission to install a large, poorly-lettered sign in their front yards. Only 17 percent of the homeowners consented to the installations. Researchers then approached different homeowners and asked if they could post a small sign. Nearly all agreed. Then, when asked two weeks later if they could post the large, ugly sign, 76 percent consented. The results of this experiment support:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Marilyn thinks a strict class-attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment best illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize:
the fundamental attribution error.
Stephanie's new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room, and she assume she must be a slob. She ignores the fact that she is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. Stephanie is demonstrating:
the fundamental attribution error.
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of drug addicts living in rundown houses in horrible condition. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer, Chuck replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." His attitude best illustrates:
the just-world phenomenon.
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
This is the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them.
the mere exposure effect
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate.
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
Sarah regularly donates blood because she once received a life-saving transfusion when she was in a car accident five years ago. Sarah's helping behavior is best explained by:
the reciprocity norm.
Roger recently lost his job and believes that it is a result of the increase in Mexican immigrants. He is demonstrating:
the scapegoat theory.
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group.
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
Irwin lived through Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Throughout the duration of the life-changing event, Irwin experienced intense distress. Such a response to catastrophes is _____.
typical
tend and befriend
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of:
vivid casses
What might account for adolescent males driving aggressively and exhibiting reduced perceived risk of such driving habits?
watching movies that depict aggressive driving
When are people most likely to obey an order related to harming someone else?
when the person being harmed is far away
A professor is preparing a lecture on the benefits of exercise and will highlight all of the following EXCEPT exercise: modestly enhances cognitive abilities. orders up mood-boosting chemicals such as serotonin. Correct: will improve longevity by a decade. will improve longevity by a decade. fights heart disease.
will improve longevity by a decade.
A Facebook experiment in 2010 led to an additional _____ votes.
282,000
Zechariah is biracial. His mother is Caucasian and his father is African-American. Other people will likely categorize him as:
African-American.
In Asch's conformity experiments, researchers find that conformity to the group increases when:
All of these things will increase conformity to the group.
This helps break down dopamine and serotonin.
MAOA gene
_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
Normative social influence; informational social influence`
Roger works full-time, has a part-time job, and has a new consulting company in response to his son's special needs. He seems to be coping with everything quite well for the moment. According to Hans Selye, he is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Phase 2 of GAS, in a state of resistance.
Maya owes the credit card company $20,000, her adjustable rate mortgage has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Her husband of 15 years came home today to tell her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. According to Hans Selye, she is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Phase 3 of GAS, in a state of exhaustion
________________ is to addressing work problems with a colleague as ________________ is to talking to your hair stylist about all of the problems at work.
Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
Sandy is a human resources director for a chain of fast-food restaurants. Her job requires her to work at a very fast pace. When interviewing perspective employees, she is known to finish their sentences and to be very short tempered. Which of the following might NOT be accurate of Sandy?
Sandy has a healthy reaction style..
Sarah and Marge have been assigned to the same dorm room for the academic year. What is likely to happen by the end of the year?
Sarah and Marge will become close friends.
general adaptation syndrome (GAS
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory, and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers (given by a confederate of the researcher). How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience?
She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university.
Gussie and Max have been happily married for 54 years. This morning, however, Gussie made an unkind remark about Max's table manners. Given research findings on marital satisfaction and attribution, what did Max think of this comment?
She must be having a bad day.
Maggie has just started her fourth year of medical school and is an avid cyclist. During the summer, she had a bike accident that produced a large contusion on her knee. If Maggie had the same accident during finals week what would one expect to happen?
She would heal more slowly than in the summer.
According to research on factors that determine the likelihood that two people will become friends or form a romantic relationship, which of the following is more accurate? Absence makes the heart grow fonder. Correct: Similarity breeds content. Similarity breeds content. Dissimilarity fosters disfavor. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
Similarity breeds content.
Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? -They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. -They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. -They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. -They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone.
They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone.
What might account for why, in college residence halls, students' attitudes become more similar to those living near them?
They may feel as though others in the residence hall are observing their behavior.
Melissa and Amanda are taking several classes together, just by chance. Prior to the semester they did not know each other. What is likely to happen by the end of the term?
They will become close friends.
Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates:
central route persuasion.
The _____ occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, while the _____ occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.`
central route to persuasion; peripheral route to persuasion
In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was __________ the experimenter and __________ the "learner."
close to; far from
John and Julie have been married for 10 years. Their love is best explained as:
companionate love.
Studying initially healthy men over a 10-year period, researchers found that pessimistic adult men were more than twice as likely as optimistic men to experience:
coronary heart disease.
In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be advised to:
create superordinate goals.
social script
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.
Social scripts are:
culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations.
While driving to work, Marcia's car started smoking and broke down on a road with a lot of traffic. Her cell phone's battery died so she could not call for help. She was unsuccessful in getting someone to stop to help for more than two hours until a police officer offered assistance. Marcia's difficulty in getting someone to help is an example of:
diffusion of responsibility.
According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others:
diminishes performance on difficult or new tasks.
Nineteen-year-old Tom has spent five hours a day playing violent video games since he was eight years old. According to research on the effects of violent video game usage, one can predict that Tom will likely:
display desensitization to violent images, as shown by blunted brain responses on an fMRI.