Exam 3
Identify the glucose transporter molecules active in adipocytes, and in both hepatocyte and adipocyte cell membranes, respectively:
Glut4 and Glut2
__________ are mostly deposited into adipose (fat) tissue, whereas ________ are mostly oxidized to carbon dioxide in the liver for energy.
LCFAs; MCFAs
Which one does not belong?
(a) EKG *** (b) EGC (c) EGCG (d) ECG (e) EC
Which one does not belong?
(a) EPA (b) omega-3 (c) DHA (d) GRAS (e) aminostatic hypothesis ***
Human breast milk supplies not only nutrients to the infant but also an array of growth factors. Which one of the following is NOT one of these?
(a) VEGF (b) EGF (c) erythropoeitn (d) IGF (e) lactoferrin ***
Endogenous substances in unprocessed foods, and specific food ingredients and additives in processed foods, might not only affect food energy density, but also __________.
(a) adipogenesis (b) food anti-matter density (c) hunger and satiety (d) both (a) and (c) *** (e) all of these
Which of the following potential long-term fetal growth implications is NOT part of the vicious cycle proposed by Catalano in the Oken article?
(a) adult obesity/TD2M (b) fetal/neonatal obesity (c) parental (especially paternal) epigenetic factors *** (d) both (a) and (c) (e) choices (a), (b), and (c)
Which one does not belong?
(a) alpha-lactalbumin (b) immunoglobulin G (c) alpha-lactalbumin (d) lactoferrin (e) kappa-casein ***
What is NOT accurate regarding stevioside and rebaudoside-A?
(a) both are glucosides (b) both contain glucose molecules in their structures (c) neither is considered an aglycone (d) both are effective fat replacers *** (e) both (a) and (d)
Both endogenous (e.g. hormonal signals) and exogenous (environmental) factors can serve as programming stimuli. Therefore, the mother's diet . . .
(a) can be considered an exogenous factor (b) can be considered an environmental factor (c) can be considered a hormonal factor (d) both (a) and (b) *** (e) choices (a), (b), and (c)
Which one does not belong?
(a) casein peptides (b) aminostatic (c) glucose *** (d) plasma amino acids (e) whey peptides
As a means of preventing childhood obesity, which of the following should be considered?
(a) counseling efforts to promote the initiation and duration of breastfeeding (b) counseling efforts to promote the adoption of an appropriate maternal diet (c) counseling efforts to promote appropriate infant feeding and physical activity (d) counseling efforts to prevent excess gestational weight gain (e) all of these ***
When considering the indirect signal pathway, what is FALSE?
(a) dietary protein and amino acids present in the SI act on chemoreceptors on the mucosal enteroendocrine cells causing the release of CCK hormone (b) activation of the afferent vagus nerve by CCK is relayed to the NTS, mediating orexigenic effects *** (c) administration of a CCK antagonist causes an increase in food consumption (energy intake) (d) indirect signaling does NOT typically include binding of PPY to Y2 receptors (e) indirect signaling does NOT typically include release of α-MSH from POMC neurons
The effect of suppressing MAPK
(a) impacts cell signaling (b) has been observed as a result of T3 treatment in adipocytes (c) occurs in adipose stem cells but not mature adipocytes (d) both (a) and (b) *** (e) choices (a), (b), and (c)
Which one has not been suggested as an environmental or lifestyle behavior contributor to childhood obesity?
(a) increased food portion sizes (b) increased consumption of sugary beverages (c) marketing of unhealthy foods to children (d) parental genes *** (e) lack of daily physical activity
When the action of insulin is blocked in preadipocytes,
(a) insulin can no longer control the cell cycle, and affects gene expression (b) insulin can no longer control the cell cycle, which in turn inhibits cell differentiation (c) adipogenesis and body adiposity may be diminished (d) both (b) and (c) (e) choices (a), (b), and (c) ***
Which one does not belong?
(a) lauric acid (b) capric acid (c) alpha-linolenic acid *** (d) caproic acid (e) MCFA
Which statement is FALSE?
(a) macrosomia is a birth weight greater than 10,000 grams. (b) macrosomia is defined as less than 2,500 grams at birth (c) LBW is defined as less than 2,500 grams at birth *** (d) although LBW infants may have increased lean body mass, there is often decreased adiposity (e) both (c) and (d)
In order to conduct research in the area of SSS, it is important to have methodologies in place that can obtain the following types of data:
(a) measurement of appetite/hunger/satiety (b) measurement of food intake (c) measurement of food palatability and oral stimulation (d) measurement of food sensory properties (e) all of these ***
True or False: When considering the direct signal pathway, what is TRUE?
(a) mucosal EEC's release PYY rather than NPY or CCK (b) the end result in an anorexigenic effect (c) both (a) and (b) *** (d) there is release of CCK from POMC neurons (e) none of these
Which does not belong?
(a) obesogenic diet (b) high sugar (c) high fat (d) high nutrient *** (e) high calorie
Which one is NOT readily hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes?
(a) olestra *** (b) MCTs (c) TGs (d) peptides (e) starches
In support of the statement "research has identified an anorectic effect for L-cysteine", all of the following make sense, except:
(a) reduced food intake (b) ghrelin suppression (c) reduced levels of anorexigenic hormones *** (d) both (a) and (b) (e) lack of appetite
Which pairing is incorrect?
(a) satiation/meal termination (b) higher SES/lower rates of obesity (c) lower SES/lower ED food consumption *** (d) sweets and fried foods/high ED (e) fruits and vegetables/high nutrient density
Which one does not belong?
(a) stevia (b) aspartame (c) sucrose esters *** (d) sucrose (e) sucralose
Consider the italicized words in the following statement, and indicate what they refer to: "Enzyme biotechnology is a tool available in food technology to selectively modify, esterify, transform, transesterify, and interesterify fats and oils."
(a) technology associated with the production of fat replacers (b) technology that can reposition fatty acids onto glycerol (c) technology used to develop NNS (d) choices (a) and (b) *** (e) choices (a), (b), and (c)
Which one does not belong?
(a) technology exists to develop low energy density fat replacers (b) there is a consumer market in the USA for low-calorie and fat-free food (c) technology exists to develop lipid-based fat replacers having similar sensory properties (d) certain fat substitutes are carbohydrate fatty acid esters and polyesters (e) in the sucralose molecule, three OH groups are replaced by chlorine atoms ***
If T3 molecules (tocotrienols) are known to modulate induction of preadipocyte apoptosis,
(a) this might be correlated to reduced fat mass (b) this might be correlated to reduced plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (c) this might impact adipogenesis (d) both (a) and (b) (e) choices (a), (b) and (c)
The intended consequences of NNS include all of the following except:
(a) weight loss (b) increased food intake *** (c) sweet flavor (d) consumer acceptance (e) satiety
Flavonoids such as _____ are known to influence one or more of the following: ____, _____, and ____ via interaction with specific _____ targets.
(c) EGCG; lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, drug metabolism; nuclear receptor
In the United States, the percentiles of BMI for and plotted on CDC child growth charts have been recommended as markers to identify overweight and obesity.
85th and 95th; age / sex
The n-3 fatty acid that is the shortest (has the fewest number of carbon atoms) is
ALA
Five components (action, the situation, emotions, thoughts, physical feelings) have to do with:
CBT
If a research study determines that a HiVOL/LoE liquid food compared to LoVOL/LoE liquid food affects pleasantness ratings of the foods being consumed, what area of study is implicated?
SSS
True or False: In the manufacture of structured lipids (SLs), natural lipids are modified by addition or rearrangement of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone.
True
One key finding from the Dutch famine had to do with:
a differential offspring response to nutritional restriction depending upon the trimester
Although cheese is generally rich in saturated fat, reports suggest that cheese may be antiatherogenic; the most likely MECAHNISM for this is
a positive effect of cheese bioactive peptides on the cardiovascular system
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids and also glucose, while WAT stores energy (contributes to the fat mass). Research has shown that ___________ regulates BAT growth and development, thereby reducing obesity.
arginine
There are several key receptors involved in hypothalamic food control: these are
both orexigenic and anorexigenic receptors
Which is true regarding LPA?
cell signal molecule
When considering the brain's hypothalamus and its proper functioning, in response to appetite/hunger stimulation, when satiety signals ________ as hunger signals ______, and hunger signals ______ as satiety signals ______ .
decrease/increase; decrease/increase
It has been suggested that piceatannol may serve to uncouple obesity from its related metabolic disease, insulin resistance. What does this mean?
excess visceral adiposity and lipid accumulation interferes with insulin signaling - causing insulin resistance - but with piceatannol treatment, insulin sensitivity is restored
A host of food components, ranging from amino acids and alternative sweeteners to fatty acids and flavonoid molecules, may be effective in one or more mechanisms that influence energy metabolism, food intake, and adipose tissue development and metabolism that never involve cell signaling pathways.
false
True or False: An obese intestinal (gut) microbiota profile was developed using a ghrelin- deficient ob/ob mouse model.
false
True or False: As with the glucostatic theory, the lipostatic theory was based on a model where a decrease in an energy nutrient - in this case, fat - signaled the need for increased energy intake, and this hunger signal initiated eating.
false
True or False: Both maternal and paternal environmental factors are thought to act on the phenotype of the offspring via genetic alterations in the DNA sequences of its genome
false
True or False: From the research of Bell et al ("Sensory-specific satiety is affected more by volume than by energy content of a liquid food "), when the ratings of the uneaten foods were examined separately, most palatability change scores were affected by increasing the volume of liquid food that was consumed.
false
True or False: If mothers worry that their infants are not getting enough to eat, they may introduce rice cereal and other solid food to the diets later than the recommended age.
false
True or False: In the the AH,B,X theory of sweetness, the tastant molecule (or glycophore) interacts with tongue receptors at the AH,B sites, all of which are hydrophobic/ nonpolar.
false
True or False: Inhibiting lipogenesis through increasing ATGL activity and/or expression has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obesity.
false
True or False: It has been reported that ob/ob mice gut flora showed a higher number of Bacteroidetes bacteria in the obese mice compared to lean controls.
false
True or False: N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, which in turn promotes adipogenesis.
false
True or False: Recognizing that many who are overweight and obese find it difficult to adjust their food preferences and eating habits, there is a key role for food science and technology to play in providing consumers a variety of high energy density processed foods.
false
True or False: Since dietary fat generally induces overconsumption of food and resultant weight gain through its low satiety properties and high caloric density, lipid molecules are never considered to have any potential regarding anti-obesity strategies.
false
True or False: Suppose data from a 12 y/o girl shows her to be in the 68th percentile. This percentile means that this child's BMI is less than the BMI of 68% of all other 12-yearold girls in the reference population.
false
True or False: The hypothetical "feeding regulation model" presents a series of enzymatic reactions in the hypothalamus rather than a hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling pathway.
false
True or False: The rapid increase seen in the past few decades in pediatric obesity prevalence suggests that genetic rather than environmental and behavioral factors dramatically impact body weight status.
false
True or False: The window of exposure to a maternal HFD that is responsible for adverse health consequences (obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease) has now been clearly and completely defined by research.
false
True or false: Casein protein is considered a "fast" protein, because it causes a speedy increase in blood amino acids upon ingestion.
false
True or false: Food energy density can have an effect on satiation (meal termination), and in addition, the time interval between desires to eat (satiety) can be lengthened by decreasing the energy density of food.
false
This refers to the notion that factors occurring during critical time periods early in life can have life- long consequences and is SPECIFICALLY related to the corresponding developmental biology concept:
fetal programming
If research is conducted that discovers that the decline in liking of a strong peach beverage did not differ from the decline in liking when participants consumed a weak peach beverage, what should the conclusion be?
flavor intensity did not affect SSS
According to some research we read, mothers often use this to shape their children's behaviors: (to reward good behavior, or to calm fussiness):
food
True or False: In suggesting that consumers eat fewer desert and fried foods and more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, the concept that is being addressed here is:
food energy density
Consider the statement, "It was observed that green tea extract not only exerted antihyperlipidemic effects with the shortest onset and greatest magnitude, but also suppressed the lipotrophic effects of SRD." Which interpretation below is the most accurate?
green tea intake reduced blood lipid levels and decreased fat breakdown due to high dietary sucrose
Epidemiological studies have described a J- or U-shaped relationship between birth weight as a marker of fetal nutritional exposure and the tendency to develop adult-onset obesity. What does this mean?
higher birth weight does not always correlate to later obesity
Which amino acid satisfies these criteria? branched chain structure; may impact MTOR thereby reducing food intake; does not contain any sulfur atoms in the structure.
leucine
Which represents the correct sequence in the shift of thinking regarding the influence of the energy nutrients on specific mechanisms responsible for food consumption behaviors?
metabolic → endocrine → neural
Stimulating a patients' self-efficacy, desire, confidence, and personal control for behavior change is fundamental to MI, which refers to:
motivational interviewing
Which represents the longest time interval?
neonatal to adolescent
________________ are potentially important pharmaceutical and dietary obesity targets due to their role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis
nuclear receptors
______________ is a ____________ molecule esterified with six to either fatty acids, is the most studied of the lipid-based fat substitutes containing a carbohydrate backbone.
olestra; sucrose
An HFD prior to pregnancy may re-program imprinted marks during both ____________ and early ____________ development.
oocyte; embryonic
____________________ is a critical timeframe, and refers to the time preceding, including and immediately following human conception - the upper time boundary being
periconception
Which compound is thought to inhibit adipogenesis?
piceatannol
What are the agreed-upon two critical maternal parameters impacting infant birth weight?
pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain
Mellinkoff's aminostatic hypothesis basically says
protein consumption causes appetite to diminish as the blood amino acid concentration rises, and vice versa.
This specific reduced-calorie molecule is a mixture of at least one short chain fatty acid and at least one long chain fatty acid randomly attached to the glycerol backbone.
salatrim
It has been suggested that lipid-based fat replacer products may interfere with a learned relationship between the _______ properties of food and the _______ consequences of consuming those foods.
sensory; caloric
Interpreting the statement, "When consuming stevia and aspartame preloads, participants did not compensate by eating more food later, and reported similar levels of satiety compared to when they consumed the higher calorie sucrose preload", which choice below makes the LEAST sense?
the highest calorie preload, sucrose, generated significantly lower satiety than the other preloads
The main difference between WPC and WPI is
the protein content
The effect of green tea catechins on UCP gene expression is in the area of
thermogenesis
MCFAs and MCTs in experimental studies suppress fat deposition through enhanced __________ and fat ____________ in animal and human subjects.
thermogenesis; oxidation
It has been suggested that SSS might be a factor contributing to obesity, since
through habitual food choices, an obese person might be consuming foods with low SSS values more than those with high
What is the significance of methylated CpG sites in DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases?
transfer of obese phenotype may be linked to this kind of epigenetic alteration
True or False: According to some studies, protein and carbohydrate have a greater effect on sensory-specific satiety in human subjects than fat.
true
True or False: From the research of Bell et al ("Sensory-specific satiety is affected more by volume than by energy content of a liquid food "), the volume of food consumed, rather than its energy content, significantly affects (decreases) appetite, and significantly increases SSS.
true
True or False: In the article by Weijzen et al, "Sensory specific satiety and intake: The difference between nibble- and bar-size snacks", probably the major finding was that consumption of nibble-size snacks instead of bar-size snacks might facilitate the limitation
true
True or False: It is believed that breastfeeding in the first six months of life is associated with lower adiposity in the growing child.
true
True or False: It was important to compare satiety levels of three sweetener preloads to see whether a reduced calorie alternative sweetener would or would not provide similar satiety value to the standard caloric sweetener (sucrose).
true
True or False: Maternal obesity has been shown to change methylation status and miRNA content, both of which represent alterations in the epigenome of the sperm.
true
True or False: Obese parents who believe that their infants are genetically predisposed to be large will engage in child feeding practices that promote obesity in their child.
true
True or False: PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) is known as a master transcription factor regulating adipocyte differentiation. PPAR-γ antagonists would therefore be expected to exert anti-adipogenic activity.
true
True or False: Recent research using mouse models observed that a dietary switch from unhealthy (HFD) to (NFD) healthy shortly before pregnancy, without weight loss, was not necessarily beneficial to offspring, and might even be harmful.
true
True or False: Some research has indicated that mothers may believe that it is better to have a heavy infant because infant weight indicates child health and successful parenting.
true
True or False: The hypothetical "feeding regulation model" presents a mechanism by which ghrelin regulates food intake.
true
True or False: The thrifty metabolic phenotype is able to manage on reduced nutrient and calorie intake.
true
True or False: Unless obese parents have experienced health-related difficulties and/ or special difficulties due to being obese, they may not perceive obesity in the child as something to try to prevent due to the negative consequences
true
