Exam 3 Biology

pseudocoelom

A body cavity that is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

lancelet

A member of the clade Cephalochordata, small blade-shaped marine chordates that lack a backbone.

Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here? A. A combination of molecular data, fossil records, and anatomical homologies show the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey. B. The green monkey and rhesus monkey cannot reproduce with each other because of a postzygotic isolating mechanism. C. The chimpanzee and human must have evolved as a result of allopatric speciation. D. There is no single common ancestor to all of the organisms displayed on this phylogenetic tree. E. The gibbon and human are no more closely related than the green monkey and human are.

A. A combination of molecular data, fossil records, and anatomical homologies show the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey.

A group of field mice cross a highway and join a new population of field mice on the other side, producing offspring with this population. This is an example of A. gene flow . B. genetic drift. C. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. D. assortive mating.

A. gene flow

mammals

Animals that have hair and produce milk for their young

Today, cheetahs show extreme genetic similarity. This is evidence of A. past gene flow. B. a past bottleneck event. C. a history of directional selection. D. a history of few genetic mutations. E. assortative mating.

B. a past bottleneck event.

As you hike up a mountain, you realize that the plants and animals present at the base are not the same as those at the top. This observation is the basis of A. natural selection. B. biogeography. C. comparative anatomy. D. geology. E. paleontology.

B. biogeography.

A fraction of the original green frog population survives to reproduce and generate the new population. If the survivors of the original population survived by chance, then this event is an example of A. natural selection. B. genetic drift. C. founder effect. D. industrial melanism.

B. genetic drift.

Microevolution is not influenced by which of the following? A. mutation B. random mating C. gene flow D. natural selection E. genetic drift

B. random mating

Which of the following would be considered analogous structures? A. the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse B. the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow C. the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale D. the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human E. the wings of a bird and the forelimb of a reptile

B. the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow

Georges Cuvier and his fellow catastrophists believed that.. A. species were fixed although they did change through time in response to catastrophes that occur. B. when species became extinct to a local catastrophe, organisms from surrounding areas moved in to repopulate the area. C. fossil strata showing change through time was explained by evolution. D. species were not fixed and that they adapted in response to catastrophes that occur. E. catastrophes could not explain the changes in species seen through the fossil strata.

B. when species became extinct to a local catastrophe, organisms from surrounding areas moved in to repopulate the area.

bilateral symmetry

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.

What does it mean when it is said that humans and apes share common descent? A. Humans descended from apes. B. Apes descended from humans. C. Apes and humans descended from the same common ancestor. D. Apes and humans are the same. E. Apes and humans did not descend from a common ancestor.

C. Apes and humans descended from the same common ancestor.

Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here? A. The gibbon is more closely related to the rhesus monkey than to the chimpanzee. B. The galago is more closely related to the green monkey than to the capuchin. C. The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee. D. The gibbon does not share a common ancestor with the chimpanzee or human. E. The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a more recent common ancestor than do the chimpanzee and human.

C. The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee.

Through observing the variation in snails, which individuals would you predict would most easily hide from predators if this population existed in variable (mixed patches of light and dark areas) environment? A. The dark colored snails would most easily hide from predators. B. The light colored snails would most easily hide from predators. C. The multicolored (variable) snails would most easily hide from predators. D. All snails would equally hide well from predators anywhere in the environment. E. All snails would equally be obvious to predators anywhere in the environment.

C. The multicolored (variable) snails would most easily hide from predators.

Why are Australian mammals all marsupial while mammals on other continents are mostly placental? (pg 248) A. The marsupial anatomy is better adapted to the environments of Australia than is the anatomy of placental mammals. B. The placental anatomy is better adapted to the environments of North and South America than is the anatomy of marsupial mammals. C. When the continents separated from one another, marsupials on Australia did not have the placental competitors that were present in the Americas. D. Marsupials out-competed the placental mammals in Australia. E. Australian mammals have a different common ancestor than mammals elsewhere in the world.

C. When the continents separated from one another, marsupials on Australia did not have the placental competitors that were present in the Americas.

When comparing chick and pig embryos, the similar eyes, pharyngeal pouches, and post-anal tails are evidence of A. analogy. B. convergent evolution. C. common ancestry. D. biogeography. E. artificial selection.

C. common ancestry.

Critical to the theory of evolution, Darwin needed to include an idea that was not generally accepted by scientists or society at that time. That idea was A. that catastrophism occurred at a uniform rate. B. that the inheritance of acquired characteristics was true. C. that the Earth must be very old. D. that uniformitarianism was false. E. that diversity of life was constant through time.

C. that the Earth must be very old.

Directional selection in the modern horse is demonstrated by A. the gradual decrease in size over time. B. the rapid decrease in size over time. C. the gradual increase in size over time. D. the rapid increase in size over time. E. the extinction of other horse species.

C. the gradual increase in size over time.

What is parenchyma

Connective tissue in a plant(make up the pallisade and spongy mesophyll layers of leaf)

What is one location of Sclerenchyma?

Cortex of stems or leaves

Which of the following is most likely an example of a founder effect event? A. A random small group of a bird population migrates to an island and then returns to breed. B. A random large group of a bird population migrates to an island and then returns to breed. C. A selected small group of a bird population migrates to an island and then returns to breed. D. A random small group of a bird population migrates to an island and does not return to breed. E. A random large group of a bird population migrates to an island and does not return to breed.

D. A random small group of a bird population migrates to an island and does not return to breed.

Which of the following would not have been a selective agent or pressure that could lead to the reduction in hindlimbs through time? (pg 247) A. The animal's body size was too heavy to support the weight on land and hindlimbs were no longer useful. B. More emphasis was placed on flexing the backbone than on paddling with hindlimbs for swimming. C. Appendages cause resistance, or drag, when moving through water. D. Before moving into the ocean, smaller legs were advantageous to escaping predators on land. E. With the increased size of the tail and its use in swimming, the hindlimbs were not as necessary.

D. Before moving into the ocean, smaller legs were advantageous to escaping predators on land.

Which one of the following statements is true? A. Organisms always evolve the characteristics they need to survive. B. Some individuals within the population must die for natural selection to occur. C. Darwin used molecular biology as evidence of evolution. D. Natural selection can only work on variation that already exists. E. Convergent evolution produces homologous structures.

D. Natural selection can only work on variation that already exists.

Microevolution is the term that applies to which of the following? A. Any evolution at any scale is considered microevolution. B. Large-scale changes over a long period of time. C. Small-scale changes over a long period of time. D. Small-scale changes over a short period of time. E. Changes of any scale within microorganisms.

D. Small-scale changes over a short period of time.

Wings of insects and birds are result of convergent evolution. (pg. 281). This means that A. these organisms are unrelated but have similar adaptations. B. these organisms share a recent common ancestor and so have similar adaptations. C. these organisms have different adaptations to different environments. D. insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways. E. the insects and birds must be related to possess such similar qualities.

D. insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways.

What characteristics of Archaeopteryx tell us that it is a link to reptiles and birds? (pg 246) A. feathers B. tail with vertebrae C. teeth D. teeth and a tail with vertebrae E. feathers and teeth

E. feathers and teeth

List the 3 Domains and give one defining characteristic of each.

Eukarya-sexual reproduction Bacteria-moves by flagella Archea-asexual

What is the function of collenchyma?

Found in stems. Provide more support. Strings off cells.

Is the gametophyte generation haploid or diploid?

Haploid

tunicates

Members of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone.

What is Phloem's function? What cell types make it up?

Move food throughout the plant. Companion cells

What is the fate (what does it become) of each of the following?: (6 points) Ectoderm: __________________________________ Endoderm: _________________________________ Mesoderm: _________________________________ Notochord: __________________________________ Pharyngeal pouches in fish: _______________________________________ Pharyngeal pouches in mammals: ___________________________________

Nervous system Digestive respiratory tube Bones and muscles Vertebrae Gills Facial jaw bones

jawless fish

Parasitic fish that have skeletons made of cartilage but lack a proper skull.

segmented

The body has sections.

What is the function of Xylem? What cell types make this tissue up?

Vessel elements and tracheids. Transport water and minerals from root to shoot.

What is meristem?

a region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots and in the cambium, consisting of actively dividing cells forming new tissue.

amphibian

able to live both on land and in water

Define true coelom

acts as a protective cushion for their internal organs.

dorsal

back side

ventral

belly side

coelom

body cavity

osteicthyes

bony fish

aves

class of birds

cephalization

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body

Homo sapien

human being

cartilaginous fish

member of a group of fishes with flexible skeletons made entirely of cartilage

mesoderm

middle layer

acoelomate

no body cavity

filter feeders

organism that takes in water to filter out the food and then releases the extra water (clam, oysters, sponge)

ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

pharyngeal pouches

paired structures in the throat region

endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

caudal

toward the tail

Homo erectus

upright man

tetrapod

vertebrate with four limbs

reptiles

vertebrates that live on land, scales cover body, lay eggs, cold blooded