Exam 3 Biology
Order the four steps given below, from beginning to end, that would occur during expression of the eukaryotic gene rbcS. (1) Pre-mRNA is processed to make mRNA. (2) Ribosomes translate the mRNA message to make proteins. (3) mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm. (4) DNA is used as a template make pre-mRNA. a. 1, 4, 3, 2 b. 4, 3, 1, 2 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, d. 4, 1, 2, 3 e. 4, 1, 3, 2
E. 4, 1, 3, 2
What role does water play in photosynthesis? a. it acts as a source of oxygen atoms found in the product O2 b. it acts as an electron donor c. it serves as a product and reaction d. it serves as a solvent e. all of the above
E. All of the above
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? a. primase b. ligase c. single-stranded binding protein d. helicase e. DNA polymerase
E. DNA polymerase
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells? a. the creation of a protein gradient b. the electron transport chain c. oxidative phosphorylation d. the citric acid cycle e. fermentation
E. Fermentation
During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? a. glycolysis b. the citric acid cycle c. "grooming" of pyruvate d. oxidative phosphorylation e. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
E. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport _____ from the _____ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient that can be used to produce _____. a. electrons, grana, H+ b. H+, grana, electrons c. H+, stroma, H+ d. electrons, stroma, H+ e. H+, stroma, ATP
E. H+, stroma, ATP
In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport _____ from the _____ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient that can be used to produce _____. a. electrons, grana, H+ b. H+, grana, electrons c. H+, stroma, H+ d. electrons, stroma, H+ e. H+, stroma, ATP (18)
E. H+, stroma, ATP (18)
Which of the following is a function of tRNA? a. joining to several types of amino acid b. recognizing the appropriate anticodons in mRNA c. transferring nucleotides to rRNA d. helping to translate codons into nucleic acids e. joining to only one specific type of amino acid
E. Joining to only one specific type of amino acid
The light reactions occur in the _____, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the _____. a. stroma, thylakoid membranes b. stroma, nucleus c. cytoplasm, stroma d. cytoplasm, thylakoid membrane e. thylakoid membranes, stroma
E. Thykaloid membranes, stroma
Oxidative phosphorylation has two major components _____ and ____ a. electron transport; energy coupling b. proton transport; chemiosmosis c. electron transport; osmosis d. electron transport; chemical reduction e. electron transport; chemiosmosis
E. electron transport; chemiosmosis
Which of the following cellular metabolic processes is active in all cells, regardless of the presence or absence of oxygen? a. fermentation b. pyruvate oxidation c. electron transport d. the citric acid cycle e. glycolysis
E. glycolysis
Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate a. enters the citric acid cycle b. is reduced to lactate c. is converted to lactate tricarboxylic acid d. is broken down on the plasma membrane e. is fermented to lactate or alcohol
E. is fermented to lactate or alcohol
The monomers of DNA and RNA are? a. Nucleic acids b. amino acids c. monosaccharides d. fatty acids e. nucleotides
E. nucleotides
The genetic code is best described as? a. both ambiguous and redundant b. neither ambiguous nor redundant c. ambiguous but not redundant d. redundant in prokaryotes but ambiguous in eukaryotes e. redundant but not ambiguous
E. redundant but not ambiguous
Which of the following statements regarding the flow of genetic information is false? a. eukaryotic mRNA is processed in several ways before export out of the nucleus b. polypeptides form proteins that determine the appearance and function of the cell and organism c. ribosomes form proteins that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA d. The codons in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide e. transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
E. transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
Between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Pyruvate is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to to NADH
What components are needed for transcription? Choose 3.
RNA Polymerase DNA template strandFour ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTP, ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP)
Which has longer wavelengths red or violet?
Red
What does the term polyribosome or polysome mean?
Strand of mRNA connected to its bead-like ribosome and its growing polypeptide chains
The "one gene - one polypeptide" theory states that
The function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide
DNA has always been the primary genetic code in organisms. True/False?
True
Plants go through fermentation when O2 is not available. True/False
True
Plants need "food" to aid in their growth. True/False
True
Which has higher energy violet or red?
Violet
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O (photosynthesis) C6H12O6 + 6O2
The electron transport chains of the light reactions a. shuttle electrons along in a series of redox reactions b. are found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts c. are very different from those of cellular respiration d. provides energy for the Krebs cycle e. are located in the ribosome
A. shuttle electrons along series pf redox reactions
What does it mean when the genetic code is degenerate and not ambiguous?
some amino acids can be specified by more than one codon
Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are a. three nucleotide sequences b. enzymes c. single nucleotides d. two nucleotide sequences e. nucleotide sequences of varying lengths
three-nucleotide sequences
The "one gene -- one polypeptide" theory states that a. the synthesis of each gene is catalyzed by one specific enzyme. b. the synthesis of each enzyme is catalyzed by one specific gene. c. the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide. d. each polypeptide catalyzes a specific reaction. e. the function of each polypeptide is to regulate the synthesis of each corresponding gene.
C. The function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide
Which of the following is a difference between PCR and DNA replication in the cell? a. The use of an oligonucleotide primer. b. The use of a template strand. c. The number of copies produced. d. The use of DNA polymerase. e. The use of complementary nucleotides in building the copy.
C. The number of copies produced
Which of the following statements about transcription in prokaryotic cells is true? a. it is intiated at a start codon with the help of intiation factors and the small subunit of the ribosome b. it is initiated on an ORI site on the chromosome c. it is intiated at a promoter and uses only one strand of DNA to synthesize a compound d. it is terminated at the stop codons e. it occurs in the nucleus, whereas translation occurs in the cytoplasm
C. it is intiated at a promoter and uses only one strand of DNA to synthesize a compound
If you have 33 guanosine and 65 thymine, how many adenine and cytosine are there? What principle does this follow?
Chargaff's Rule: 33 cytosine, 65 adenine
Which of the following statements regarding the flow of genetic information is FALSE? a. Polypeptides form proteins that determine the appearance and function of the cell and organism. b. Eukaryotic mRNA is processed in several ways before export out of the nucleus. c. The codons in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. d. Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. e. Ribosomes function as factories that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA.
D. Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
like glycolysis, the compartment where fermentation occurs is in the? a. inner mitochondrial space b. chloroplast c. mitochondria d. cytoplasm e. mitochondrial matrix
D. cytoplasm
Where is rRNA formed? a. Cytoplasm b. Nucleoid c. Rough ER e. Smooth ER d. None of the above (Nucleolus)
D. none of the above (nucleolus)
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids: a. are best at absorbing the energy of green light. b. are found at the reaction center. c. are located on the inner membrane of the chloroplast. d. pass absorbed energy to chlorophyll a e. catalyze the incorporation of carbon atoms into RuBP.
D. pass absorbed energy to chlorophyll a
Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?
DNA to RNA to protein
Glycolysis ? a. reduces two molecules of NAD+ for every glucose molecule processed b. produces no ATP c. is part of the respiratory chain d. takes place in the mitochondrion e. is the same thing as fermentation
A. reduces two molecules of NAD+ for every glucose molecule processed
Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? a. aerobic respiration b. anaerobic respiration c. alcoholic fermentation d. lactic acid fermentation e. All produce approximately the same amount of ATP per molecule of glucose.
A. Aerobic respiration
Poly A tails a. are added after transcription b. are found in all mRNA c. are encoded by a sequence of thymines in the DNA d. are removed during RNA processing e. have no function
A. Are added after transcription
Mitochondria transfer _____ energy from _____ to ATP; chloroplasts transform _____ energy into the chemical energy of ATP. a. chemical, food, light b. food, light, chemical c. light, food, kinetic d. nuclear, light, food e. food, light, nuclear
A. Chemical, food, light
Which feature of the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure explains its ability to function in replication and gene expression? a. Each strand contains all the information present in the double helix. b. There are structural and functional similarities between DNA and RNA. c. The double helix is right-handed, not left-handed. d. DNA replication does not require enzyme catalysts. e. Bases are exposed in the major groove of the double helix.
A. Each strand contains all the information present in the double helix
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the phosphodiester bonds between two Okazaki fragments? a. ligase b. DNA polymerase c. helicase d. single-stranded binding protein e. primase
A. Ligase
A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria? a. oxidative phosphorylation b. alcoholic fermentation c. the citric acid cycle d. glycolysis e. biosynthesis
A. Oxidation phosphorylation
The lac operon in E. coli a. prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent. b. coordinates the production of tryptophan-utilizing enzymes when it is present. c. allows the bacterium to resist antibiotics in the penicillin family. d. regulates the rate of binary fission. e. uses activators to initiate the production of enzymes that break down lactose.
A. Prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent
The copying mechanism of DNA is most like a. using a photographic negative to make a positive image. b. mixing flour, sugar, and water to make bread dough. c. joining together links to make a chain. d. carving a figure out of wood. e. threading beads onto a string
A. Using a photographic negative to make a positive image
The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from a. water b. glucose c. carbon dioxide d. chlorophyll e. mitochondria
A. Water
Where do translation and transcription occur in prokaryotes? a. Cytoplasm b. Plasma membrane c. Nucleus d. Nucleolus
A. cytoplasm
What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? a. light b. glucose c. ATP d. electromagnetism e. cellular respiration
A. light
In eukaryotes, the first amino acid in a growing polypeptide chain is always _______ because the only codon for this amino acid is also the _______ codon. a. methinone, start codon, proteolysis b. alanine, stop codon, proteolysis c. methionine, start codon, glycolysation d. methionine, start codon, proteolysis e. alanine, start codon, glycoslyation
A. methionine, start codon, proteolysis
When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains a. none of the "old" DNA. b. 50% of the "old" DNA. c. 25% of the "old" DNA. d. 100% of the "old"DNA. e. 75% of the "old" DNA.
B. 50% of the old DNA
The summary equation for photosynthesis is a. 6CH2O + 5O2 + sunlight = CO2 + 2 H2O b. 6CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight = C6H12O2 + 6 O2 c. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + sunlight = 6CO2 + 6 H2O d. The same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse e. C5H12O6 + 6CO2 + sunlight = 5 CO2 + 6H2O
B. 6CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight = C6H12O2 + 6 O2
The template in transcription is? a. a primer b. a strand of DNA c. s strand of RNA d. an enzyme e. ribonucleoside triphosphates
B. A strand of DNA
Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide? a. retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands b. alternative RNA splicing c. protein degradation d. genetic differentiation e. addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands
B. Alternative RNA splicing
Which of the following statements regarding DNA packing is false? a. A nucleosome consists of DNA wound around a protein core of histone molecules. b. DNA packing tends to promote gene expression. c. Histones account for about half the mass of eukaryotic chromosomes. d. Highly compacted chromatin is generally not expressed at all. e. Prokaryotes have proteins analogous to histones.
B. DNA packing tends to promote gene expression
Which of the following statements regarding DNA is FALSE? a. DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose. b. DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil. c. DNA is a nucleic acid. d. One DNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure. e. DNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.
B. DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil
which of the following are products of cellular respiration? a. oxygen and carbon dioxide b. energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide c. oxygen and glucose d. oxygen and energy to make ATP e. glucose and carbon dioxide
B. Energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA is TRUE? a. Introns are added to the RNA. b. Exons are spliced together. c. A small cap of extra nucleotides is added to both ends of the RNA. d. A long tail of extra nucleotides is removed from the 5' end of the RNA. e. The modified RNA molecule is transported into the nucleus.
B. Exons are spliced together
DNA replication occurs ___________ which transcription occurs ____________. a. only before cell division, only before cell division b. only before cell division, every time a protein needs to be made c. every time a protein needs to be made, only before cell division d. every time a protein needs to be made, every time a protein needs to be made
B. Only before cell division, every time a protein needs to be made
What is the name of the most prevalent protein on this Earth? a. G3P b. rubisco c. DNA polymerase III d. DNA polymerase
B. Rubisco
Why are most plants green? a. green helps plants blend into their environment as a sort of camouflage b. chlorophyll a reflects green light c. all photosynthetic pigments are colored green d. chlorophyll a absorbs green pigment e. chlorophyll b primarily uses green light as the source of energy for photosynthesis
B. chlorophyll a reflects green light
The types of chemical reactions involved in the aerobic breakdown of glucose involve? a. reductions b. oxidation-reductions and phosphorylations c. oxidations and phosphorylations d. reductions and phosphorylations e. oxidations
B. oxidation-reductions and phosphorylations
Cellular respiration refers to the metabolic process that ? a. produced less energy than fermentation b. oxidizes reactants to water and carbon dioxide c. produces 30 ATP d. involves the incomplete breakdown of pyruvate e. starts with sucrose
B. oxidizes reactants to water and carbon dioxide
Phosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that? a. it involves an electron transport chain b. the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen c. energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration difference d. its enzymes are membrane-bound e. regeneration of ATP is driven by a flow of protons through an ATP synthase
B. the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen
Why does RNA only grow in the 5' to 3' direction?
Because RNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule
A transgenic animal is a. an animal that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele. b. an animal in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy. c. an animal containing a gene from a third "parent", which may even be another species. d. an animal containing genes from both its parents. e. an animal containing genes from three or more species.
C. An animal in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy
Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? a. conversion of FAD to FADH2 b. production of CO2 c. conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds d. a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule e. conversion of NADH to NAD+
C. Conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds
Epigenetics involves changes in the expression of a gene or set of genes by _____ and / or _____. a. transcription factors; DNA methylation b. chromosomal protein alteration; transcription factors c. DNA methylation; chromosomal protein alteration d. promoters, DNA methylation e. promoters; chromosomal protein alteration
C. DNA methylation; chromosomal protein alteration
The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that a. human insulin is more variable than other sources of insulin, so cloning provides a greater chance of obtaining a form that can be used by diabetic's muscles. b. there are too few cows, pigs and horses to provide an adequate supply of their insulin. c. human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig, or horse insulin. d. cow, pig, or horse insluin cannot keep a diabetic alive for more than three months. e. using human insulin increases the probability that, in the future, the person suffering from diabetes can be weaned from a dependence on insulin.
C. Human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig, or horse insulin
Which of the following compounds listed below link(s) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain? a. ATP b. NADH c. NADH and FADH2 d.FADH2 e. ADP and Pi
C. NADH and FADH2
As a result of the cascade of electrons down the electron transport chains of the light reactions, a. NADPH is reduced to NADP+. b. NADPH is oxidized to NADP+. c. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH. d. NADP+ is oxidized to NADPH. e. Water is formed
C. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH
What type of bonds connect nucleotides? a. Peptide b. Phospholipid c. Phosphodiester d. Ionic
C. Phosphodiester Bond
Which enzyme catalyzes the first step in the Calvin cycle? a. Glyceraldehide-3-phosphate b. PEP c. Rubisco d. RuBP e. 3PG
C. Rubisco
A gene is best defined as? a. a transcribed unit of DNA b. a segment of DNA c. three nucleotides that code for an amino acid d. a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product e. a sequence of nucleotides in RNA that codes for a functional product
D. A sequence pf nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product
Glycolysis is ? a. a reaction that follows pyruvate oxidation b. cannot occur in the absence of oxygen c. an endergonic reaction d. is an oxidation reduction process e. is the conversion of glucose to two molecules of lactate
D. An oxidation reduction process
All of the following mechanisms are used to regulate protein production in eukaryotes except a. controlling the start of polypeptide synthesis b. protein activation c. protein breakdown d. DNA editing e. the breakdown of mRNA
D. DNA editing
The calvin cycle results in the production of ? a. glucose b. starch c. rubisco d. G3P e. ATP
D. G3P
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose a. becomes stored in molecules of ammonia. b. is used to manufacture glucose. c. is released all at once. d. is carried by electrons. e. can be used to oxidize NADH.
D. Is carried by electrons
At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in a. CO2 b. pyruvate c. ATP d. NADH e. FADH2
D. NADH
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids a. are best at absorbing the energy of green light. b. are found at the reaction center. c. are located on the inner membrane of the chloroplast. d. pass absorbed energy to chlorophyll a. e. catalyze the incorporation of carbon atoms into RuBP.
D. Pass absorbed energy to chlorophyll a
If you discover a tRNA with the sequence AAA what amino acid from the chart above will be attached? a. Lys b. Pro c. Gly d. Phe
D. Phe
Multiple origins of replication on the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells serve to a. remove errors in DNA replication. b. create multiple copies of the DNA molecule at the same time. c. reduce the number of "bubbles" that occur in the DNA molecule during replication. d. shorten the time necessary for DNA replication. e. assure the correct orientation of the two strands in the newly growing double helix
D. Shorten the time necessary for DNA replication
When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, a. the plasmids are inserted into the bacterial chromosomes. b. the plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium. c. the bacterial chromosome is genetically engineered and the plasmid is used to help the protein replicate. d. the digested gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is inserted into the bacteria via transformation. e. the bacterial genome and the plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the foreign gene (perhaps the cell of a plant or animal).
D. The digested gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is inserted into the bacteria via transformation
You are a biologist working with a cell culture. You notice that the ends of the chromosomes are decreasing in size after each cell division. Other than that, the cells seem healthy. What is the most likely explanation? a. Too much DNA ligase is being produced. b. Too little DNA ligase is being produced. c. Too much telomerase is being produced. d. Too little telomerase is being produced. e. Too little DNA helicase is being produced.
D. Too little DNA ligase is being produced
You are a biologist working with a cell culture. You notice that the ends of the chromosomes are decreasing in size after each cell division. Other than that, the cells seem healthy. What is the most likely explanation? a. Too much DNA ligase is being produced. b. Too little DNA ligase is being produced. c. Too much telomerase is being produced. d. Too little telomerase is being produced. e. Too little DNA helicase is being produced.
D. Too little telomerase is being produced
Where does ATP and NADPH come from in photosynthesis? a. Dark reactions b. Light reactions c. Light-independent reaction d. Light-dependent reactions e. A and c f. B and d
F. b&d
Dark reactions occur when no light or its products are present. True/False?
False
Kingdom Plantae are the only organisms that use photosynthesis. True/False?
False
Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Describe each step in transcription.
Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter Elongation: RNA polymerase moves along the template and synthesizes a mRNA strand Termination: Starts processing
In fermentation, ______ is _______
NADH; Oxidized
What is the purpose of the 5' cap and poly A tail on the 3' end.
Protection
What are the three ways polypeptides are modified after translation?
Proteolysis Glycosylation Phosphorylation
What is the process called when you go from RNA to protein? a. Translation b. Replication c. Transcription d. None of the above
a. translation
The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from? a. chlorophyll b. mitochondria c. water d. carbon dioxide e. glucose
c. water
