Exam 3 - Earth Science
Volcanoes often warn us before erupting. What types of events might signify an impending eruption? Choose one or more:A.wildlife deserting the area around the volcanoB.increased emissions of gas and steamC.earthquakesD.lava flowsE.change in the volcano's shape
-wildfires deserting the area around the volcano -increased emissions of gas and steam -earthquakes -change in volcano shape
How does a mechanical seismograph detect and record an earthquake? Choose one:A. A small computer is buried just below the ground surface and records ground movement, sending the data to a central computer.B. Mechanical seismographs cannot detect seismic waves.C. A plumb bob with a pen nib is attached to a meter-long string that sways across the paper on the seismograph drum as the ground moves.D. A pen attached to a frame records ground motion as the seismograph moves up and down on a revolving drum covered with paper.
. A pen attached to a frame records ground motion as the seismograph moves up and down on a revolving drum covered with paper.
Order events chronologically that can lead to a subduction-related tsunami. -The overriding plate "sticks" to the subducting slab. -Slip occurs and the overriding plate moves back into position, displacing a large amount of the seafloor. -The overriding plate deforms, and strain builds. -A bulge of water is created at the sea surface and spreads out as a series of waves.
1. The overriding plate "sticks" to the subducting slab. 2. The overriding plate deforms, and strain builds. 3. Slip occurs and the overriding plate moves back into position, displacing a large amount of the seafloor. 4. A bulge of water is created at the sea surface and spreads out as a series of waves.
Stratovolcanoes can create several volcanic hazards both during and after eruption events. Based on the animation, place the following volcanic hazards in chronological order based on when they would likely impact a town near the volcano after an eruption occurs. First to last -pyroclastic flow of lapilli and super heated gases -volcanic ash distributed by wind -a landslide caused by the collapse of coherent lava and friable ash deposits -a lahar formed from volcanic ash mixing with quickly melted snow and ice
1. a pyroclastic flow of lapilli and super heated gases 2. a lahar formed from volcanic ash mixing with quickly melted snow and ice 3. volcanic ash distributed by wind 4. a landslide caused by the collapse of coherent lava and friable ash deposits First Last
What can cause a volcano to change shape before erupting? Choose one:A. As magma rises through the volcano, it pushes the crust out, causing deformation.B. The gases in the magma expand and cause the volcano to inflate like a balloon.C. The crater vent collapses.D. The flanks of the volcano collapse.
A. As magma rises through the volcano, it pushes the crust out, causing deformation.
Why must the paper roll rotate? Choose one:A. The paper drum must rotate in order to record the seismic waves. If it did not rotate, the pen would simply move up and down in one spot.B. If the paper drum did not rotate, the device would record only horizontal motion.C. The paper drum rotates because of inertia.D. The paper drum rotates because the device uses solar energy to power the device.
A. The paper drum must rotate in order to record the seismic waves. If it did not rotate, the pen would simply move up and down in one spot.
How does a caldera form? Choose one: A. from eruptions that result int withdrawal of magmatic support in the crust, causing collapseB. from erosion of summit materialC. from magmatic shifts below the surfaceD. from a lava lake that drains out
A. from eruptions that result in the withdraw of magmatic support in the crust, causing callapse
What features in a rock can define planes of foliation? Choose one: A. layering or alignment of mineral grains B. existence of randomly oriented equant grains C. many minerals recrystallizing to form a single mineral D. grains oriented perpendicular to each other within a layer of rock
A. layering or alignment of mineral grains
What is volcano-sedimentary debris? Choose one: A. previously deposited material that breaks up, travels downslope, and redeposits.B. material ejected out of a volcano and deposited from the cloud of debrisC. lava flows deposited in sedimentary basinsD. sedimentary rock that surrounds the volcano
A. previously deposited material that breaks up, travels downslope, and redeposits.
Identify statements true of earthquakes. Choose one or more: A.Most earthquakes are the consequence of plate tectonics. B.Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. C.Most earthquakes are large and destructive. D.An estimated one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are small.
A.Most earthquakes are the consequence of plate tectonics. B.Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. D.An estimated one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are small.
How can the likelihood that a building collapses during an earthquake be decreased? Choose one or more:A.creating bolt bridges and buildingsB.adding crossbeamsC.building with bricksD.jacketing support columnsE.adding bracing F.creating rigid—not flexible—buildings
A.creating bolt bridges and buildings B.adding crossbeams D.jacketing support columns E.adding bracing
Which tectonic processes are likely to be associated with earthquakes? Choose one or more: A.movement along plate boundaries B.plate subduction C.formation of ocean basins D.mountain building
A.movement along plate boundariesB.plate subductionC.formation of ocean basinsD.mountain building
How can you tell an active volcano from a dormant or extinct volcano? Choose one:A. Dormant volcanoes have been eroded down to just the solid core. Active volcanoes are only eroded along the flanks.B. Active volcanoes have smooth, uneroded flanks. Dormant volcanoes show extensive erosion.C. Dormant volcanoes have smooth sides with no erosion. Active volcanoes are heavily eroded with deeply incised gullies along the flanks.D. Active volcanoes are always oozing lava. Dormant volcanoes are not.
B. Active volcanoes have smooth, uneroded flanks. Dormant volcanoes show extensive erosion.
1) What is one of the differences between body waves and surface waves? Choose one:A. Surface waves are described as compressional or tensional.B. Body waves are described as compressional or shear.C. Body waves are usually far more destructive.D. Surface waves travel much more quickly than body waves.
B. Body waves are described as compressional or shear.
According to the seismic-hazard map shown, are earthquakes more likely in Minnesota or in California? Why? Choose one:A. Minnesota, because there hasn't been an earthquake there for a long time, meaning stress is building up.B. California, because the San Andreas fault is very active, giving it a high probability for an earthquake.C. California, because there is an active subduction zone there.D. Minnesota, because of its intraplate setting.
B. California, because the San Andreas fault is very active, giving it a high probability for an earthquake.
Why do firestorms sometimes develop during earthquakes? Choose one:A. Fires are generally not associated with earthquakes. B. Gas lines break, and a spark could ignite a fire. C. If a fault is deep enough, magma from below can spark a fire with any gas or dry debris. D. Friction from sliding rocks can spark fire.
B. Gas lines break, and a spark could ignite a fire.
In what way can ash that has been carried to higher levels of the atmosphere pose a threat far from an eruption? Choose one:A. It can break up ozone.B. It can get into aircraft engines as well as corrupt important sensors and may ultimately lead to a crash.C. If the ash is mafic, the metallic minerals can interfere with Earth's magnetic field.D. It can accumulate over tens of years and eventually become heavy and fall, crushing buildings.
B. It can get into aircraft engines as well as corrupt important sensors and may ultimately lead to a crash.
How does a lahar form? Choose one:A. Lahars form from effusive eruptions.B. Lahars form when water mixes with volcanic ash.C. Lahars occur in conjunction with scora (cinder) cone eruptions.D. Lahars are the result of extremely low-viscosity lava.
B. Lahars form when water mixes with volcanic ash.
What causes the melting that provides the basalt lava extruded at mid-ocean ridges and along rifts? Choose one:A. Circulation of superheated oceanic water travels through the subsurface, melting the surrounding crust.B. Melting is due to hot mantle rock rising to shallow depths beneath the ridge, which subsequently undergoes decompression melting.C. Flux melting of the asthenosphere creates the basaltic magma.D. Melting is the result of adjacent volcanoes that are at higher melting temperatures than the mid-ocean ridges.
B. Melting is due to hot mantle rock rising to shallow depths beneath the ridge, which subsequently undergoes decompression melting.
Could mountain peaks reach an elevation of 40 km high on the Earth? Choose one: A. No; weathering and erosion would begin to outpace the mountain growth. B. No; they would become too big and collapse under their own weight. C. Yes; there are no processes that can stop the growth of mountains. D. Yes; as long as the compressional forces don't stop mountains can keep growing.
B. No; they would become too big and collapse under their own weight.
How does the orientation of slaty cleavage planes compare to that of the axial plane? Choose one: A. Slaty cleavage planes have no relationship with the axial plane. B. Slaty cleavage planes are parallel to the axial plane. C. Slaty cleavage planes are at a high angle to the axial plane. D. Slaty cleavage planes are perpendicular to the axial plane.
B. Slaty cleavage planes are parallel to the axial plane.
Why does Iceland protrude above sea level and sit astride a submarine plateau, as shown on Map B, while the rest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is relatively narrow and deep?
B. because Iceland formed over a hot spot and astride the mid-Atlantic ridge
After an earthquake, friction prevents the fault from slipping until stress again builds up sufficiently enough to rupture. This alternation between stress buildup and fault rupture is referred to as Choose one:A. elastic rebound.B. stick-slip behavior.C. the earthquake cycle.D. recurring earthquakes.
B. stick-slip behavior.
An explosive volcanic eruption does not produce lava flows because Choose one:A. the overriding plate at the subduction zone where the volcano formed is composed of oceanic lithosphere.B. the sudden release of accumulated gas pressure blasts the lava upward, forming pyroclastic debris.C. the lava produced cools too quickly due to the abundant water in the surrounding environment.D. the gases below the surface rise and cause the magma to cool and solidify.
B. the sudden release of accumulated gas pressure blasts the lava upward, forming pyroclastic debris.
Which of the following can cause bridge supports to crush, as shown in the diagram?
B. vertical jolt lifting then slamming the bridge down
Ductile deformation results in a change of the shape of solids without breaking them. This can also be said of elastic deformation.Watch both the Elastic Deformation and Ductile Deformation topics in the Reock Deformation Animation, and compare the two types of deformation. How is ductile deformation different from elastic deformation? Choose one or more: A.Once the stress is removed, rocks that have undergone ductile deformation return to their original shape. B.Ductile deformation can result in tight folds, whereas elastic deformation usually terminates in brittle deformation rather than tight folding. C.Ductile deformation requires internal fracturing of the rock, whereas elastic deformation does not. D.Once the stress is removed, rocks that have undergone ductile deformation retain their new shape. E.Ductile deformation results in folds, whereas elastic deformation results in faults.
B.Ductile deformation can result in tight folds, whereas elastic deformation usually terminates in brittle deformation rather than tight folding. D.Once the stress is removed, rocks that have undergone ductile deformation retain their new shape.
2) Which of the four types of seismic waves are body waves? Choose one or more: A.R-waves B.P-waves C.L-waves D.S-waves
B.P-waves D.S-waves
What other processes that create rocks are often associated with mountain building? Choose one or more: A.precipitation of carbonate material by organisms B.the formation of plutons and batholiths from partial melting or intense heat C.contact and regional metamorphism of existing rocks D.weathering and erosion of large quantities of sediment that get deposited near the mountain front
B.the formation of plutons and batholiths from partial melting or intense heat C.contact and regional metamorphism of existing rocks D.weathering and erosion of large quantities of sediment that get deposited near the mountain front
Unlike mid-ocean ridges, some continental rift volcanoes also produce felsic pyroclastic debris. Why? Choose one:A. Because the material is directly from the lower mantle.B. Because as basalt rises through continental crust, heat transfer partially melts the continental crust, creating a felsic magma.C. Because felsic magma rises from the mantle into the continental crust.D. Because there is no basalt beneath the continent.
Because as basalt rises through continental crust, heat transfer partially melts the continental crust, creating a felsic magma.
Classify the following geologic structures as brittle or plastic deformation. Foliation folds Joints faults
Brittle - foliation and folds plastic - joints and faults
What does an alert from an earthquake early warning system mean? Choose one:A. An earthquake is going to occur in approximately 60 seconds.B. There is a high probability that an earthquake will occur within one hour.C. An earthquake has occurred.D. An earthquake will occur within the next 24 hours.
C. An earthquake has occurred.
How can pyroclastic debris cause casualties close to an explosive eruption? Choose one:A. Areas can experience ash fall that adds toxic poisons to the soil.B. Ash can coat the leaves of trees.C. Areas can be buried in lapilli and several meters of ash.D. Lava can fall from the sky and kill people.
C. Areas can be buried in lapilli and several meters of ash.
How are continental hot-spot volcanoes different from oceanic hot-spot volcanoes? Choose one:A. Continental hot spots are more mafic than oceanic hot spots.B. Continental hot spots are much smaller than oceanic hot spots.C. Continental hot spots are extremely explosive while oceanic hot spots have more passive lava flows.D. Continental hot spots do not produce much eruptive material compared to oceanic hot spots.
C. Continental hot spots are extremely explosive while oceanic hot spots have more passive lava flows.
Look at the rounded boulders at the base of the cliff. How do you know these boulders are made up of limestone instead of shale? Choose one:A. Limestone is more susceptible to chemical weathering. B. Limestone breaks apart more easily than shale. C. Shale is brittle and breaks up easily into small pieces; these boulders are larger. D. Shale is less abundant in the outcrop, so boulders that break off of it will mostly be limestone.
C. Shale is brittle and breaks up easily into small pieces; these boulders are larger.
Does stick or slip yield earthquake energy? Choose one:A. Friction creates earthquake energy.B. Both slip and stick provide earthquake energy.C. Slip provides earthquake energy.D. Stick provides earthquake energy.
C. Slip provides earthquake energy.
How does a tsunami differ from a storm wave? Choose one:A. Storm waves cannot reach wave heights over 2 meters while tsunamis can reach heights up to 10 meters.B. Tsunami waves are better seen in the deep ocean than storm waves.C. Storm waves are higher and more visible in deep water than tsunamis are.D. Tsunamis do not get larger as they reach land but storm waves do.
C. Storm waves are higher and more visible in deep water than tsunamis are.
How did archaeologists produce the cast of a Pompeii victim shown here? A. They chiseled around the shapes of people.B. They carved it based on what they thought the people would have been doing when the eruption occurred.C. They filled open spaces in the debris with plaster.D. They used hydrochloric acid to dissolve the outer layers.
C. They filled open spaces in the debris with plaster.
How does liquefaction cause collapse of the ground surface? Choose one:A. Water released by earthquake faults create a thin film of water that weakens the surface. B. Liquefaction occurs when dry areas are suddenly inundated with water due to surficial fractures. C. Upon ground shaking, wet sediment begins to settle but water fills the pores, pushing the sediment out and weakening and collapsing the surface. D. Liquefaction only occurs on ancient lake beds and causes sinkholes, destroying the surface.
C. Upon ground shaking, wet sediment begins to settle but water fills the pores, pushing the sediment out and weakening and collapsing the surface.
Can a lava flow be diverted? Choose one:A. No. Lava flows are a process of nature that cannot be stopped.B. No. Anything placed in front of a lava flow will melt, and the lava will eventually break through.C. Yes. Dams, explosives, and even water have been used to divert flows.D. Yes. Lava flows can be diverted with loose piles of rocks.
C. Yes. Dams, explosives, and even water have been used to divert flows.
What can a volcanic hazard map tell us? Choose one:A. the type of material a volcano will eruptB. the location of volcanoes in a given areaC. the potential impact of a volcanic eruption in a given areaD. the type of volcanoes in a given area
C. the potential impact of a volcanic eruption in a given area
How have volcanic eruptions affected climate? Choose one or more:A.Volcanic eruptions melt glaciers, resulting in sea level rise.B.Volcanic eruptions affect climate by heating up the atmosphere.C.Volcanic eruptions cause ash and sulfur dioxide to linger in the stratosphere, blocking sunlight and cooling Earth.D.Volcanic eruptions produce a large low-pressure system above the ash umbrella, which influences weather over the surrounding area.
C.Volcanic eruptions cause ash and sulfur dioxide to linger in the stratosphere, blocking sunlight and cooling Earth.
Long-term earthquake predictions are based on which of the following? Choose one or more:A.foreshocksB.earthquake magnitudeC.recurrence intervalsD.seismic belts
C.recurrence intervalsD.seismic belts
Explain the difference between deformed and undeformed rock. Choose one: A. Undeformed rocks contain geologic structures, whereas deformed rocks do not. B. Deformed rocks generally form near passive tectonic margins, whereas undeformed rocks are affected by tectonic stress. C. Orogenies create undeformed rocks with geologic structures, and deformed rocks form through sedimentary processes. D. Deformed rocks are bent, broken, or flowed in response to stress, whereas undeformed rocks are unaltered.
D. Deformed rocks are bent, broken, or flowed in response to stress, whereas undeformed rocks are unaltered.
Why can lahars threaten communities far from an eruption? Choose one:A. Lahars can get into municipal water systems, contaminating the community's water supply.B. Lahars can move at extreme speeds, wiping out entire communities.C. Lahars can kill vast amounts of wildlife, threatening the livelihood of small communities.D. Lahars can flow into stream valleys and travel tens of kilometers, potentially causing flooding and damaging structures.
D. Lahars can flow into stream valleys and travel tens of kilometers, potentially causing flooding and damaging structures.
Which type of basaltic lava flow has a ropy surface, and which a rubbly surface? Choose one: A. Pahoehoe lava has a rubbly or rocky surface. 'A'ā lava has a ropy surface.B. Both 'a'ā and pahoehoe lavas can be either ropy or rubbly.C. 'A'ā is always ropy but pahoehoe can be either ropy or rubbly.D. Pahoehoe lava has a ropy surface. 'A'ā lava has a rubbly or rocky surface.
D. Pahoehoe lava has a ropy surface. 'A'ā lava has a rubbly or rocky surface. When lava is warm and pasty on the surface, it is more likely to have a ropy appearance.
Flood basalts form Choose one:A. when a pyroclastic flow mixes with a nearby water source.B. when the overriding plate at a subduction zone is composed of oceanic lithosphere.C. from the sudden release of accumulated gas pressure within a volcano.D. at continental rifts, where vast bodies of lava flow from fissures.
D. at continental rifts, where vast bodies of lava flow from fissures
Use the Travel Time function of the Interactivity to find the distance between each of your cities (their respective seismometers) and the epicenter of the earthquake. Compare the S-P values with the distance (km) values. Which of the following are correct? Choose one or more: A.The larger the S-P value is, the farther the seismometer is located from the epicenter. B.The longer the S- and P-waves travel, the farther apart their wave fronts are in kilometers. C.The smaller the S-P value is, the farther the seismometer is located from the epicenter. D.The farther the epicenter is, the greater the time difference in the arrival of the P- and S-waves at a seismometer. E.The shorter the time interval is between the arrival of the S- and the P-waves, the farther the seismometer is from the epicenter.
D.The farther the epicenter is, the greater the time difference in the arrival of the P- and S-waves at a seismometer. B.The longer the S- and P-waves travel, the farther apart their wave fronts are in kilometers. A.The larger the S-P value is, the farther the seismometer is located from the epicenter.
3) Which of the four types of seismic waves are surface waves? Choose one or more: A.S-waves B.L-waves C.P-waves D.R-waves
L and r waves
Which of the following are types of pyroclastic debris? Choose one or more: A.gas B.lava C.lapilli D.blocks E.ash F.lahar G.magma
Lapilli blocks ash
what type of lava has a ropy surface?
Low-viscosity basaltic lava forms this rope-like rock.
Will the thickness of pyroclastic deposits from the eruption be the same all around the volcano? Choose one:A. Yes, because the volcano is circular so the deposit will be radial and even. B. No, because volcanoes erupt from the flanks which are on one side of a volcano. C. No, because the eruption cloud is over one side of the volcano and will deposit there with little to nothing being deposited on the other side. D. Yes, because volcanoes erupt in all directions.
No, because the eruption cloud is over one side of the volcano and will deposit there with little to nothing being deposited on the other side
correct description of type of seismic waves P-waves S-Waves L-waves R-waves -surface waves that cause the ground to ripple up and down -shear body waves -compressional body waves -surface waves that cause the ground to shift back and forth, producing a snakelike movement
P-waves compressional body waves S-waves shear body waves L-waves surface waves that cause the ground to shift back and forth, producing a snakelike movement R-waves surface waves that cause the ground to ripple up and down
differences between richter and moment magnitude -based on wave amplitude -initial magnitude recorded -considers amount of slip on the fault -most accurate representation of an earthquake's size -dimensions of the fault -official magnitude recorded in books -measures earthquakes whose focus lies close to the surface -measures earthquakes with epicenters close to the seismograph station
Richter Magnitude: -measures earthquakes whose focus lies close to the surface -measures earthquakes with epicenters close to the seismograph station -based on wave amplitude -initial magnitude recorded Moment Magnitude -considers amount of slip on the fault -most accurate representation of an earthquake's size takes into account the ------------dimensions of the fault -official magnitude recorded in books
Match the description to the volcano type. Name: Stratovolcano shield volcano cinder cone volcano Characteristic: lava flows interlayered with tephra built from lapilli layers of basalt
Stratovolcano: lava flows inter-layered with tephra shield volcano: layers of basalt cinder cone: built from lapilli
what is the difference between a recently built edifice and a edifice remnant left by an ancient explosion?
The current edifice is the circular hole seen in the photo. The ancient edifice is a fraction of a previous circular vent and appears as a ridge.
Why are records from three different seismograph stations needed to locate an epicenter? Choose one:A. More than three stations can throw off the data.B. Three stations are the minimum needed to get the wave frequency.C. Three are needed to be statistically accurate.D. Three stations are needed to triangulate the location of the epicenter.
Three stations are needed to triangulate the location of the epicenter.
In the diagram depicting a subducted plate, what is the band of intermediate and deep earthquakes called? Choose one:A. slab delamination zoneB. seismic slip zoneC. Wadati-Benioff zoneD. subduction earthquakes
Wadati-Benioff zone
Scientists estimate the recurrence interval of eruptions at Yellowstone caldera is about 730,000 years. Which of the following statements best describes the recurrence interval of Yellowstone caldera? Choose one:Yellowstone is an extinct volcano, and thus it will never erupt again.Yellowstone erupts exactly every 730,000 years, as shown by the recurrence interval.Yellowstone erupts on average about every 730,000 years, but it may erupt sooner or later than that.
Yellowstone erupts on average about every 730,000 years, but it may erupt sooner or later than that.
A Wadati-Benioff zone is Choose one: A. an area in a divergent boundary where new lithosphere forms. B. an area where continents collide following the subduction of the lithosphere. C. a series of strike-slip faults along a transform boundary. D. a band of earthquakes along subducting lithosphere in a convergent boundary.
a band of earthquakes along subducting lithosphere in a convergent boundary.
Geologists use GPS measurements to determine how fast mountain belts are shortening and uplifting. About how fast are the Andes Mountains rising?Choose one: a couple of millimeters per year a couple of centimeters per year a couple of meters per year a couple of kilometers per year
a couple of millimeters per year
Sort the descriptions of active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes. dormant active extinct -has erupted recently or will in the near future -has not erupted in hundreds to thousands of years but could in the future -the geologic source of volcanism is no longer present
active has erupted recently or will in the near future dormant has not erupted in hundreds to thousands of years but could in the future extinct the geologic source of volcanism is no longer present
Which type of pyroclastic debris, which may consist of minuscule shards of glass, becomes tuff when lithified?
ash
Why do different waves arrive at different times? Choose one:A. All types of seismic waves arrive at the same time.B. because each wave travels at a different speed, with P-waves being the fastestC. because they start at different timesD. because of the different layers of rocks in the Earth
because each wave travels at a different speed, with P-waves being the fastest
During _______deformation rocks visibly break, whereas during ______deformation they change shape without breaking.
brittle plastic
What observations are used to determine the Modified Mercali intensity of an earthquake?Choose one or more:A.building damagesB.amplitude of the seismic wavesC.P - S intervalD.human perception
building damages human perception
Veins are brittle cracks that become filled by precipitation of a new mineral into the crack opening. Given the lithology of this hand sample, what is the most likely mineral composition of the vein (i.e., what mineral might be readily available to reprecipitate as a vein if some of the limestone dissolves)? Choose one:A. marbleB. quartzC. hematiteD. calcite
calcite
Are the youngest strata exposed on the ground in the center of a basin or in the center of a dome?Choose one:A. center of a basinB. center of a dome
center basin
Match the fault type with its geologic setting. active rifting continental transform collision mountain belt -reverse -normal -strike-slip
collision mountain belt -reverse active rifting -normal continental transform -strike-slip
What factors determine which type of deformation takes place? Choose one or more: A.composition B.pressure C.deformation rate D.weather E.temperature F.age
composition, pressure, temperature, and deformation rate
Which layer of Earth is the densest? Choose one:A. crustB. The crust and the core are equally dense.C. mantleD. core
core
what is a joint
crack in rocks due to tension
hat term is used for the mostly horizontal fault at the base of the fault system?Choose one: A. detachment faultB. overturned faultC. tributary faultD. accommodation fault
detachment fault
Which of the following does not influence the magnitude of an earthquake? Choose one:A. amount of offsetB. amount of energy releasedC. distance from the epicenterD. the type of fault
distance from epicenter
Cite natural phenomena that can cause tsunami formation. Choose one or more: A.earthquakesB.volcanic eruptionsC.hurricanesD.landslides
earthquakes volcanic eruptions landslides
What phenomena can cause earthquakes? Choose one or more:A.hurricaneB.fault activityC.magma movementD.tsunamiE.meteor impactF.an underground nuclear test
fault activity magma movement meteor impact an underground nuclear test
Match the features that can help you identify faults in the field with their correct descriptions. fault scarp slickenslide slip lineations fault breccia a small vertical step or cliff along a fault trace polished fault surface linear grooves on a fault surface shattered rocks with visible angular fragments
fault scarp: a small vertical step or cliff along a fault trace slickenslide: polished fault surface slip lineations: linear grooves on a fault surface fault breccia: shattered rocks with visible angular fragments
What types of deformation do rocks undergo during formation of an orogenic belt such as the Alps?Choose one or more:A.epeirogenyB.foldingC.faultingD.delaminationE.foliationF.jointing
faulting, folding, jointing. foliation
Distinguish attributes of crustal deformation as being associated with folding or faulting. compressional stress bending of geologic materials ductile deformation brittle deformation
folding - compressional stress, bending of geologic materials, ductile deformation faulting - brittle deformation
Categorize the types of faults based on their movement. Vertical or horizontal reverse fault normal fault strike-slip fault thrust fault
horizontal: strike-slip fault vertical: reverse, normal, and thrust fault
Which of the following are the primary gases that erupt from volcanoes? Choose one or more:A.hydrogen sulfideB.carbon dioxideC.sulfur dioxideD.oxygenE.carbon monoxideF.water vapor
hydrogen sulfide carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide water vapor
Which of the following volcanic hazards are associated with shield volcanoes? Choose one or more:pyroclastic flowlandslidespyroclastic fallearthquakesgas emissionslaharlava flow
landslides earthquakes gas emission lava flow
Relate the volcanic setting with melting process Mid-ocean volcanic arc continental Hot spot -decompress ion melting of mantle rock -flux melting in the asthenosphere -fractional crystallization and assimilation or heat transfer melting continental crust -decompress ion melting of the asthenosphere
mid ocean: decompress ion melting of mantle rock Volcanic arc: flux melting in the asthenosphere Continental: fractional crystallization and assimilation or heat transfer melting continental crust Hot spot-decompress ion melting of the asthenosphere
what is a vein
minerals that fill space in a rock crack
Sort outcomes related to either an increase in erosion or an increase in mountain building. continental crust thins Continental crust thickens. Asthenosphere is compressed. Lithospheric mantle sinks lower.
mountain building: continental crust thickens asthenosphere is compressed lithosphere mantle sinks lower erosion: continental crust thins
What type of fault is depicted in the figure?Choose one:A. thrust fault B. normal fault C. right lateral strike-slipD. reverse fault
normal
Drag the description to its matching fault type. normal fault reverse fault strike-slip fault when the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall when two pieces of crust slide past one another
normal fault when the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall reverse fault when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall strike-slip fault when two pieces of crust slide past one another
Which of the following are methods used by geologists to predict a volcanic eruption? Choose one or more:A.observing changes in the shape of a volcanoB.measuring an increase in heat flowC.measuring an increased occurrence of gaseous emissionsD.measuring a decrease in gas and steam emissionsE.measuring an increased incidence of earthquakes
observing changes in the shape of a volcano -measuring an increase in heat flow -measuring an increased occurrence of gaseous emissions -measuring an increased incidence of earthquakes
The term ______fold describes a fold where the hinge is not horizontal.
plunges
Faults are another brittle structure found in this folded rock sample. Carefully examine both sides of the 3-D rock specimen, recognizing that you are viewing a cross section through the structure. What type of fault is shown?Choose one:A. reverseB. normal
reverse
The initiation of a tsunami by a stick-slip subduction zone is similar to the motion experienced by which type of fault? Choose one:A. transform faultB. strike-slip faultC. reverse faultD. normal fault
reverse fault
What type of plate motion does the San Andreas fault accommodate? Choose one:A. convergent motionB. right lateral strike-slipC. left lateral strike-slipD. divergent motion
right lateral strike-slip
Which of the following is characteristic of the elastic-rebound theory? Choose one or more:A.Fluid pressure builds in the rock.B.Rocks break and return to the original unbent position.C.Rock adjacent to the fault develops elastic strain.D.Stress builds.E.Rocks bend but do not break and then rebound to the original position.
rocks break and return to the original unbent position -rock adjacent to the fault develops elastic strain -stress builds
During the formation of a collisional mountain range, the crust will __________ horizontally and __________ vertically.
shorten and thicken
During deformation, the amount of force applied to a rock is called________ , whereas the change in the shape of a rock is called _________ .
stress strain
In what geologic settings do mountain ranges form? Choose one or more: A.subduction zones like the Andes Mountains B.continental collisions like the Himalayas C.hot spots like the Hawaiian Islands D.rift-related settings like in Nevada E.along transform boundaries like the San Andreas fault
subduction zones like the andes mountains continental collisions rift-related settings like in nevada
Which of the following changes occurred to the crust as this collisional mountage range formed? Choose one or more: A.formation of a new continental rift B.suturing C.regional metamorphism D.creation of a new continental volcanic arc E.creation of a fold-thrust belt F.widespread hydrothermal metamorphism
suturing regional metamorphism creation of a fold-thrust belt
What types of things cause injuries or casualties in an earthquake? Choose one or more:A.tsunamisB.fireC.ground shakingD.landslideE.elastic reboundF.falling debris
tsunamis fire landslide falling debris
What phenomena cause volcanic explosions? Choose one or more:A.water being heated by magma B.earthquakesC.groundwater coming into contact with magmaD.low-viscosity magmaE.gas in the magmaF.low silica content
water being heated by magma ground water coming into contact with magma gas in the magma
