Exam 3
Rudy has changed his college major so many times that it will take him six years to graduate. Since his parents have pointedly objected to paying the expenses for tuition and room and board, Rudy has cheerfully taken on a variety of jobs, ranging from bartender to shoe sales clerk. He likes work that allows him time to think and be alone; his few friends are very much the same way. Rudy's grades are generally high, though his record is marred by several "incompletes." He has had one very satisfying intimate relationship and is searching rather anxiously for another.
- this is moratorium
Depressive disorder with emerging adults
-8 % suffer from major depressive disorder before age 30 -social cost of depression in higher than most psychical illness >lost of interest for at least two weeks, difficulty sleeping, eating, and concentration. -may be rooted in imbalances of in neurotransmitters and hormones.
What were Steinberg's too competing systems in risk taking in adolescents?
-Cognitive control system is important for regulating impulses -socieoemotional network system is sensitive to social and emotional stimuli
What are the fallacies of logical/ effective reasoning?
-Escalation of commitment -belief/ confirmation bias
First love
-First romances appear in high school and rarely last more than a year. -Girls claim a steady partner more often than boys do. -Breakups and unreciprocated crushes are common. -Adolescents are crushed by rejection and sometimes contemplate revenge or suicide.
Explain the preference of the two modes of thinking in adolescents.
-Preferred mode of thinking is emotional - the better mode of thinking is dual
In emerging adults explains the concept of identity
-Search for identity beings are puberty and continues
skin and hair (adolescents)
-Skin becomes oilier, sweatier, and more prone to acne. -Hair on the head and limbs becomes coarser and darker. -New hair grows under arms, on faces, and over sex organs. -In many ways, hair is more than a growth characteristic; it becomes a display of sexuality.
self-esteem maintenance
-William James--> ratio of successes to pretensions -Charles Cooley--> primarily social in nature -Harter--> approval is contingent on competence
When does pubertal hormones begin?
-accelerate between ages 8-14 which is affected by genes on the sex chromosomes and a onset variation due to combination of genes, family, body fat, and stress
Ways adolescent and parents relate and adjust to on another?
-adolescent egocentrism -bickering--> peevish arguing -granting greater autonomy -better communication and balance.
issue seen in secondary schooling
-behavioral problems increase in middle school. -can impair the young person's ability to function and learn (when switching to a new school)
role of friendship in emerging adults
-buffer against stress -guide self awareness -source of positive feelings
What family closeness is crucial for adolescent success?
-communication -support -connectedness -control
adolescence relationship with adults
-conflicts at home > this is a sign of attachment than of distance -neglect >adolescents may act if they no longer need parents, which can be destructive. >benefits from inc. autonomy
self esteem in emerging adulthood
-continuity and improvement n attitudes occur -new personality appears while negative traits disappear -autonomy strengthens self esteem -minorities experience decline self-esteem
What are the 6 things that John Holland suggests about emerging adult job search?
-conventional--> structured business -Realistic--> hands on jobs -investigative--> problem solving -artistic--> self expression of ideas -social--> direct services or helping opportunities -enterprising--> sales
same-sex friends (males)
-demand less of greater number of friends -less likely to divulge failures and emotional problems -give practical advice
Factors that hinder exercise
-demand of marriage and parenting -pressures of work or schooling
What is linked with imaginary audience?
-depression -obsession with popularity -reluctance to engage in social situation unless everything is perfect.
Predicting Delinquency context-based
-deviant friends -few connection to school -violent, unstable neighborhood -not having a job -drugs and alcohol -close relatives (especially older sibling) in jail
Early and late maturing (males)
-early boys tend to be more aggressive, law breaking, and alcohol abusing than later-maturing boys -late boys tend to be more anxious and depressed.
What is the changes in college diversity?
-enrollment expansion -changing demographic (age, gender, race, income, part-time, career focused students) -more diversity on college campuses helps student develop deeper, more flexible thinking
Exercise and activity of emerging adults
-exercises and eating habits controls the overall health >activity strengthens muscles > 30 minutes a day 5 timers a week
Characteristics of sexual abuse
-family members most likely to abuse -victims often isolated and uniformed -impact of abuse often continues into adulthood.
What is the time things stop growing?
-females height= 16; males height= 18 -muscle growth and fat accumulation continue in early 20's -death from disease is rare
factors that promote exercise
-friendship: supportive social network -convenient facilities in community
issue of emerging adulthood
-greater variability among age because chronological age is an imperfect guide. -social shift >career and family
cross-sex friendships
-helps expand self and gender boundaries -usually not prelude to romance -outside assumptions cause problems
Melissa. Melissa's parents are both physicians. In college she majored in French, spending a semester in France studying art and culture. Upon graduation, she surprised her parents by announcing that she had applied to medical school. A close relationship with a hospice nurse and a summer job as a hospital volunteer had helped her arrive at the decision. Eleanor's identity status would probably be described as _______________.
-identity achievement
Alchohol adolescents
-impairs memory and self-control -damages the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex -could permanently destroy new circuits
the complexity of ethnic identity
-it is a personal choice and responses to others. -depends on context and therefore it changes with time and circumstances -its multifaceted
best way to prevent STI
-lifelong monogamy -being celibate for 6 months after the end of a monogamous relation and then being tested and treated for any STI before a new partner
Effects of early puberty (females)
-lower self esteem, more depression and poorer body image that do other girls -less exercise contributes to their difficulties -those with older boyfriends are at increased risk for using drugs and alchol -may face relational bullying and physical violence
Differences between hormones in adolescents.
-males more likely to be schizophrenic -females more likely depression -Start to be attached to others
Sex education come from...
-media -parents -peers -educators
What is the adolescent's decision making/ perspective look like?
-more inclined to make impulsive decisions -values current social acceptance over concern the distant risk. doesn't want to waste precious time and wants to act
same-sex friends (females)
-more intimate and emotional, including self-disclosure -greater show of empathy when giving advice -physical contact routine, such as hugs for greetings
Drug use in adolescence
-occasional use leads to addiction -social experience -more emotional and less reflective
factors that lead to attraction
-physical attractiveness -proximity -apparent availability -similarity
positive things about emerging adulthood.
-physical changes > inc. strength > inc. stamina > prefrontal cortex is still developing so cognitive function incs. > less likely to get sick > less likely to get obese >Childhood alignment is outgrown eg. Asthma
Benefits of exercise for emerging adults
-protects against serious illness >reduce blood pressure > strengthens heart and lungs >dec. chances of arthritis and osteoporosis -Less depression/ anxiety -promotes cognitive genesis in hippocampus between neurons.
Direct effect of hormones
-rapid emotional arousal -emotional extremes -sexual thoughts and urges
Issues that come with emotional thinking?
-rational judgment is difficult when egocentric emotions dominate
advantages in contraception
-reduce birth rate -inc. rate of sexual activity especially among unmarried adults
factors that influence moral development in emerging adults
-responsibilities - experiences - education of adulthood -cultures (can make something considered moral or not eg. biracial marriage) -improves with thinking
Daniel. Daniel is a freshman at a college near his old high school. He comes home nearly every weekend but does not enjoy himself once he's there. He avoids talking to his parents or old high cool friends, preferring to "surf the web" on the computer in his room. Periodically he engages in impulsive shopping; after these sprees he comes home and talks excitedly about the latest electronic gadget he's acquired. he gets angry if his parents ask what he considers to be foolish questions, and angrier still if they patronize him. Daniel is enrolled in courses he has been told are easy, and he does not have strong feelings about his studies or his grades. Daniel's identity status would probably be described as __________________.
-role confusion/ identity diffusion
ways to prevent drug abuse
-scare tactics (may increase drug use) -massive ad campaigns -changing the social context eg. high prices, targeted warnings, better enforcement
Predicting Delinquency brain based
-short attention span -hyperactivity -slow language development -low intelligence -early and server malnutrition - maternal cigarette smoking -serve child abuse
indirect effects of hormones
-social conflicts and misunderstandings -psychological effect of visible changes.
Changes in Self concept construction for adolescence
-social exterior to psychological interior eg. 4 year old will state they are a boy or girl (social exterior) 10 year old states they are kind (interior) -interpersonal linkages to interpersonal sentiment eg. the emotions behinds the relationship with a pet or friend -global to differentiated self concpets eg. children look at themselves in different domains -arbitrary and external to evidential and autonomous foundations. eg. external sources who tell you who you are for a 4 years old, but a 10 year old looks for these answer differently.
Different cognitive development approaches for emerging adults
-stage approach--> describes the shifts in the nature of thought -Psychometric approach--> analyzes intelligence longitudinally via various tests. -information-processing approach--> studies how the brain encodes, stores, a retrieves information
Reproductive system of emerging adult
-stronger sex drive because of sex hormones -great fertility--> miscarriage is rare and birth is easy
adolescent lawbreaking is
-stubbornness can lead to defiance, which can lead to running away. -Shoplifting can lead to arson and burglary -bullying can lead to assault, rape, and murder
pathway to adolescent crime
-stubbornness--> defiance -shoplifting--> arson and burglary -bullying--> assault, rape, murder
adolescents diet
-teenager's diets are deficient in iron -few adolescents consume enough calcium to prevent osteoporosis
long term benefits of higher education in emerging adults
-tend to be healthier, wealthier, and live longer -smoke less, eat better, and exercise more
Lynn. Lynn's mother is a professor of women's studies who is deeply involved in feminist issues. lynn very much admires her mother, a strong woman who, as a single parent, struggled to provide for her daughter while establishing her own career. Lynn believes that she, too, will be a strong and independent woman. She avoids people (especially men) who either don't see her in that light or try to bring out her feminine nature. She certainly steer clear of her paternal grandmother, who (although pleasant) is a very disorganized and "artsy" person. Lynn's college grades are very high, and her course selections reflect a unwavering interest in psychology, politics, and women's studies. Lynn's identity status would probably be describe as
-this is foreclosure
What are Sternbergs finding on love?
-three main components of love >passion > intimacy > commitment These three components lead to marriage or cohabitation
cultural dialectical thinking
-tolerance of ambiguity and ambivalence, one's influence on attributions -results of nature more than nature, role of self construable
body dissatisfaction (2)
-uneven growth that often results in temporary anomalies and clumsiness OR -unrealistic standards of appearance that are promoted in all media forms
What factors lead to sleep deprivation?
>Blue light from technology > Video games and action movies make class time boring. >biological factors, and parents are trying to fight the biological factors >Early school times
Spermache
A boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep (in a "wet dream") or via direct stimulation. Typically age 13 -Other signs >growth of testes > growth of penis > facial hair >growth spurt > deepening of voice > pubic hair
adolescent egocentrism
A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others. -First described by David Elkind eg. People think they are more unique, special, admired, or hated that others when getting braces or pimples
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily in the future
menarche
A girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche. -Other signs >nipple growth > widening of hips >few pubic hairs >Growth spurt
Pituitary
A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and sexual maturation.
depression
A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness that may include recurrent thoughts of death
postformal thought
A proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following Piaget's four stages, that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical (that is, more capable of combining contradictory elements into a comprehensive whole).
middle school
A school for children in the grades between elementary and high school. Middle school usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8.
HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis
A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands (path one)
HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis
A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the gonads (path 2) eg. GnRH hormone
Defining Issues Test (DIT)
A series of questions developed by James Rest and designed to assess respondents' level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas. -general findings >Scores on DIT increase with each year of college education
Estradiol
A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce much more estradiol than males do.
Testosterone
A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.
cognitive flexibility
Ability to use different thinking strategies and mental frameworks >helps people deal with unforeseen events > helps avoid retreating into emotions or intellect >Is a hallmark of postformal cognition >involves listening to others and considering diverse opinions
peer selection
Active process whereby adolescents select friends based on shared interests & values -can result into facilitation
moratorium
An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. eg. Going to college or taking a gap year
invincibility fable
An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.
incremental theory of intelligence
An approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort; those who subscribe to this view believe they can master whatever they seek to learn if they pay attention, participate in class, study, complete their homework, and so on. -AKA mastery motivation
entity theory of intelligence
An approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view reject that effort enhances achievement. eg. these kids believe they are born stupid
personal fable
An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's. -this lead to interpreation of other's behaviors and comments as a personal judgment. eg. being the heroic doctor to cure cancer, this can be spread to an entire generation of people
sexually transmitted disease (STI)
An infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
child sexual abuse
Any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is made
identity
Consistent definition of one's self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations
Explain the growth of adolescent body
Each body part increases in size on a schedule; growth is not always symmetrical eg. Torso is last to grow resulting in long limbs -Height spurt follows weight spurt, then a year or two later a muscle spurt occurs. -Arm muscles develop more in boys; other muscles are gender-neutral.
peer pressure
Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson's 6th stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families
foreclosure
Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis eg. religious views
Idenity achievement
Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
identity versus role confusion
Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt
individual-reflective faith
Faith is characterized by intellectual detachment from values of the culture and from the approval of other people. College may be the springboard for this stage. Faith becomes an active commitment.
major depressive disorder
Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more
formal operational thought
In Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts. eg. Adolescences can... Math--> multiply Social Studies--> Consider effect of total fertility rate in global politics. science-->study invisible particles.
secondary education
Literally, the period after primary education (elementary or grade school) and before tertiary education (college). It usually occurs from about age 12 to 18, although there is some variation by school and by nation.
snowplow parent
Parents who try to remove any impediments in the way of their children. This term is pejorative; it implies that parents do not allow children to learn how to overcome obstacles on their own
secondary sex characteristics
Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts.
Mythical-Literal Faith
Stage 2: Individuals take the myths and stories of religion literally, believing simplistically in the power of symbols. God is seen as rewarding those who follow divine laws and punishing others. Typical of ages 7 to 11
Synthetic-Conventional Faith
Stage 4: this is a conformist stage. Faith is conventional, reflecting concern about other people and favoring "what feels right" over what makes intellectual sense.
conjunctive faith
Stage 5: faith incorporates both powerful emotional ideas (such as the power of prayer or the love of God) and rational conscious values (such as the worth of life compared with that of property). People are willing to accept contradictions. Rarely achieved before middle age
Explain the difference between an adolescent's logical ability to maturity in Steinberg's study of risk-taking?
Steinberg's proposition states that adolecents' logical reasoning ability fully developes at age 16 and stays the same for the rest of life while adolescent psychosocial immaturity progressively increases.
You are offered a better paying job that is far away from your family. What do you do?
Subjective thought: you think with your emotions and know you won't be with your family Objective thought: You think of the pros and cons, you will get to travel and get better pay. *You need to use both, emotional thought and logical thought, to make a decision*
familism
The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity. eg. In Syria parents have the right to decide their children's hairstyles, clothes, and music vs parents in the USA.
Vocational Identity
The degree to which one views one's occupation as a key element of identity. > 18-27 year olds have held around 8 jobs > achieving vocational identity, college attendance is important
dialectical thought
The most advanced cognitive process, characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaneously and thus to arrive at a synthesis. Dialectical thought makes possible an ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, possibilities and limitations.
imaginary audience
The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious.
Gonads
The paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males). The gonads produce hormones and mature gametes.
primary sex characteristics
The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis.
growth spurt
The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule: Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso.
secular trend
The tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition -causes >improved nutrition, medical care, sociocultural, psychological factors
Puberty
The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years, starting the age of 8-14. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.
What were Piaget's experiments with formal operational thought results?
This experiment used children's ability to recognize the relationship of a weights and distance help create balance. -adolescents imagine all possible determinants (looking at all possible variables) - systematically vary factors and observations
intuitive thought
Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions. -this is quick and powerful that is an automatic processing.
analytical thought
Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality. - this is a controlled process
adrenal glands
Two glands, located above the kidneys, that respond to the pituitary, producing hormones and produces more hormones
What percentage of high school student go to alternative college or no college?
US--> 1/3 world wide-->2/3
Explain the gray matter in childhood adolescence.
Using brain scans they were able to confirm the emotional control is not fully developed until adult hood because of the prefrontal cortex is limited in the connect and engagement because of the gray matter being limited in adolescents has compared to an adult
Situational Couple Violence (SCV)
Violence provoked by a particular situation (heated argument) that does not involve a quest for control in the relationship.
Homeostatic set point for weight
a certain body weight that person's homeostatic processes strive to maintain, but can be effected by genes, diet, age, hormones, and exercise
Drug abuse
a condition of drug dependence in which the absence of the given drug in the individual system produces a drive to ingest more of the drug.
Allostasis
a dynamic body adjustment to long-term biological conditions of a person's life (LONG TERM ADJUSTMENTS) eg. staying up late for years on end you life is shortend
synthesis
a new idea that integrates the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth; the third stage of the process of dialectical thinking
Emerging adulthood
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
body image
a person's idea of how his or her body looks
ethnic identity
a person's identification with a racial or ethnic group -multiriacal, immigrants, or adopted adolescent, struggle to find a solid ethic identity -pride in ethnic identity correlates with academic achievement
Antithesis
a proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis; the second stage of the process of dialectical thinking.
thesis
a proposition or statement of belief; the first stage of the process of dialectical thinking
intimacy
a reciprocal aspect of romance that entails disclosure; knowing someone well, shares secrets
cluster suicides
a series of suicides occurring within a short period of time and involving several people in the same school or community
role confusion
a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is
social norms approach
a way to reduce risky behavior because it is based on emerging adult desires to follow social norm
gender identity
acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the categories of male and female.
Limbic system (adolescents)
activated by puberty; prefrontal cortex mature more gradually
marijauana
affects memory affects language proficiency diminishes motivation
intimacy
affiliation, affection, interdependence, communion, belonging, and love
Anxiety Disorder with emerging adults
age and genetic vulnerability shape and symptoms of anxiety disorder >panic attacks, PTSD, OCD > eviednet in 1/4 of all US residents below age 25 > more common worldwide than depression
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually though induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives
passion
an intense physical, cognitive, and emotional influence characterized by excitement, ecstasy, and euphoria
parasuicide
any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death
high-stakes tests
are critical in determine success or failure -an unintended consequence is increased drop out rate among high school student (age 16 is drop out age)
Body image
average women would like to weight 8lb less and men would like 5lb more
What risks are emerging adults inclined to?
because of greater independence the decision of good habits vs. destructive choices (some bad, drugs, other are good, going to college or asking someone out) eg. -substance use/ abuse -sleep patterns -accidents and injuries
changes in emerging adults cognitive abilities
changes in quality of thinking > person is less impulsive and reactive and more practical and imaginative > speed of efficiency of info processing > focus and depth of cognitive processes > formal analysis and creativity
digital natives
children are brought up into the world of technology.
vocational identity
currently, few (if any) are read for a lifetime career at age 18
deviancy training
destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms
What did Haidt's theory suggest?
distinct clusters of moral development in many cultures > care for other; harm no one > be fair, do not cheat >seek purity; avoid contamination >respect authority; do not break laws
linked lives
each family member's success, health, and well being are connected to those of other members.
Anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by self starvation -voluntarily under eat and often over exercises -Depriving vital organs of nutrition can be fatal
counterproposition
emphasis on relationships vs. absolutes is influenced more strongly by education the specific dilemmas and culture than by gender
Sunk-cost fallacy
escalation of commitment meaning, that if a person has already invested into something they must compete it. eg. You buy a big meal and you feel pressured to eat the whole thing.
prefrontal cortex adolescence
executive functions; working memory, mental flexibility, and self-control.
Work of William Perry in emerging adulthood.
explored how college students conceptualize and interact with truth, and knowledge and authorities -There are 9 levels
Delinquency and Defiance
externalization and internalization of behaviors are more closely connected in adolescence than at any other age
religious identity
few adolescents totally reject religion if they grew up following a particular faith, most don't question their specific religious beliefs
Friendship in emerging adulthood
friends choose one another and can be more important than family members for providing companionship and critical support
GnRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone causes the gondas to enlarge and dramatically increase their production of sex hormone. eg of sex hormones -estradiol -testoserone
commitment
grows gradually through decisions to be together, mutual caregiving, shared possessions, and forgiveness.
choice overload
having so many options that a thoughtful choice becomes difficult, and regret after making a choice is more likely
sexual activity
hormones trigger sexual thoughts and timing of sexual experiences -culture shapes thoughts into fantasies -intercourse before age 14 is related to depression and drug use
massification
idea that establish institution of higher learning and encouraging college enrollment can benefit everyone.
tabacco
impairs digestion and nutrition slows growth and damages developing organs
what did John Holland find?
income and benefits are not the only goals of employment and workers are healthier if their job fits their personal preferences
Risks associated with irregular sleep
insomnia, nightmares, mood disorders, falling asleep while driving, & learning difficulties
binge eating disorder
introduced by DSM-5 in part to recognize that bingeing is sometimes associated with anorexia
subcortical regions (adolescents)
involves sensation seeking develop rapidly after puberty -This means there are fewer signals of caution/ inhibition than adult brains
Cortical regions (adolescents)
involving impulse control continue to develop through early adulthood
interpersonal attraction
liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person > mainly done through social network
Cohabitation
living with a genetically unrelated person (typically a romantic partner) to whom one is not married
Heterogamy
marriage between individuals who have different with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
Homogamy
marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
drug use effect on the brain
occasional drug use excites the limbic system and interferes with the prefrontal cortex
Edgework
occupations, recreational activities, or other ventures that involve a degree of risk or danger. "living on the edge"
Parent's financial support for emerging adults
parents in the US typically help their emerging adult children > Non financial support by adults may sometimes be too much or too little.
parental monitoring
parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom
facilitation
peers facilitate both destructive and constructive behaviors in one another
amaygdala adolescence
predominate in quick emotional reactions
high school
primary designed to promote analytical ability at least in theory.
senecence
process of aging whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient. This slowly inc. allostatic load eg. older bodies can not withstand the physical demand of 4 year old
isolation
profound loneliness, harmful at every age
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics AKA--> top-down reasoning.
inductive reasoning
reasoning from detailed facts to general principles AKA--> inductive reasoning
hypothetical thought
reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
sexual orientation
refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to other of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes
arenas of identity achievement
religious, political, vocational, and gender identify development during adolescence
rumination
repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression eg. thinking back experiences about a heated argument and thinking of things one should have said to "win" the argument.
dysregulated
self description, fragmented, overwhelmed by emotions or problems eg. random outburst without reason regarding something minor
intergrated
self description: ability to regulate emotions and logic
Complex
self descriptions : valuing openness and independence above all.
protective
self descriptions where there is high self-involvement, and low in self doubt.
eveningness
some individuals (especially males) are naturally more alert in the evening than in the morning, this is due to puberty and biological factors
Intuitive-Projective Faith
stage 1: faith is magical, illogical, imaginative, and filled with fantasy, especially about the power of God and the mysteries of birth and death. Typical of children ages 3 to 7.
universalizing faith
stage 6: people at this stage have a powerful vision of universal compassion, justice, and love that compels them to live their lives in a way that others may think is either saintly or foolish.
schizophrenia with emerging adults
symptoms usually being to manifest during adolescence and early adulthood > affects 1% adults > disorganized and bizarre thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, and emotions. -risk factors >genetic malnutrition when brain is developing, social pressures.
identity politics
tendency to identify politically with other's one's group -most adolescents identify as independent -tend to be more liberal than parents -usually identify with their ethnicity
Homeostatisis
the adjustment of all body systems to keep physiological functions at equilibrium. (RESPONSE TO BODY SYSTEMS SO QUICK ADJUSTMENTS) >older bodies struggle to adapt to stress
circadian rhythem
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle >Puberty changes this
Organ reserve
the capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability eg. students stay up all night long and still are able to attend clases
generational forgetting
the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned
Duality of Identity
the idea that people from different backgrounds and start to consider both sides >reconciling parent's background with new social context make it particularly difficult
helicopter parents
the label used for parents who hover over their emerging adult children
brain development in adolescence
the limbic system and amygdala matures before prefrontal cortex
dual processing
the notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional processing of stimuli and one for analytical reasoning -As people age their thinking gradually balances formal analytical thinking and experimental thinking.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
the ratio of a person's weight in kg divided by height in meters squared. -normal BMI is 20-25 -overweight is above 25 -obese is above 30
allostatic load
the stresses of basic body systems that burden overall functioning, such as hypertension
Psychopathology
the study of mental disorders -inc. in emerging adulthood -doubled for adults over age 25
Stereotype threat
the thought in a person's mind that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes (People think that others have a stereotype about how you should behave)
What did Carol Gilligan work show?
there is gender differences between moral reasoning. -men--> moral justice -women--> morality of care
suicidal ideation
thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones -is common, but completed suicides are not -more likely in adolescents
objective thought
thinking that is not influenced by the thinker's personal qualities but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid
subjective thought
thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker, such as past experiences, cultural assumptions, and goals for the future
How to you measure practical cognition in adolescents?
this is measured by correlating it to high achievement
PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment)
this test is taken by 15 year olds to measure the cognition needed in daily life >US student tend to do worse on the PISA than PIRLS or TIMSS
What can invincible fable results in?
thrill-seeking acts related to teen pregnancy, a criminal record, alienation from one's family, physical injury or even death.
diathesis-stress model
view that mental disorder are produced by the interaction of genetics (diathesis) and a stressful environment and life events
Intimate Terrorism (IT)
violence that is motivated by a desire to control the other partner
STI vector
(Socially transmitted Infection) half of new STIs cases worldwide occur in people younger than 26
organ growth (adolescents)
- Lungs triple in weight; consequently, adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly. -Heart doubles in size and the heartbeat slows, decreasing the pulse rate while increasing blood pressure. -Only lymphoid system decreases in size.
Steinberg's (2007) paper on "Risk taking in adolescence"
- Reward parts of adolescents' brains are far stronger than inhibition parts >This is linking with the excitement and pleasure seeking areas that link to social pleasures of peer admiration -Slower-maturing prefrontal cortex makes powerful sensations desirable
