exam 3 psychology

Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of:

C. retroactive interference

Which of the following makes human language unique?

It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.

Identify a true statement about visual representation.

It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.

Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory?

It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):

A. false memory.

Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's:

A. forgetting curve.

From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________.

A. talk

Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the:

C. phonological loop.

Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the:

C. recency effect.

Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):

C. recovered memory.

What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator?

Visual imagery

Consolidation is storing new memories for access when needed.

false

Explicit memory refers to memory information that should be ignored.

false

Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist.

false

Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent.

false

Removing the hippocampi from both sides of Molaisan's brain eliminated all his previous memories.

false

Syntax refers to the rules for combining symbols and sounds to express concepts like plurals and possessives.

false

The episodic buffer holds auditory information in working memory.

false

The primacy effect refers to memory for important items on a list.

false

The recency effect occurs because of items still in short term memory.

false

The term "positive," in the context of learning, means favorable.

false

There are two types of explicit memory: declarative and non-declarative.

false

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time.

fixed-interval schedule

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______.

link between two events in the environment

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that:

males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

Rehearsal is a control process that prevents information in working memory from being lost.

true

Reinforcers are consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again.

true

Removing a bowl of water from my hamster's cage is a negative event.

true

Sensory memory holds the initial input of information from the environment into the brain.

true

Short-term memory is the same memory system as working memory.

true

Sleep plays an important role during consolidation.

true

Some information in working memory can be transferred into long-term memory.

true

Syntax refers the rules humans use for arranging words into sentences or sentence phrases.

true

The Serial Position Curve refers to the results of a memory task for learning a list of items.

true

The term "operant," is derived from the term "operate."

true

The visuospatial sketchpad holds visual information in working memory.

true

To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus.

true

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Babbling occurs during the first few months of life.

false

David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to:

12 years of age

_____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory.

A. Absent-mindedness

refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns.

A. Procedural memory

_________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world.

A. Schemas

Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic?

After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.

Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device?

An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

B) Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes.

Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________.

B) modeling

To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario?

B. A mnemonic device

______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number.

B. Blocking

is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory.

B. Implicit; explicit

_____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall.

B. Interference

Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants?

B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.

Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions?

B. Taste

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer?

B. The treat

Hebb's law states that:

C. neurons that fire together wire together.

Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect?

B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.

The second stage of long-term memory formation is:

B. consolidation.

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.

Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing.

B. effortful; automatic

According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis.

B. linguistic determinism

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.

B. operant conditioning

Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex.

B. priming

A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory.

B. recovered

A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior.

B. reinforcer

In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:

B. the addition of a stimulus.

Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because:

B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits.

Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing:

B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning?

Because they could not be observed

Who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language?

Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir

Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________.

C) modeling

Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of ___________.

C) observational learning

Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case?

C. Amygdala

Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement?

C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something.

C. False

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?

C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

Which of the following is true about sensory memory?

C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.

Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing?

C. Long-term memory

Repression is an example of:

C. blocking.

Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in:

C. episodic buffer.

Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited:

C. excellent memories.

If Alex engages in innately guided learning, it suggests:

C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning.

Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________.

C. mimicry

Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory.

C. semantic

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.

C. shaping

The ______ cortex is located in the parietal lobes.

C. somatosensory

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of:

C. syntax and grammar.

Which of the following best describes child-directed speech?

Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language?

Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.

Which of the following refers to the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive?

Cognitive psychology

Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge?

Concept

Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior?

Confirmation bias

While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing?

Critical thinking

Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?

D. Attending to a stimulus

Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory?

D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.

The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences.

D. amygdala

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that:

D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.

Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing.

D. automatic

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

D. echoic

How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective:

D. encoding.

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.

D. habituation

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting.

D. negative punishment

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________.

D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns.

D. reflexes

False memories are an example of:

D. suggestibility.

____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.

Ethology

People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully?

Extraversion

Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true?

He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.

Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions?

Hippocampus

____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth.

Imprinting

_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment.

Instinctive drift

If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean?

It can be freely changed

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth?

Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games

Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking?

Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.

What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior?

Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for.

Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis?

Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.

Which of the following is the central tenet of the nativist theory?

Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process.

Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other?

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

__________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it.

Metacognitive thinking

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?

Modeling

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this?

New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.

Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit?

Operant conditioning

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning?

Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning?

Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.

____________ decrease the frequency of behavior.

Punishers

Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals?

Rational choice theory

According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true?

Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.

What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences?

Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement

According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English?

She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.

Which of the following describes critical thinking?

Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

Long-term potentiation occurs when synaptic connections between neurons strengthen.

TRUE

Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs?

The availability heuristic

______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness.

The availability heuristic

Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct?

The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.

Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development?

The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.

Which of the following is true with regard to the visual system?

The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system.

Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second?

There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.

Which of the following is true of mental representations?

They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.

Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)?

They are involved in imitation and social learning.

In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, which of the following refers to the two types of categories?

Well-defined and fuzzy

Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that in mammals and birds, there is a rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth when he:

became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings

In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________.

classical conditioning

A bird has two legs, two eyes, and feathers, and it uses its wings to fly in the sky. The organizing of this information about birds is known as a(n):

concept

In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific.

concept hierarchy

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____.

conditioned response (CR)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________.

conditioning of reflexes

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______.

confirmation bias

Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the ______ stage of language development.

cooing

An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus.

false

Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________.

enactive learning

When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______.

enactive learning

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______.

extinction

A brain scan of someone looking at a car will look very different from someone imagining looking at a car.

false

According to Noam Chomsky, humans are biologically built to fly.

false

__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language.

grammer

A gaggle of baby geese instinctually form a bond with their mother. This is an example of ___________.

imprinting

Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________.

positive reinforcers

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior--how people become smokers in the first place--is perhaps best explained by ___________.

social learning theory

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior.

reinforcer

After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________.

returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place

The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation.

sensitivity period

Habituation refers to a:

sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one.

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________.

social learning

Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.

synapses

In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:

the removal of a stimulus.

Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because:

the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.

When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between:

the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.

"Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds.

true

"Positive punishment" means i have added an undesirable consequence to an organism's world.

true

A "prototype" is a best-fitting member of a category.

true

A heuristic is a mental shortcut for decision making.

true

A memory is a biological representation in our brain.

true

A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response.

true

A primary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a biological need.

true

A response is a behavior.

true

A secondary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a second biological need.

true

A stimulus is a thing or event.

true

Adding a bowl of water to my hamster's cage is a positive event.

true

Automatic encoding is a primary source of episodic memories.

true

Categories are groups of things with similar features.

true

Classical conditioning is a type of learning.

true

Differences in the number of words heard per hour, show up as measurable differences in vocabulary size later in life.

true

Episodic memories are personal and autobiographical.

true

Henry Molaison's initials are HM.

true

Humans are able to represent ideas and thoughts using words and images in our mind.

true

Implicit memory is memory we are not aware of.

true

In a hierarchical network, general concepts are linked to specific concepts.

true

Language production is associated with Broca's area.

true

Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat.

true

Linguistic Relativism suggests that language "influences" our thinking, it does not "determine" our thinking.

true

Modeling refers to observing and imitating behavior.

true

Nativist theorists propose that language acquisition is more like discovery than learning.

true

Operant conditioning is the process of modifying an organism's behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.

true

Reasoning is the process by which people form conclusions about events in the world.

true

In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed.

variable-interval schedule

______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

visual imagery