Exam 3 Psychology 100

Same has set a new ringtone for her boyfriend. She now feels happy every time the ringtone plays. What is the conditioned stimulus?

The Ringtone

As compared with the time they spend in school, children in developed nations spend _____ time watching television

More

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

Retreival

What is spontaneous recovery?

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Most psychologists agree that ______ conditioning is the basic form of learning.

classical

What is explicit memory?

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a biological predisposition to learn particular associations.

preparedness

What is implicit memory?

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

In the classic Bobo doll research, Bandura and his colleagues (1961) demonstrated that _____ may be acquired through observational learning.

Aggressive Behavior

What is a conditioned response?

An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus.

What is an unconditioned response?

An automatic response to a stimulus.

Evaluate the traditional learning theories—namely, classical and operant conditioning—in light of the biopsychosocial model. It is MOST accurate to say that traditional learning theories _____ influences.

Neglected Sociocultural

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:

Observation

Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate incidence is learned through _____, and the _____ in the brain support(s) this type of observational learning.

Observation Learning, mirror neurons

t is well known that the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) have a culture in their living groups, as they pass on skills to one another across generations. This is done through:

Observational learning

Jennifer trained her dog to howl when he heard Jennifer play the piano by giving him a treat for doing so. One day in her car, Jennifer played a CD of a piano concerto, and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through _____ and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response.

Operant conditioning; generalization

Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.

Rehearsal

Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:

Semantic Encoding

n teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Williams initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. Mrs. Williams's method BEST illustrates an operant conditioning procedure known as _____.

Shaping

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli that are _____ to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Similar

A website affiliated with a market research firm awards points to users for completing surveys. Points may be redeemed for gift cards. Occasionally, users receive extra bonus points when they complete a survey. Users are pleasantly surprised when they receive the points; the firm randomizes the number of surveys each user completes before points are awarded to encourage engagement with the site. The bonus points are awarded on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable-Ratio

Some commentators have remarked that intolerance or hatred of marginalized groups in society is being "normalized" by prejudicial or discriminatory words or actions of political leaders and ordinary citizens. Through _____, these words or actions are imitated by others, thereby worsening the problem.

observational learning

What is the Law of effect?

the principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated.

What is shaping?

the use of reinforcement of successive approximations of desired behavior.

Seven-year-old Mark likes to watch Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles every day after school. When the program is finished, he meets his friends in his backyard, and they playfully dropkick each other over and over. This eventually leads to real fighting between the children. This is an example of the _____effect.

violence-viewing

Of the acts of violence featured on U.S. network and cable television programs, nearly _____ percent go unpunished.

%75

What is long-term potentiation?

A persistent increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse.

what is primary reinforcement?

A reaction to a stimulus.

what is variable ratio?

A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses has occurred.

What is operant conditioning?

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

What is classical conditioning?

Behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one.

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

Chunking

Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast-food restaurant. An hour later, his stomach became very upset, and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later, he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:

Classical Conditioning

Learned ability to _____ between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Distinguish

When Lisa earns a perfect score on a(n) _____ test in history, she passes a _____ test of memory.

Essay, Recall

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as _____memory

Explicit

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

Explicit Memory

Some of our memories of an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as _____ memories

Flashbulb

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes the nausea is from the drug, not the cigarette.

Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

He will avoid it and react poorly

Our unconscious memory of learned skills is known as:

Implicit Memory

Reinforcement ____ frequency of behavior

Increases

What is non-declarative memory?

It deals with SKILLS AND HABITS; memories that are unconsciously/involuntarily remembered

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although she was not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:

It is easier to learn/re-learn the second time

Researchers often find it more challenging to train dolphins rather than dogs even though dolphins are smarter. One of the reasons for this difficulty is that dolphins have _____ shared evolutionary heritage with humans than dogs, so they condition to stimuli that are different than what will affect dogs and humans.

Less

This prolonged strengthening of a neuron's ability to fire is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as:

Long term Potentiation

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving found that deep processing, by an item's _____, produced better recognition.

Meaning

Martha is studying the chapter on personality for her psychology exam. In order to make it easier to remember the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism), she uses the first letter of each trait to spell "OCEAN." Martha is using:

Mnemonic Device

At the beginning of the chapter, the text mentions a Japanese rancher who outfitted his cattle with beepers. The cows associated their hustling to the food trough with the pleasure of eating. In this example, the cows received _____reinforcement for hustling to the trough.

Primary

Which example could serve as evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment?

Rats appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the taste of tainted food because they taste small portions of a novel food first before eating it again.

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is taking advantage of the _____ effect.

Spacing

What did Pavlov do?

Studied digestive system; won Russia's first Nobel Prize (1904). Provided the basis fro Watson's ideas.

At last week's pool party, you had one too many strawberry margaritas and spent the rest of the night throwing up. At today's family picnic, Aunt Pam offers you a strawberry smoothie. Although the beverage contains no alcohol, the mere smell of the drink makes you nauseous. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

The alcohol in the margaritas

Nadine uses cuss words around her friends more frequently. However, around her parent will criticize her language at home if she cusses around them, so she ensures not to. This best illustrates...

The law of effect

What is imitation in psychology?

The reproduction or performance of an act that is stimulated by the perception of a similar act by another animal or person.

What is an Operant Chamber?

a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

What is operant conditioning

a method of learning that uses reward and punishment to modify behavior.

In classical conditioning, the process of _____ involves associating events, where the conditioned stimulus announces the unconditioned stimulus, whereas in operant conditioning, it involves associating a response with a consequence.

acquisition

Short-term memories have a limited life without:

active processing

Both _____ and _____ are effective effortful processing strategies for the retention of the material that one is encoding as one studies.

deep processing; self-testing

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate

that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others.

The three-stage model of memory developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not consider:

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.