Exam 3 Quizzes

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT: a) spatial layout b) an equation c) a statement d) abstract symbols

a) spatial layout

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a) truck b) pickup truck c) vehicle d) transportation

a) truck

Ambert worked in a bakery where they were responsible for measuring ingredients. Ambert learned how to measure water by adding in the required number of cups during culinary training, so that if a recipe called for 15 cups of water, they would use a 1-cup measuring cup 15 times. This was a time-consuming process and, on more than one occasion, Ambert made an error. Ambert could be more efficient and make fewer errors if they simply use the gallon measuring pitcher (1 gallon = 16 cups) and reduced the amount by 1 cup. Ambert's inability to see a simpler, more efficient solution can be attributed to ___.

mental set

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation.

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving.

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving.

analogy

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a) hierarchical organization b) family resemblance c) cognitive economy d) spreading activation

b) family resemblance

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the

confirmation bias.

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee.

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves

a small sample size

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

deductive

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization

exemplar

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.

prototype

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?

A pink beachball on your towel

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?

Image processing will be reduced by half.

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

has feathers; bird

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state.

intermediate

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images.

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another and specify which rules are allowed are known as

operators

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

performance is better for the concrete task.

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ________.

progress

Pressing the brakes on a car when an animal runs out onto the street

propositional

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

search.

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.

semantic

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view.

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations.

spatial

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target; source

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

the embodied approach

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

the method of loci.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

the representativeness heuristic.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "an apple is a fruit" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "a cucumber is a fruit."

the same as

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________.

using visual images; deactivated

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

valid.

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.