EXAM 3 study this one

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem.

source

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds. a. 6 b. 4 c. 2 d. 3

c. 2

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate? a. 4 b. 1 c. 3 d. 2

c. 3

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. echoic schemas b. perceptual images. c. visual icons. d. mental images.

d. mental images.

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be

"Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _________________ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40 percent

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?

Choosing an entree from a menu

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism?

The conclusion is valid

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night.

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?

Problem Solving: Planning

The expected utility theory of decision making is grounded in which of the following?

Rationality

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. a bumblebee. b. a wolf. c. an anteater. d. a rhinoceros.

a. a bumblebee.

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a. boat _______ - car ________. b. house. c. b___ - h___. d. a blank piece of paper for free recall.

a. boat _______ - car ________.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure. a. mental scanning b. mental walk c. priming d. categorization

a. mental scanning

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving.

analogy

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?

analysis

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x 2 + 5x - 7 = 4x 2 - 2x + 8?

analytical

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)

availability heuristic

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)

availability heuristic

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? a. Depictive representations b. The tacit-knowledge explanation c. The results of scanning experiments d. The distinction between propositional and spatial representations

b. The tacit-knowledge explanation

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. Imagery is closely related to language. b. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. c. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. d. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.

b. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. abstract symbols. b. a spatial layout. c. an equation. d. a statement.

b. a spatial layout.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task. b. imagery and perception can interact with one another. c. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. d. imagery and perception are two different phenomena.

b. imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. how easy mental rotation is for humans. b. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. c. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. d. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.

b. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. importance. b. order. c. concreteness. d. bizarreness.

b. order.

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. ability to draw objects from memory. b. size of the field of view. c. ability to visually recognize objects. d. recognition of objects in the left side of space.

b. size of the field of view.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. b. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. c. their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. d. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.

b. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a. visual images vary in detail. b. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. c. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. d. the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

b. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________.

belief bias

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. b. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish. c. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." d. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches.

c. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. a. top-down; bottom-up b. bottom-up; bottom-up c. bottom-up; top-down d. top-down; top-down

c. bottom-up; top-down

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n) a. propositional behavior. b. inner scribe. c. epiphenomenon. d. convergent behavior.

c. epiphenomenon.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game. a. mental chronometry b. visual imagery c. inner audition d. mental synthesis

c. inner audition

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. a propositional representation. b. the pegword technique. c. method of loci. d. paired-associate learning.

c. method of loci.

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____. a. using visual images; activated b. perceiving stimuli; deactivated c. using visual images; deactivated d. perceiving stimuli; activated

c. using visual images; deactivated

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism.

conditional

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. one mile away from the house. b. right at the front door. c. two feet from the front door. d. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

d. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Mental imagery involves a. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. b. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. c. sensory representations of a stimulus. d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using a. epiphenomena. b. propositional representations. c. image scanning. d. mental chronometry.

d. mental chronometry.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

deductive

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming?

divergent

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

divergent thinking

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _________________ may be more important than _________________ in creative thinking.

flexibility; experience

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

functional fixedness

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy.

gains; risk-aversion

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,

he should use his coin in the small machine.

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they

ignore the falsification principle

Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an __________ emotion.

incidental

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else.

incubation

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

inductive reasoning

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is

invalid

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is

invalid

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____.

irrational; accepting only high offers

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying.

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals

The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.

permission schema

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems?

representation

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves

sample size

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

search

Experts _________________ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target; target

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

tendency to detect when others are cheating

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

the framing effect

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristics

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.