exam 3 week 5-6

All flies are vectors.

false

It is considered not good practice to provide patient safety data sheets to patients or their guardians at every vaccination.

fase

Which of the following can possibly explain the increase in tick borne cases? Please select all that apply.

improved diagnostics and clinical recognition Correct! Increased range and population of ticks Correct! Lack of effective prevention strategies, such as a lack of vaccination Correct! Increasing human contact with ticks that comes with landscape changes

An indirect mode of transmission of infectious disease can be through a contaminated object (vehicle) or through a vector from an insect (like a tick or mosquito) or animal (like a rodent).

true

An infectious disease is an illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector, or the inanimate environment.

true

Animals and humans interact in many ways, enabling diseases to spread between them.

true

Antibiotics can cure Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is administered in a timely manner.

true

Attenuated vaccines are made of a live pathogen, but in a much weaker and tamer version.

true

Case fatality is a measure of the severity of the disease, and the proportion of people who die after being infected.

true

Common vectors include mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks.

true

Community based research that involved placing tick collars on dogs resulted in a reduction in ticks on dogs and the environment.

true

DNA vaccines are not indicated for immunosuppressed individuals, such as the elderly.

true

DNA vaccines instruct the body how to make antigens.

true

Influenza is highly infectious; the threat of the next pandemic looms large.

true

Influenza spreads mostly through airborne transmission.

true

Isolation and quarantine are public health measures to protect the public by preventing exposure to people who have or may have a contagious disease.

true

It is believed the Type A of influenza virus of subtype H1N1 in Mexico was transmitted initially by pigs to humans (zoonosis), and then spread from human to human (anthroponosis) throughout the world.

true

Many of these vector-borne diseases are preventable through protective measures.

true

Most vaccines are administered through the deep subcutaneous or intra-muscular route.

true

The World Health Organization carries out global surveillance of influenza every year.

true

The basic reproductive rate is the term that describes how infectious a disease is; it is the average number of secondary cases that occur as a result of one infected individual.

true

The clinical stage of disease is marked by the onset of symptoms, which can be mild or severe

true

The data collected by the World Health Organization's influenza surveillance is used to predict the next year's influenza subtype that my cause the next outbreak, as well as to detect as early as possible if there are new strains emerging that may spark a pandemic.

true

The secondary attack rate is a way to measure the spread of disease; it is the proportion of people exposed who get the disease.

true

The time from when a pathogen enters the body until someone starts to get symptoms of the resulting disease is called the incubation period.

true

There are several barriers to rapid advances in tickborne virus research, which include technical issues and environmental constraints.

true

There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C that evolve continuously.

true

There can be continuous changes in the H and N proteins of Type A influenza virus subtypes; hence, a Type A subtype H1N1 virus from one epidemic might be completely different to a H1N1 subtype virus in a later year.

true

Which of the following describes a host in the transmission of an infectious disease?

A person or other living animal, including birds and arthropods (such as an insect), that provides subsistence or lodgment to an infectious agent under natural conditions.

Which of the following are true about how vaccines and how they work?

All of the above

Which of the following is (are) a parasite to animals and humans? Please select all that apply.

Mosquitoes Correct! Ticks Correct! Fleas Correct! Sandflies

Which of the following were historically leading causes of death globally? Select all that apply.

Smallpox Tuberculosis (TB) Syphilis Cholera Plague Influenza

Which of the following describes the environment of an infectious disease?

The domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, survive, or originate.

For an infectious disease to develop, what is required?

all of the above

Which of the following are tick, vector borne diseases?

all of the above

Which of the following is (are) true about zoonosis?

all of the above

Which of the following are considered high risk groups who should get an influenza vaccine every year?

all

A single species of ticks can carry multiple disease agents; therefore, coinfections will continue to be important for diagnosing and preventing tick-borne illnesses.

true

A state or the federal government has the ability to call for a quarantine or isolation.

true

Adaptive immunity might not be enough to fend off the consequences (sickness) of an invading pathogen in the very young or very old, especially if the pathogen is particularly severe.

true

All known tickborne infectious diseases are diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans via a tick vector.

true

Which of the following is (are) true about ticks and pathogen transmission? Please select all that apply

-Ticks can maintain the pathogens through transmission to their offspring -Ticks can acquire infection through feeding on infectious hosts -Humans are incidental hosts, infected by the bite of infected tick - Humans do not serve as a significant source for infecting other ticks or perpetuating the pathogen's lifecycle.

Which of the following describes an agent in the transmission of an infectious disease?

A factor—such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or form of radiation—whose presence, excessive presence, or (in deficiency diseases) relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease.

What happens when a person gets infected with a pathogen?

A or B depending on their immune system

Which of the following can be responsible for the massive reduction in deaths caused by infectious disease in modern history? Select all that apply.

Better Nutrition Correct! Use of antibiotics Correct! Immunizations Correct! Food safety protocols Correct! Better housing Correct! Advanced Sanitation

All vaccines have possible side effects; most of which will be mild as severe side effects have been quite rare.

true

Among the 18 known tick borne diseases, 14 are bacterial and are transmitted by five tick genera.

true

An anthroponotic disease in one in which a disease causing agent that is carried by humans is transferred to other animals or other humans.

true

An emerging infectious disease is a disease that is appearing in a population for the first time, or one that has been seen previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographical range.

true

Attack rate is commonly used to during infectious disease outbreaks, especially in describing foodborne illness, infectious diseases and other acute epidemics.

true

Because the influenza virus can mutate, it is difficult to ascertain when or where the next pandemic will strike. (Hint: This is true, if you missed this when the pandemic in Mexico emerged - experts thought the next flu pandemic would develop in Asia.)

true

Diseases like Lyme Disease and West Nile Virus can infect both animals and humans.

true

For influenza, if the secondary attack rate is 10%, that means that for every 10 people who are exposed to the disease will get the flu.

true

If measles has a basic reproductive rate of 15, this means the one case of measles can cause up to 15 other cases of measles.

true

In 2012, infectious diseases were responsible for 3 of the 10 causes of death in the world, and included lower respiratory tract infections, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal disease.

true

In more recent decades, the rate of pathogen discovery has accelerated, with 11 additional pathogens described to cause human disease since 1960 - more than half of those were discovered after 2000 and the majority were associated with black legged ticks.

true

In order for infection to occur, the agent needs to move from the environment to host.

true

Inactive vaccines contain pathogens that have been killed.

true

Infectious diseases are a global problem and used to be a leading cause of death.

true

Infectious diseases is a disease caused by an infectious agent such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi.

true

Influenza B viruses appear to only infect humans, but Type A can circulate amongst humans and other animals, like birds and pigs.

true

Influenza epidemics are rare.

true

Live attenuated vaccines can be difficult to make, and are not appropriate for immunosuppressed individuals.

true

Malaria and turbiculosis (TB) continue to affect millions of people globally.

true

Neglected tropical diseases affect the poorest countries of the world; they don't receive international attention but still cause illness in the most vulnerable groups of people in the world.

true

One Health is a public health initiative to plan new strategies to protect against the diseases that spread between animals and humans.

true

Over the first 60 years of the 20th century, seven tick borne pathogens were recognized to cause human disease.

true

Research in Arizona showed that the brown dog tick emerged as an unexpected vector of Rocky Mountain Fever in this state.

true

Rocky Mountain Fever is characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the skin and those in the major organs and can cause death if it involves the blood vessels of the brain and/or lungs.

true

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever was the first recognized tickborne disease of humans in the US.

true

Scientists estimate that there are 8.7 million animal species around the world, with thousands new species discovered every year.

true

The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic claimed two hundred thousands of lives, some of which were in young people and others that were previously unrecognized risk groups.

true

The American Dog Tick is among the most broadly distributed human-biting ticks that are found primarily in grasslands.

true

The infectious period of a disease is the time when a person can spread a disease to others; sometimes the person may not have any symptoms but still can infect others (they are carriers of the disease).

true

Tickborne organisms are increasingly being recognized as human disease agents.

true

Ticks can only live for a couple of days, but they reproduce rapidly

true

To be prepared to combat influenza, concerted efforts from all realms of public health remain crucial to match the dimensions of the global influenza public health threat.

true

Transmission of viral tickborne diseases depends on several ecological factors that are not well understood.

true

Type A influenza viruses are classified into individual subtypes, such as H1N1.

true

Unimmunized children are most at risk for disease; infected children often have limited options for medicinal cures.

true

Vaccination is the most effective intervention to reduce the mortality and morbidity of influenza.

true

Vaccinations work to trigger the adaptive immune response early, so it has enough time to prepare against a harmful foreign microbial invader without exposing humans to the full strength of disease.

true

Vector borne diseases are from an infected animal or human to another person through the bite of a vector (such as a mosquito).

true

When a human infected with an influenza virus coughs or sneezes, tens of thousands of tiny droplets are released into the environment, each of which may contain hundreds of viruses, that can enter into the body of another person through their mouth or nose.

true

When an infectious disease can infect both animals and humans, or two separate species, it is called a zoonosis.

true

When foreign microbes invade us, the immune system triggers a series of responses in an attempt to identify and remove them from our bodies.

true

When mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and sandflies spread microscopic organisms, they are called vectors.

true

Zoonotic disease are diseases that are passed on from animals to a humans; it is estimated that over 60% of infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic.

true

Which of the following influenza virus causes seasonal influenza epidemics

type A and B

If the 'chain of transmission' is not broken in the early stages, it is useless to try to control the disease from spreading.

false

Immunocompromised individuals should be vaccinated as soon as possible.

false

In public health, we have one effective, widely accepted method for preventing for preventing tickborne diseases and that is through a newly discovered vaccination.

false

In recent decades, the numbers of many notifiable tick-borne diseases have decreased.

false

It is easy to predict whether someone will get a mild or severe case of influenza

false

Once vaccinated with an influenza vaccine or after contracting influenza, you are immune for several decades against the disease.

false

Quarantining has a positive connotation, but unfortunately, it has not shown to be effective in guarding the health of the public.

false

Rashes and other symptoms of Rocky Mountain Fever and Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis are remarkably different enabling clear diagnostic protocols.

false

There are a very limited number of vaccinations.

false

There are numerous Influenza A subtypes, especially those that infect chickens and pigs, circulating currently that are causing our recent seasonal epidemics

false

Tickborne viral infectious diseases can be deadly and are, fortunately, isolated to the United States.

false

Ticks are poor vectors of viruses

false

Ticks have a shorter life cycle than a mosquito, and transmit diseases such as Lyme Disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and more.

false

To have immunity means to not have the ability to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of your own immune system; hence, vaccinations are required for all known deadly infectious disease.

false

Vaccines have not proven effective in saving lives or dollars through preventing and eradicating disease.

false

Which of the following is (are) true about a vector?

-It is any organism that carries and transmits a disease or pathogen into another organism. -A vector spreads infection by transferring pathogens from one host to another -Examples of vectors include mosquito, ticks, flies, and rodents.

Which of the following is true the use of a 'quarantine' in public health?

- It is the measure to separate and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick. -It is the restriction of activities during the incubation period of a certain disease in healthy people who have been exposed to a contagious disease to prevent transmission if the disease occurs.

Which of the following is the reason why someone will get sick after an invading pathogen enters the body?

-They have a weakened immune system due to drugs, age, or the presence of another disease -They haven't had the disease or had the disease before and they are not immune to the pathogen

Which of the following is (are) true about a direct mode of transmission for infectious disease?

-It means the direct or immediate transfer of an infectious agent directly into a receptive portal of entry. -Can include touching, kissing, biting, sexual intercourse, or direct projection, such as infectious droplet spread or spray (ie. From an infected person coughing or sneezing

Which of the following is (are) true about mosquitoes?

-They are the most common vector worldwide -Diseases that are spread through mosquitoes include malaria, West Nile Virus, dengue fever, and more.

Which of the following is involved in influenza transmission from animals to humans?

-Direct or indirect (via virus adaptation) transmission -Genetic reassortment that creates a new virus from two separate influenza virus subtypes

Which of the following can result when an influenza virus enters into someone's respiratory system?

all

Which of the following is (are) a type of vaccine?

all

Which of the following is (are) a way to protect against vector borne diseases?

all

Which of the following is (are) true about adaptive immunity?

all

Which of the following is (are) true about the coughing, sneezing, inflammation, and fever we experience when a foreign body (like a bacteria) enters our body?

all

Which of the following is a main symptom of influenza?

all

Which of the following is true about the notion of 'isolation' in public health?

all

Which of the following are true about the trends of tickborne diseases?

all of above

Which of the following is (are) a category of infectious disease?

all of above

Which of the following is a current prevention strategy for tickborne infectious diseases?

all of the above

Which of the following are new infectious diseases that have caused large, deadly outbreaks?

ebola mers-cov

About half of the 84 tick species described in the United States can cause the majority of related human vector borne diseases.

false

Active immunity means that immunity was acquired from antibodies produced from an outside source.

false

All children have been successfully vaccinated against all known infectious disease regardless of socioeconomic status.

false

All vaccinations no longer require a second dosage, or a 'booster', to maintain immunity levels after it declines after some time has elapsed.

false

Despite climate change and globalization, vector-borne diseases remain isolated to tropical areas.

false

Diseases carried by vectors have not caused death.

false

Half of emerging or reemerging animal diseases can affect humans.

false

For us Temple community members, which tick borne disease is most prevalent in our area? (multiple answers)

lymes disease and babioes