Exam 4 Bio 1050

(LO 4.8) Which of the following does NOT change the allele combinations in a population?

mitosis

(LO 4.23) The temperature of the Earth is increasing because

carbon dioxide is being released from fossil fuels.

(LO 4.18) Plants contain starches and cellulose. Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides (polymers of sugars). The carbon in starches comes from

carbon dioxide.

(LO 4.20) In an ecosystem, __________ usually cycle(s) within the ecosystem, and __________ usually flow(s) through the ecosystem.

chemicals, energy

(LO 4.2) In a cell that will undergo meiosis to make sperm cells, one copy of each type of chromosome came from the mother and the other copy came from the father of the organism. During meiosis

each sperm cell usually has alleles from each parent

(LO 4.18) Which of the following is correctly matched to its main function?

flowers - reproduction

(LO 4.13) When the receptor proteins on an egg do not match the proteins on a sperm cell, that is an example of

gametic isolation, which is a prezygotic reproductive barrier

(LO 4.13) When the receptor proteins on an egg do not match the proteins on a sperm cell that is an example of

gametic isolation, which is a prezygotic reproductive barrier.

(LO 4.8) Imagine beetles living in a mostly brown environment. Some beetles have a dominant color allele that makes them green (G), and some have the recessive allele that makes them brown (g). Birds hunt the beetles visually and can see the green beetles on the background of brown dirt. In years when there are more birds you would predict that the

green (G) allele frequency would decrease.

(LO 4.13) Which of the following is an example of mechanical isolation?

insects with external genitalia do not align for fertilization

(LO 4.4) Axial flowers (A) are dominant to terminal flowers (a) and Mendelian. On average, a monohybrid cross of AA plants crossed to aa plants in the P generation would lead to a genotype ratio in the F2 generation of

1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa

(LO 4.5) Which trait below would be hard or impossible to breed by artificial selection?

a dog that responds to the command to shake hands

(LO 4.22) Carbon dioxide and water are

the products of cellular respiration and the reactants of photosynthesis.

(LO 4.26) Invasive mussels, like Zebra mussels and Quagga mussels, have

increased the amount of the benthic algae, Cladophora, in Lake Michigan.

(LO 4.25) Which of the following would increase Cladophora growth along the shores of the Great Lakes?

increasing the amount of phosphorous near the Cladophora

(LO 4.4) You perform a monohybrid cross of plants with red flowers (RR) and plants with white flowers (rr) in a species where flower color has incomplete dominance resulting in pink flowers. You continue to cross the F1 generation plants with each other to generate the F2 generation. What genotypic ratio of alleles for flower color would you predict in the F2 generation?

1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr

(LO 4.4) Plant height is Mendelian. Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t). In a monohybrid cross of a tall plant to a short plant, the F2 generation would have a genotype ratio of

1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt

(LO 4.4) Red flowers show incomplete dominance. If you cross a P generation of plants with red flowers (RR) and white flowers (rr), what phenotypic ratio of flower color would you predict in the F2generation?

1 red: 2 pink: 1 white

(LO 4.17) How could you create a transgenic plant?

Insert the gene from a different species in the vector, infect a plant cell with the new gene, and grow a plant from the cell.

(LO 4.8) You start with a population with an allele frequency of 50% G and 50% g, and the individuals breed randomly and there is no selection for or against G or g. After 100 generations, you would expect the allele frequency to be

50% G and 50% g.

(LO 4.2) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. For the A gene, what is the predicted ratio of the genotypes of gametesfor an individual that has genotype AA?

100% A, 0% a

(LO 4.2) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. For a cross of dominant green-pod plants (G) to recessive yellow-pod plants (g), the F1 generation will be

100% Gg genotype, and 100% green-pod phenotype

(LO 4.3) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. If green-pods (G) are dominant to yellow-pods (g), what are the probabilities of possible genotype(s) of the gametesof a plant with green pods that has the genotype Gg?

50% G, and 50% g

(LO 4.2) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. For a cross of dominant round-pea plants (R) to recessive wrinkled-pea plants (r), the F1 generation will be

100% Rr genotype, and 100% round-pea phenotype

(LO 4.26) Which of the following is a value, not a fact?

It is more important to be able to use phosphorous fertilizer, than to limit phosphorous entering the Great Lakes.

(LO 4.2) Assume dog coat color is Mendelian. The B allele is dominant for a brown coat. Black coats (b) are recessive. Which of the following dogs is homozygous recessive?

a dog with a black coat

(LO 4.7) Which of the following is NOT evidence for evolution

a dog with plenty of food gets fatter than a dog with scarce food

(LO 4.4) In a Mendelian monohybrid cross of a pea plant with dominant tall (T) plants with a plant with recessive short (t) plants, how many offspring of 100 plants in the F2generation would you predict will be homozygous recessive?

25

(LO 4.7) Which of the following is NOT evidence for evolution?

a dog with plenty of food gets fatter than a dog with scarce food

(LO 4.8) Assume a Mendelian character for cricket leg length for this question. There is a population of 1000 crickets. 500 of the crickets are heterozygous for leg length, and 500 are homozygous for long-legs. Long legs are recessive. What is the phenotype frequency of long legs in this population of crickets?

0% None of the crickets have long legs.

(LO 4.8) There is a population of 1000 crickets. 500 of the crickets are heterozygous for leg length, and 500 are homozygous for long-legs. Long legs are recessive. What is the phenotype frequency of long legs in this population of crickets?

0% None of the crickets have long legs.

(LO 4.8) When a random 5% of a population of salamanders floats on a log to a new island that did not have any salamanders, and starts a new population, it is an example of

a founder effect

(LO 4.4) Pod color is Mendelian. If you cross a homozygous dominant green-pod plant with a homozygous recessive yellow-pod plant in the P generation, and the offspring in the F1 generation to generate the F2 generation, which of the following results of pod color in the F2 generation is most consistent with your expectations?

257 yellow of 1000 pods

(LO 4.1) A man is heterozygous for hemoglobin, with one normal allele for sickle cell anemia and one sickle allele. What are the chances that one of his sperm cells will have the normal allele?

50%

(LO 4.4) In a Mendelian monohybrid cross of a pea plant with dominant tall (T) plants with a plant with recessive short (t) plants, how many offspring of 1000 plants in the F2generation would you predict will be homozygous dominant?

250

(LO 4.2) On average, in the F2 generation of a Mendelian monohybrid cross _____ of the plants will be true-breeding?

50%

(LO 4.3) In a Mendelian monohybrid cross of a pea plant with dominant tall (T) plants with a plant with recessive short (t) plants, how many offspring of 100 plants in the F2generation would you predict will be heterozygous?

50

(LO 4.4) If plants are Mendelian and heterozygousfor height, with tall (T) dominant to short (t), on average what ratio of gametegenotypes will they make?

50% T and 50% t

(LO 4.3) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. If yellow seed color (Y) is dominant to green seeds (y), what are the probabilities of possible genotype(s) of the gametes of a plant with yellow seeds that has the genotype Yy?

50% Y, and 50% y

(LO 4.8) Beetles are diploid. If you have a population of 1000 beetles that are all heterozygous for color, with dark dominant to light color, what is the allele frequency?

50% dark allele

(LO 4.21) For this question, a group of producers produces 50,000 kcal of biomass, and all of the biomass goes up a single food chain. The secondary consumers of this food chain would get about

500 kcal

(LO 4.4) You perform a monohybrid cross of a plant with true-breeding curly leaves to a plant with true-breeding flat leaves. You forget which phenotype is dominant and which is recessive, but you remember that leaf shape follows Mendelian inheritance. If you have 1,000 plants in the F2generation, which result would support the hypothesis that curly leaves are dominant?

7,500 curly leaf plants in the F2 generation

(LO 4.8) There is a population of 2000 crickets. 1000 of the crickets are heterozygous for leg length, and 1000 are homozygous for long legs. Long legs are recessive. What is the allele frequency of long-leg alleles in this population of crickets?

75%

(LO 4.11) Imagine pond with a community of two types of algae. One population of algae in the community, called type A algae, tolerates pH levels from 7.0 to 7.9 and dies outside of this range. Another population in the community, called type B algae, tolerates pH levels from 6.5 to 7.7 and dies outside of that range. What would you expect to happen if the pH of the pond with this community of algae drops from 7.3 to 6.7?

Due to natural selection, the allele frequency of type A alleles in the community would decrease.

(LO 4.2) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. Huntington's disease is caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene. The mutated version of the huntingtin gene (H) is dominant, and the non-mutated version (h) is recessive. Which genotypes will have Huntington's disease?

HH and Hh only

(LO 4.4) In Labrador retriever dogs, black coat (B) is dominant to a chocolate coat (b), and coat color is inherited in a Mendelian pattern. You have a black lab dog and want to know if it is heterozygous or homozygous. You breed your black lab with a chocolate lab to find out. Which result below is consistent with your black lab being heterozygous?

Half of the puppies are black.

(LO 4.2) Mendel studied inheritance before anyone knew about DNA, mitosis or meiosis. What experiments did he do?

He controlled which plants bred using monohybrid crosses and counted the traits of many offspring.

(LO 4.17) Which of the following is least likely to be an advantage of genetically modifying food?

adding vectors to plants

(LO 4.6) There is an island with plants that have many red flowers. There also are red insects that live on the flowers and birds that hunt the insects by looking for them on the island. There is a mutation in the plants so that they now have white flowers. Hummingbirds on the island preferentially pollinate the white flowers, so after a few generations most of the flowers are white. What would this most likely do to the population or red insects

It would decrease the fitness of the red insects, resulting in natural selection against them.

(LO 4.25) Which of the following is true in Lake Michigan?

Light and phosphorous are limiting factors for the growth of the benthic algae, Cladophora.

(LO 4.2) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. Purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p). The genotype of a true-breeding purple-flowered plant is ___________, and the genotype of a true-breeding white-flowered plant is ____________.

PP, pp

(LO 4.4) Red flowers show incomplete dominance. If you cross a P generation of plants with red flowers (RR) and white flowers (rr), what would you predict about the phenotype and genotype of the F2generation?

They would be the same; both would be 1:2:1.

(LO 4.8) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. You have a population of 790 beetles with green dominant to white color. 20% of the alleles are green and 80% are white. Which one of the following is true?

There will be more white beetles than green beetles.

(LO 4.2) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. Wet earwax (W) is dominant, and dry earwax (w) is recessive. Which genotypes will have wet earwax?

WW and Ww only

(LO 4.25, 4.27) Which of the following would support the hypothesis that phytoplankton block the light from getting to benthic algae?

When phytoplankton are eaten by fish there are more benthic algae in the lake.

(LO 4.8) An enormous rock falls on a population of 1000 snails and kills all but ten of them. The ten remaining snails keep breeding and start a new population. You had been studying the traits of the original population and also observe the traits of the new population. You notice that there is a difference in the traits of the new population compared to the traits of the original population. This is an example of

a bottleneck effect.

(LO 4.4) Blood type can be type A, type B, type O or type AB. Blood type is determined by the alleles i, IA and IB. This is an example of

a character that has codominance and multiple alleles.

(LO 4.8) A population of turkeys starts with 10,000 birds, and a frequency of the short-feather allele of 10%. One day a random 100 turkeys run off to another set of woods and do not breed with the original population any more. The new population that originated with the 100 turkeys that ran off has a short-feather allele frequency of 75%. This is an example of

a founder effect.

(LO 4.3) Mutations in the gene that codes for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase cause the human disease phenylketonuria. The symptoms include mental retardation, reduced hair pigmentation, reduced skin pigmentation, abnormal gait and abnormal posture. This is an example of

a pleiotropic trait.

(LO 4.16) Which type of disease would be a bad target for gene therapy?

a polygenic disease

(LO 4.20) Not including the abiotic factors in the environment, all of the individual organisms of one species that interact in a region are

a population

(LO 4.6) Natural selection is the only natural process that leads to

adaptive evolution.

(LO 4.2) Consider a Mendelian characteristic of flower color, with purple (P) and white (p) traits. If a plant is homozygous dominant for flower color, then you would expect the gametes from that plant to be

all P.

(LO 4.3) You perform a monohybrid cross of plants with a gene for plant height with Mendelian inheritance. Tall (T) is dominant to short (t). In the F1 generation you would expect

all Tt plants.

(LO 4.4) Assume Mendelian inheritance for this question. If you cross a tall plant with homozygous dominant genotype TT to a short plant with homozygous recessive genotype tt, the offspring of that cross would have the phenotype ratio of

all tall

(LO 4.2) On average, in a Mendelian monohybrid cross the F2 generation has plants that

are 75% dominant phenotype and 25% recessive phenotype.

(LO 4.5) A horse breeder selects horses with the longest legs from the herd and breeds them to each other. She does this for many generations, always picking the horses with the longest legs. This is an example of

artificial selection.

(LO 4.12) Why do we have many definitions of species?

because we have different questions and different data in various situations

(LO 4.25) Which of the following would increase Cladophoragrowth along the shores of the Great Lakes?

increasing the amount of phosphorous near the Cladophora

Light and phosphorus are both limiting for the grasses in a particular ecosystem. Which of the following would increase the biomass produced by the grasses each season the most?

increasing the light and increasing the [phosphorus]

(LO 4.3) A plant with red flowers is crossed to a plant with white flowers. The F1 generation is all pink and the F2 generation has plants with that are 1 red-flower plant : 2 pink-flower plants : 1 white-flower plant. This is an example of

incomplete dominance

(LO 4.4) A plant with red flowers is crossed to a plant with white flowers. The F1 generation is all pink and the F2 generation has plants with that are 1 red-flower plant : 2 pink-flower plants : 1 white-flower plant. This is an example of

incomplete dominance.

(LO 4.13) When two individuals live in the same general area, but not the same ecological niche, then it is an example of

habitat isolation, which is a prezygotic reproductive barrier.

(LO 4.19) Genetic engineering

has potential risks to health, like pharmaceutical treatments.

(LO 4.19) Genetic engineering

has the potential to reduce pesticide use.

(LO 4.2) Assume dog coat color is Mendelian. If a dog has a Bb genotype for coat color and a brown coat, and another dog has a bb genotype for coat color and a black coat, how would you describe the Bb genotype?

heterozygous

(LO 4.4) Assume dog coat color is Mendelian. If a dog has a Bb genotype for coat color and a brown coat, and another dog has a bb genotype for coat color and a black coat, how would you describe the Bb genotype?

heterozygous

(LO 4.26) Invasive mussels, like Zebra mussels and Quagga mussels, have

increased the amount of the benthic algae, Cladophora, in Lake Michigan

(LO 4.9) Bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics, such as methicillin. This increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is due to

natural selection in an environment that includes antibiotics.

(LO 4.19) Most fertilizers contain

nitrate, phosphate and potassium

(LO 4.12) If you claim two birds are the same species based on the similar appearance of their feather color, wing shape and foot color, you are using the _____________ definition of a species.

morphological

(LO 4.6) Which of the following is a mechanism of adaptive evolution, where the alleles of the fittest individuals will become more frequent in subsequent generations?

natural selection

You are studying the role of the phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in an aquatic ecosystem. You add either just P, just N or both. You measure the biomass of benthic algae (primary producers) over a month. You have a control with nothing added. You find an increase in the biomass produced compared to the control when just N, or N and P are added. Adding just P produces the same biomass as the control. From this surprising result you conclude that

only N is a limiting factor.

(LO 4.3) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. If T is for the dominant tall-plant trait and t is for the recessive short-plant trait, then which of the following would be the possible genotype(s) of short plants?

only tt

(LO 4.12) If you claim two plants are the same species based on the basis of them having a common ancestor, you are using the _____________ definition of a species.

phylogenetic

In the case study we worked on in class which species competed with each other for light?

phytoplankton and benthic cladophora

(LO 4.3) If many characteristics are affected by one gene, the gene is

pleiotropic

(LO 4.3) In addition to being affected by the environment, skin color is not Mendelian because it is determined by many genes. Traits that are determined by many genes are examples of

polygenic inheritance

(LO 4.23) When humans add more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, the additional carbon dioxide changes the climate by

trapping heat on the Earth longer.

(LO 4.2) Mendel used monohybrid crosses of pea plants and studied seven characters to understand the properties of inheritance. A monohybrid cross of two plants is when

the parental generation is two plants that are true-breeding for all seven characters, the same trait for six of them and different for one of them.

(LO 4.3) Not all phenotypes are inherited in a Mendelian fashion. For example, many genes affect human skin color. The fact that human skin color is determined by many genes is an example of

polygenic inheritance.

(LO 4.4) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. Purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p). The genotype of a true-breeding white-flowered plant is ___________, and the genotype of a true-breeding purple-flowered plant is ____________.

pp, PP

(LO 4.21) In an ecosystem, photosynthesis occurs in the

primary producers.

(LO 4.22) The __________ photosynthesis are the _____________ of cellular respiration.

products of, reactants

(LO 4.26) Invasive mussels, like Zebra mussels and Quagga mussels, have

redistributed phosphorous in Lake Michigan

(LO 4.16) Which of the following is NOT a potential advantage of genetically modifying our food supply?

reduction in biodiversity due to one very successful type of crop

(LO 4.21 and 4.22) Consider the carbon cycle and the role of primary producers, primary and secondary consumers and decomposers. Which of these organisms cycle fixed carbon back into carbon dioxide?

the producers, consumers and decomposers

(LO 4.12) Using the phylogenetic species concept, a species is a group of organisms that

share a recent common ancestor

(LO 4.7) Which of the following is NOT evidence for evolution?

some dogs follow instructions to sit and others do not

(LO 4.20) Which of the following best describes the flow of energy through an ecosystem?

sunlight energy enters, is converted to chemical energy and is released as heat

(LO 4.10) Which of the following is NOT a way that new alleles or new combinations of alleles occur in a population?

the bottleneck effect

(LO 4.25, 4.27) You want to know if an invasive species, Asian Carp, will increase the amount of light that gets to the benthic algae. The best measurement to make to test this hypothesis would be to measure

the depth of a Secchi disk reading above the algae

(LO 4.2) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. Yellow seed color (Y) is dominant to green seeds (y). If a YY plant is crossed to a yy plant in the parental generation, the F1 plants will have a ____________ phenotype, and a ______ genotype.

yellow seed, Yy

(LO 4.6) Assume Mendelian traits are being considered in this question. Small size is a trait that allows insects to hide from predators, and large size makes it hard for them to hide. If a large population of these insects lives without predators for many generations, then predators move into the area, it is most likely that when predators move into the community

the small-size allele frequency and small-size phenotype frequency will increase.

(LO 4.8) Assume Mendelian traits are being considered in this question. Assume small size is a trait that allows mice to hide from owls that hunt them visually, and large size makes it hard for mice to hide. If a large population of these mice lives without owls for many generations, then owls move into the area, it is most likely that when owls move into the community

the small-size allele frequency and small-size phenotype frequency will increase.

(LO 4.8) Assume Mendelian traits are being considered in this question. Small size is a trait that allows insects to hide from predators, and large size makes it hard for them to hide. If a large population of these insects lives without predators for many generations, then predators move into the area, it is most likely that when predators move into the community

the small-size allele frequency and small-size phenotype frequency will increase.

(LO 4.2) (Pick the answer that is always true.) In a Mendelian monohybrid cross of two pea plants,

the two plants of the parental generation (P) are both true-breeding for all seven characteristics.

(LO 4.5) For this question assume that there is one gene that determines leg length in the beetles being studied. Which of the following would be the best strategy if you wanted to generate a population of beetles with extremely long legs from a population that had a wide variety of leg lengths?

use artificial selection by breeding the beetles with the longest legs generation after generation

(LO 4.5) For this question assume that there is one gene that determines fin width in fish. Which of the following would be the best strategy if you wanted to generate a population of fish with extremely wide fins from a population that had a wide variety of fin widths?

use artificial selection by breeding the fish with the widest fins generation after generation

(LO 4.2) Assume Mendelian genetics for this question. A dominant allele

will determine the phenotype if there is at least one copy in the genotype.