Exam #4 - Dr. Klein - The University of North Alabama

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

analogies

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language. relational

hierarchical

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8?

Analytical

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?

Dynamic

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

Means-end analysis

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem.

Russian marriage

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?

Semantics

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment?

Similarity

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain?

Temporal lobe

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

The frontal and temporal lobes

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?

Theory of mind

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E?

Tonic

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

divergent thinking

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem.

source

The concept of language can best be thought of as a _______.

system

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem