Exam 4 Intro to Psychology

________ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership. a. Social identity b. Ethnocentrism c. Crowdsourcing d. Groupthink

a. Social identity

________ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative idea about his or her group. a. Stereotype threat b. Self-serving bias c. False uniqueness effect d. Stereotype consensus effect

a. Stereotype threat

The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone is known as the a. bystander effect. b. Flynn effect. c. representativeness heuristic. d. availability heuristic.

a. bystander effect.

Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on a. illogical thoughts. b. resistance. c. positive reinforcement. d. the relationship between therapist and client.

a. illogical thoughts.

In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, the ________ describes psychological disorders as diseases with a biological origin. a. medical model b. psychological approach c. sociocultural approach d. psychosocial model

a. medical model

Which of the following refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly? a. overt aggression b. relational aggression c. the weapons effect d. the Flynn effect

a. overt aggression

Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) a. positive illusion. b. hallucination. c. reactive illusion. d. ideal self.

a. positive illusion.

Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder? a. An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder experiences persistent anxiety for a maximum of one month. b. An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder is nervous most of the time. c. Generalized anxiety disorder does not have any impact on the physical health of an individual. d. Generalized anxiety disorder is often caused due to an elevation in the levels of the neurotransmitter GABA.

b. An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder is nervous most of the time.

Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo? a. Good people can never act evil. b. Good people are likely to be evil when the situation supports evil deeds. c. Bad people will act evil regardless of the situation. d. Authority forces people to act evil.

b. Good people are likely to be evil when the situation supports evil deeds.

The therapeutic environment of client-centered therapy is likely to be characterized by a. arousal and challenge. b. structure and desensitization. c. warmth and support. d. analysis and reinforcement.

c. warmth and support.

In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model? a. According to the biopsychosocial model, biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors are independent of one another and operate distinctly in producing abnormal behavior. b. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior. c. According to the biopsychosocial perspective, a specific gene or a particular experience will inevitably lead to the development of a psychological disorder. d. The biopsychosocial model gives more importance to biological factors over psychological and sociocultural factors in producing normal and abnormal behavior.

b. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

According to Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman, which of the following behavior patterns is exhibited by people with a cluster of behavioral characteristics, such as being relaxed and easygoing, that is related to a low incidence of heart disease? a. Type A behavior pattern b. Type B behavior pattern c. Type H behavior pattern d. Type D behavior pattern

b. Type B behavior pattern

A person who regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is likely to suffer from a. mood disorder. b. anxiety disorder. c. personality disorder. d. dissociative disorder.

b. anxiety disorder.

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called a. social identity. b. ethnocentrism. c. deindividuation. d. groupthink.

b. ethnocentrism.

In the context of sociocultural factors predicting prosocial behavior, Eagly and Crowley (1986) noted that men are more likely than women to a. experience an immediate impulse to behave prosocially toward a person in need. b. help in situations in which a perceived danger is present. c. avoid helping in situations in which competence plays a major role. d. help in situations that involve existing interpersonal relationships.

b. help in situations in which a perceived danger is present.

Simone gets a new job and relocates to the country of Bodonia. She realizes that almost all her colleagues belong to Bodonia and have been working in the company for years. At her workplace, she experiences an unjustified negative attitude toward herself. In this scenario, the attitude of Simone's colleagues best illustrates a. altruism. b. prejudice. c. reciprocity. d. egoism.

b. prejudice.

Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when each student did an individual project. This difference is best explained by the phenomenon of a. cognitive dissonance. b. social loafing. c. the sleeper effect. d. polarization.

b. social loafing.

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is a. estrogen. b. testosterone. c. epinephrine. d. norepinephrine.

b. testosterone.

An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience a. episodes of unrealistic excitement and euphoria. b. hallucinations—that is, seeing or hearing things that are not there. c. motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts. d. recurrent thoughts of death and suicide.

c. motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts.

The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of ________, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. a. egoism b. altruism c. social contagion d. social loafing

c. social contagion

Which of the following is an example of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)? a. erysipelas b. impetigo c. syphilis d. cellulitis

c. syphilis

Susan drives by an unusually colorful apartment building each day on her way to work. Initially, she does not think highly of the structure and has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and even considers renting an apartment there. This change in Susan's feelings about the building best demonstrates a. the comparison effect. b. normative social influence. c. the mere exposure effect. d. informational social influence.

c. the mere exposure effect.

A key hormone shared by the central nervous system and the immune system is ________, which is produced in the hypothalamus and unites the stress and immune responses. a. oxytocin b. testosterone c. estrogen d. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

d. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

The elaboration likelihood model a. views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of the behavior. b. explains the effects of deindividuation. c. refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others. d. identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.

d. identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) a. does not seem to have a genetic component because it does not run in families. b. is found in people with high levels of serotonin in their brain pathways. c. is characterized by a nonfunctioning limbic system. d. sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

d. sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.