Exam 4 Natural Hazards

Tsunamis CANNOT be triggered by A) tides B) landslides C) an asteroid impact D) volcano flank collapses E) offshore earthquakes

A

WHY DOES EARTH HAVE SEASONS? A) earth is closer to the sun during summer B) earth's tilt causes more energy from the sun to hit different areas of the surface C) the sun's energy output changes on an annual cycle D) the ozone hole shrinks and swells

B

True or False: Wegener used plate tectonics to explain continental drift

False

True or false: Hawaiian volcanoes are usually more violent than the ones in the Pacific Northwest

False

True or false: Hurricane damage solely depends on the Saffir-Simpson category (1-5) and not other factors

False

True or false: There has not been and will not be any large earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest (Cascadia)

False

True or false: earthquakes always occur at plate boundaries

False

True or false: the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami only hit one country=Indonesia

False

True or false; volcanoes in subduction zones are created by excess heat

False

True or False: Volcanic ash can clog jet engines.

True

True or false: Basaltic magma generally produces non-explosive eruptions

True

A tsunami in Japan would affect ______.

all coastal areas of the Pacific

weather

conditions [temperature, humidity, rainfall, ect.] at a specific place and time - SHORT TERM

This type of fault does NOT typically cause tsunami waves...

strike-slip

______ faults do NOT typically cause tsunami waves.

strike-slip

When it is difficult to obtain moment magnitude, ______ magnitude is the best way to measure large earthquakes because this type of magnitude saturates at M>7.5

surface-wave

A tectonic plate consists of...

the lithosphere

A 4.0 magnitude earthquake releases about ______ times the energy as a 3.0 magnitude earthquake.

32

Compared to a continental plate, an oceanic plate A) can sink into the deeper earth B) has a thicker crust C) has less magnesium D) is older E) has no earthquake

A

GREENHOUSE GASES INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT ______. A) argon B) methane C) nitrogen oxides D) carbon dioxide E) hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)

A

IN A COLD FRONT, ______. A) a more rapidly moving cold air mass collides with warm air, lifting it B) a more rapidly moving cold air mass collides with warm air, directing wind to either side C)

A

The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale (Category 1-5) is based on ______. A) average wind speed B) the physical dimensions of the storm C) the strength of the storm surge D) the total kinetic energy in the storm E) the rainfall

A

The magma that erupts from the divergent boundary of the Mid-Atlantic ridge produces ______. A) thin basalt lava flows similar to that at the mid-ocean ridge in the Pacific Ocean B) a mix of basalt and rhyolite lava flows like in the Yellowstone C) andesite volcanoes like Kilauea in Hawaii E) explosive submarine volcanoes like the 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption

A

The magma that erupts from the divergent boundary of the Mid-Atlantic ridge produces ________. A) thin basalt lava flows similar to that at the mid-ocean ridge in the pacific ocean B) a mix of basalt and rhyolite lava flows like in Yellowstone C) andesite volcanoes like Mt Rainier D) basalt shield volcanoes like Kilauea in Hawaii E) explosive submarine volcanoes like the 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption

A

Volcanic eruptions are likely to be more explosive for magmas that have ______ A) high viscosity and a high amount of gas B) high viscosity and a low amount of gas C) low viscosity and a high amount of gas D) low viscosity and a low amount of gas E) any viscosity with a high amount of gas

A

CERTAIN GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE, ARE CALLED GREENHOUSE GASES BECAUSE ________. A) they are commonly found inside people's greenhouse's B) they reduce the amount of long-wave energy (heat) escaping from earth, thus insulating the planet and making it warmer C) they cause incoming solar radiation to be reflected away D) they cause incoming solar radiation to be absorbed

B

During floods, the water surface rises higher, but what happens within the stream channel? A) the stream channel is unaffected B) the channel erodes more deeply C) stream discharge decreases within the channel

B

HOW DO THUNDERSTORMS COMMONLY FORM? A) at a warm front when unstable cold, dry air rises rapidly B) at a cold front when unstable warm, moist air rises rapidly C) wherever negative and positive charges separate D) around the edges of Valhalla

B

Which of these statements about the '100 year floodplain' is true? A) It is the area flooded exactly 100 years ago B) it is the area flooded by the largest flood in 100 years an average C) large floods happen exactly 100 years apart D) it is the largest area ever flooded

B

Why does a stream bottom erode more deeply when its water level rises in a flood? A) since its water velocity remains the same, the increased volume of water can carry more sediment B) its water level rises, so water velocity increases and it can carry more sediment C) it does not-its stream bottom builds up to match the rise in water level D) its gradient becomes steeper, so it can erode deeper E) to accommodate the additional water, its velocity slows, and it digs in deeper

B

A tsunami in Japan would affect ______ A) areas within 1000km of the epicenter B) areas in Asia only C) all costal areas of the Pacific D) areas in Asia and the Pacific islands only E) areas in the northern hemisphere only

C

The cost of natural disasters is _________ A) increasing steadily each year due to population growth B) increasing steadily each year due to economic growth C) variable from year to year due to the unpredictability of natural disasters and their effects D) increasing steadily each year due to population and economic growth E) decreasing steadily each year due to improved forecasting and public awareness

C

Which are unintended consequences of building an artificial levee? A) it causes the stream to flow faster B) it raises the water level during flooding C) it causes more upstream flooding D) it causes more downstream flooding E) it protects towns from flooding for a time

C

Which of the following about Cali is NOT correct? A) the major fault in Cali is the San Andreas fault B) Cali hosts many earthquakes C) these earthquakes are likely to trigger tsunamis D) there are small volcanoes in Cali E) Los Angeles is moving towards San Francisco because of plate tectonics

C

Which of the following about California is NOT correct? A) the major fault in Cali is the San Andreas fault B) Cali hosts many earthquakes C) these earthquakes are likely to trigger tsunamis D) there are small volcanoes in Cali E) Los Angeles is moving towards San Francisco because of plate tectonics

C

Which of these areas in the eastern US have much higher seismic hazards than average, due to intraplate earthquakes? A) San Francisco, CA B) Detroit, MI C) New Madrid, MO D) Raleigh, NC E) Montgomery, AL

C

In comparison to developing countries, catastrophic natural disasters in developed countries are more likely to cause ______ A) very little economic damage or loss of life B) less economic damage, but more loss of life C) equal amounts of economic damage and loss of life D) more economic damage, but less loss of life E) an unpredictable mix of economic damage and loss of life

D

In what month does hurricane frequency peak in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico? A) June B) July C) August D) September E) October

D

WHAT EFFECTS DO CLOUDS HAVE ON TEMPERATURE? A) clouds reflect away some solar energy during the day B) clouds absorb incoming solar energy C) clouds prevent some heat loss at night D) both A and C

D

Which of the following about the Pacific Northwest (Cascadia) is NOT correct? A) the Pacific Northwest is a convergent plate boundary B) there are major volcanoes in this area C) the seismic activity in Cascadia is much lower than in other subduction zones D) there has not been and will not be any large earthquakes E) volcanoes in Cascadia are usually more explosive than in Hawaii

D

______ is a mineral

Diamond

Compared to the lithosphere, the asthenosphere is A) cooler and more rigid B) cooler and more plastic C) hotter and more rigid D) the same temperature and rigidity E) hotter and more plastic

E

What is NOT a way in which development affects floods? A) pavement and rooftops increase runoff B) excavation of sand and gravel changes river sediment loads C) artificial concrete channels minimize floods D) logging increases runoff E) logging decreases sediment loading

E

What is the reliable earthquake precursor that can be used to ACCURATELY and CONCLUSIVELY predict earthquakes? A) groundwater level B) radon level C) foreshocks D) animal behavior E) none of the above

E

Which of the following info is NOT used for monitoring a volcanoes activity? A) volcanic earthquakes B) ground movement and deformation C) volcanic gas D) groundwater E) animal behavior

E

Which type of event is a source of tsunami danger for the East Coast of the United States? A) a subduction-zone earthquake along the coast of Africa B) a subduction-zone earthquake off the coast of the northeastern U.S. C) a strike-slip fault earthquake on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge D) flank collapse of a volcano in the Mediterranean Sea E) flank collapse of a volcano in the Atlantic Ocean

E

Which type of event is a source of tsunami danger for the northeastern U.S? A) a subduction-zone earthquake along the coast of Africa B) a subduction-zone earthquake off the coast of the northeastern U.S. C) a strike-slip fault earthquake on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge D) flank collapse of a volcano in Sandinia in the Mediterranean Sea E) flank collapse of a volcano in the Canary Islands in the Atlantic ocean

E

Which type of rock is formed under the highest temperature and pressure? A) diamond B) concrete C) sedimentary rock (e.g. shale) D) metamorphic rock (e.g. marble) E) igneous rock (e.g. basalt)

E

________ faults do NOT typically cause tsunami waves. A) normal B) reverse C) blind D) thrust E) strike-slip

E

True or False: volcanoes in a subduction zones are created by excess heat

FALSE

The Hawaiian Islands appear to have been formed by...

Hotspot volcanism

______ waves have the largest amplitude of ground motion.

Surface

True or False: a gaining stream is more likely to be found in a wet climate

TRUE

Why is it dangerous to drive in a shallow flooded area?

lateral and buoyancy force

The San Andreas Fault marks a...

transform boundary

The cost of natural disasters is ______

variable due to unpredictability

climate

weather conditions for a region averaged over a long enough period of time to see the overall LONG TERM PATTERN