EXAM 5

What percent is the reason for infertility because of problem's with the man's reproductive tract?

35-40%

Biological Factors for Men decline markedly after what age

40

Biological Factors for Women directly drop after what age

40

What is the exact cause of eating disorders?

Unknown

Cause in female pattern hair loss is believed to be caused by what?

Unknown or PCOS

Infertility Treatments: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

Used when female reproductive function is impaired

Decline in Fertility and the Cessation of Menstruation

Usually a gradual process, menstrual irregularity makes it difficult to tell precisely when ovulation and menstruation have stopped

When does vaginal dryness and changes in vaginal tone occur?

Usually occurs 10 to 20 years after menopause

Increase risk of eating disorders: Stress

Whether it's heading off to college, moving, landing a new job, or a family or relationship issue, change can bring stress, which may increase your risk of an eating disorder.

Who is more vulnerable men or women? Why?

Women more vulnerable due to decline in estrogen and progesterone levels

Can transfer or multiple embryos during IVF and ZIFT procedures result in a multiple pregnancy?

Yes

Do humans regularly outlive their reproductive capacities?

Yes

Does osteoporosis affect both sexes?

Yes

Is the number of melanocytes the same in everyone?

Yes

What does the dermis orginate?

hair follices, tiny muscles, sweat and oil glands, and nerves

What percent is the reason for infertility because of problem's with the women's reproductive tract?

30%

Risks of infertility treatments

-long term risk for cancer -birth defects -pregnancy complications -high-order multiple pregnancies

Average of semen volume

3.5 but can vary from 2-10 ml

NEGATIVE MALE FACTORS: Smoking

-by mom during pregnancy affects her son's sperm counts and testicular volume -by man decreases sperm concentration (by up to 49%) and levels of FSH

What is Perimenopause?

-- is believed to be influenced by race, heredity, climate, nutrition, general health, and socioeconomic status -----Reproductive hormone levels begin to fluctuate ----Women may notice irregularities in their menstrual cycles

What is selective reduction?

-----removal of one or more fetuses in the uterus, leaving others to develop normally -Can imperil the entire pregnancy, generally viewed as a last resort

Some disease risk increase after menopause

---Increase in part because of the changes in hormone concentrations but also due to the cumulative effects of aging ----As the protective effects of estrogen and progesterone decline, the importance of healthy lifestyle choices increases (reduce the risk of serious diseases) = healthy diet, smoking cessation, adequate exercise

When is Artificial Insemination used?

---when the source of infertility is poor semen quality ------Can use either concentrated sperm from a male partner' s semen or donor semen

Sebaceous (oil) glands

--Associated with hair follicles --Sebum lubricates skin = helps prevent dehydration and cracking -------Also antibacterial

What are treatments for rosacea?

--Benzoyl peroxide --Antimicrobials = e.g., clindamycin --Compounds to sooth

Post-Mastectonmy and breast reconstruction

--Can use saline and silicone gel implants --Nipple and areola may be rebuilt

Physical risks of implants

--Capsular contracture = scar tissue forms, contracts, and hardens --Rippling = wrinkle formation in shell --Implant rupture --Infection --Hematoma

Symptoms of Rosacea?

--Eye irritations - A chalazion is a benign, painless bump or nodule inside the upper or lower eyelid --Bumps ---Visible blood vessels

Current methods of breast implants

--Flexible shell prefilled with silicone gel --Inflatable pouch filled with saline

What factors determine a woman's long-term fertility?

--Genetics --Environmental influences she has been exposed to over her lifetime

Preserving Fertility with Cancer

--Harvesting and freezing eggs before radiation or chemotherapy to treat cancer --Removal and cryopreservation of an entire ovary and then replacing it after treatment has ended

What are factors of wrinkles?

--Heredity to a great extent --Ultraviolet (UV) exposure --Smoking - capillary constriction

Who does acne affect?

--Majority occurs during adolescence --Also premenstrual or perimenopausal individuals

What is treatment for acne?

--Mild scrubs and plant acids --Oral antibiotics, topical antibiotics, zinc compounds, and retinoids

Medications for osteoporosis: Biphosphonates

--Most common --Inhibit osteoclast activity = Increase bone mineral density --Reduce fractures --May over-mineralize bones --May result in cramps and heartburn

What are treatment options for wrinkles?

--No complete prevention --Facial exercises can tone --Changes in nutrition can slow process --Some cosmetics -------Forms film and appears smoother

Disease Risks Increase after Menopause : Osteopenia

--Not a disease but a Classification of bone mineral density (BMD) that is less than average --Not indicative of osteoporosis --Modify lifestyle habits vs. use of bisphosphonates

Skin Cancer: Squamous Cell cancer

--Occurs less frequently than basal cell cancer --More likely to spread --Linked to sun exposure

Risks with acne treatment?

--Oral antibiotics can disrupt flora --Retinoids can be teratogenic --Can cause toxic effects in liver

Hormone Treatment for Osteoporosis: Calcitonin?

--Produced by thyroid --Encourages osteoblast activity --Discourages osteoclast activity --Reduces bone loss --May increase bone production

Surgeries that Alter Appearances: Reconstructive

--Restore parts destroyed or injured by birth defect, accident, or disease --Correct deformities e.g., hands, cleft-lip, cleft palate --Remove birthmarks

Post op complications of macromastia

--Scarring --Infection --Inflammation

What is the origin of acne?

--Sebum production too rapid to clear from glands --Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus bacteria invade glands, become trapped, and feed on oils -----Produce irritation, pus, and inflammation

Changes in libido with menopause?

--Some women are more interested in sex when pregnancy is no longer a possibility while others experience a loss of libido --The loss is more likely due to a decrease in testosterone rather than estrogen

Hormone Treatment for Osteoporosis: Parathroid hormone

--Stimulates new bone tissue --Prolonged high doses can have opposite effect --Long-term use may cause brain tumors

What is melanin?

--Synthesized as yellow, brown, or black pigment --Protects skin from ultraviolet rays

Eating Disorder: Anorexia nervosa ( Anorexia)

--an abnormally low body weight, --intense fear of gaining weight, and --a distorted perception of weight or shape

BMI is not always accurate why?

--can't distinguish between fat and muscle, which tends to be heavier and can tip more toned individuals into overweight status, even if their fat levels are low --does not take into account muscle mass, bone density, overall body composition, and racial and sex differences or age (not very accurate for children or elderly) --exaggerates thinness in short people and fatness in tall people --Does not take into account factors such as smoking and illness, which can leave people thinner but not healthy

Skin Cancer: Basal Cell Cancer

--most common --Rarely metastasizes --Linked to sun exposure

Diagnosing Female infertility: Tubal factors

-fallopian tubes partially blocked, sperm cant get in -IUD damage

Diagnosing Female Infertility: Immune System complications

--sperm-destroying antibodies have been demonstrated in the blood plasma of infertile men as well as in vasectomized men --Women can develop antibodies to their own ova = bind to protective layer around the ova and make it impossible for sperm to penetrate and fertilize --Some women are allergic to semen = have allergic reactions like hives, hay fever symptoms, swelling, and even anaphylactic shock - can also be sperm immobilizing antibodies

What would a team for treatment include:

-A mental health professional -a registered dietitian -medical or dental specialist -your partner, parents, or other family members

WHat is the Hypodermis? (superficial fascia)

-Anchors skin to muscle -Women store half of fat in hypodermis (subcutaneous fat) -Fat cells ----Reserve energy supply ----Insulate body ----Cushion from injury

Society and behavior play a role in the declining birthrate

-Availability of contraceptives -Decisions to limit family size -Spacing of children

Prevention of Eating disorders:

-Avoid dietinga round your child -talk to your child -cultivate and reinforce a healthy body image -enlist the help of your child's doctor to indicate early signs

Preventing bone loss?

-Combination of strength training and weight-bearing exercise -Diet in calcium-rich foods -Avoidance of excess consumption of carbonated drinks

Diagnosing female infertility: Uterine Factors

-Endometriosis -Uterine fibroids -----Submucosal = most deleterious -----Intramural affect fertility but to a lesser degree than submucosal ------Subserosal have no effect -------------Removing submucosal fibroids increases the odds of becoming pregnant and carrying a baby to term --------------The benefits of removing intramural fibroids is less clear

What are the two layers of skin?

-Epidermis -Dermis

Treatment for vaginal dryness and changes in vaginal tone

-Estrogen-containing suppositories or creams -Regular sexual activity = use it or lose it -Phytochemical-rich diet -Water-based lubricating gels

ART: Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

-Fertilization takes place in vitro -Obtains direct evidence of fertilizing capacity

Hormone Changes with menopause

-Follicles lost by ovulation and atresia through childhood, adolescence, and maturity -As the number of follicles decline, the ovaries produced less estrogen -Eventually, there is not enough estrogen to inhibit the pituitary gonadotropins = FSH and LH -When the level of estrogen falls below a critical level, the hormonal feedback system that facilitates menstruation is altered - eventually the reduced level of estrogen is not enough to cause cells of the endometrium to proliferate and the menstrual cycle stops

Contributing factors of osteoporosis?

-Genetics -Medications -----Corticosteroids, thyroid hormone, or anticonvulsants -Periods of immobilization -General lack of exercise

Factors of obesity?

-Genetics: the amount of fat you store and where -Family Lifestyle: shares similar eating habits and activity habits -Inactivity: not active -unhealthy diet: fruits vs fast food

NEGATIVE MALE FACTORS: Frequency of ejac/sex

-If more than 4X a week, may lower sperm count to where pregnancy is unlikely to occur -Very fertile male = 12 - 24 hours should elapse between ejaculations for the sperm quality to have good fertilizing capacity -Less than optimally fertile = at least 48 hours

NEGATIVE MALE FACTORS: Temporary Affects

-Infections like mononucleosis and hepatitis -Tranquilizers and mood-elevating drugs (may also produce impotence) -Heavy marijuana smoking -Exposure to chemicals and endocrine disruptors

Preserving Fertility: Lifestyle

-Maintaining a healthy weight with adequate nutrition -Activity level ------Sedentary lifestyle has negative impact -------Too much exercise can interfere with ovulation

DIAGNOSING MALE INFERTILITY: Examination

-Medical history, illnesses, and -disabilities -Medications used -Sexual habits

Physical discomfort of macromastia

-Neck and back pain -Deep grooves from bra straps -Chafing -Difficulty with ordinary activities

DIANOSING MALE INFERTILITY: causes

-Nutritional -Endocrinological -Developmental -Pharmacological -Occupational -Immunological -Anatomical

Diagnosing female infertility: Most common causes

-Ovulation and hormone secretion problems -Blockages in fallopian tubes

Complications of Breast reconstruction

-Rupture, capsular contracture, hematoma, or infection -Treatment regimes may impact patient satisfaction ------radiation therapy given after reconstruction surgery can increase the risk of a scar tissue capsule forming around an implant, called capsular contraction.

The more severe or long lasting the eating disorder, the more likely you are to experience serious complications, such as:

-Serious health problems -Depression and anxiety -Suicidal thoughts or behavior -Problems with growth and development -Social and relationship problems -Substance use disorders -Work and school issues -Death

Diagnosing female infertility: Tests

-Specific to the organs -Pelvic Ultrasound & Laparoscopy can be used to look for problems with the uterus, fallopian tubes, & ovaries

Causes of most infertility?

-Sperm abnormalities -Problems with ovulation -Obstruction of fallopian tubes -Sometimes it is the result of both male and female subfertility OR its cause cannot be explained

ART: Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

-Superovulation induction -Aspiration of oocytes -Fertilization takes place in fallopian tube = does not take place in vitro

What if problems are found within the male to be the reason of infertility? What do they do?

-Thyroid and testosterone hormone levels are evaluated to make sure they are adequate to support healthy sperm production -Transrectal or scrotal ultrasound can check for obstruction of ejaculatory duct or for retrograde ejaculation (semen is ejaculated into the bladder rather than out through the penis) -Genetic evaluation may also be required

What are the two main causes of menopause?

-naturally as a woman ages -result of a medical procedure that occurs at any age after puberty like removal of the ovaries or cancer treatment

Risks with ART: Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS):

-over stimulation of the ovaries -Results in enlarged and painful ovaries, and often, the formation of ovarian cysts

Increase risk to these diseases with ART?

-placenta previa, -placental abruption, -gestational hypertension, -preterm delivery, -low birth weight, -an unusually high rate of emergency cesarian sections

Why would infertility not be able to be understood?

-waiting to have kids later in life -increase in obesity rate=harder to become pregnant -increase in STI -man made products that mimic sex hormones that affect the body and development and reproduction system

Procedure of IVF-First Step

. Ovaries stimulated to induce multiple follicle formation

Increase risk of eating disorders: other mental health disorders

. People with an eating disorder often have a history of an anxiety disorder, depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Risk factors for obesity: social and economic issues

. Research has linked social and economic factors to obesity. Avoiding obesity is difficult if you don't have safe areas to exercise. Similarly, you may not have been taught healthy ways of cooking, or you may not have money to buy healthier foods. In addition, the people you spend time with may influence your weight — you're more likely to become obese if you have obese friends or relatives.

On avergae, how much does the nail grow?

.55mm per week

One in how many coups are infertile in the United States?

1 in 8 couples 1 in 6 in the U.K.

Worldwide how many couples are infertile:

10-15%

What percent of women suffer from physical complaints and psychological disturbances that can seriously disrupt their lives

15-20

According to the USDA a healthy BMI is what?

19 -25

Heart disease is the #? killer of women ages

1; 50-75 (5x more deaths than breast cancer)

With medical assistance, what fraction of infertile couples are able to conceive and produce a baby

2/3

Biological Factors for Women: PEAK

20-25

On average, what percent of heterosexual couples having regular sexual intercourse without birth control will conceive within one month?

20-25%

Obese BMI to USDA

30 or greater

After a year of artificial inseminations, the reported national success rate averages ????, with the majority of pregnancies occurring in less than #? months

50-70% 6

Average onset age of menopause in the U.S.?

51

Menopause is delayed when it occurs after what age?

55

How long is iVF incubated?

6-24 hours depending on maturity

On average, what percent of heterosexual couples having regular sexual intercourse without birth control will conceive within six months?

60%

What percent of clomiphene usesr pregnancies are multiple

7-10% usually twins but can be triplets and quadruplets

What percent of women have hot flashes?

75

What percent of Clomiphene Citrate causes women to ovulate?

80-90% and half will get pregnant

NEGATIVE MALE FACTORS: Varicocele Definition

: Bundle of varicose veins around one or both testicles = raises average temperature around testicle; adversely affects sperm structure, motility, & production; Affects 25 percent of infertile males; Can be repaired with outpatient surgery

Common Weight Loss Surgeries: Gastric Bypass surgery

: the surgeon creates a small pouch at the top of your stomach. The small intestine is then cut a short distance below the main stomach and connected to the new pouch. Food and liquid flow directly from the pouch into this part of the intestine, bypassing most of your stomach.

Viability of sperm to be considered fertile

= 50 - 70% are alive

Treatment for Obesity: Exercise and activit

= increased physical activity or exercise

Health problems with obesity: Thrombophlebitis

= inflammatory process that causes a blood clot to form & block one or more veins, usually in your legs

How often does binging happen?

A new round of bingeing usually occurs at least once a week. You may be normal weight, overweight or obese

Diagnosing Female Infertility: Corpus Luteum working correctly?

A woman may ovulate but the resulting corpus luteum does not secrete enough progesterone to sufficiently prepare the endometrium for implantation blood tests can measure progesterone levels during the luteal phase = Luteal phase defect

What race has a higher chance of dying from a heart attack after menopause?

African American and Hispanic women

Pheromones is equal to what?

Apocrine

Can you breast feed with breast implants?

As long as you had functioning breast tissue before the surgery

Biological Factors for Women: What decreases the chance of conception

Atresia of eggs and changes in the reproductive system

Diagnosing Female Infertility: How to determine ovulation

BBT

What skin cancer is linked to two oncogenes?

BRAF and NRSA

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

Basal Cell Cancer

Why does a person feel bulimia is okay?

Because of guilt, shame and an intense fear of weight gain from overeating, you may force vomiting or you may exercise too much or use other methods, such as laxatives, to get rid of the calories

What does Clomiphene Citrate do?

Blocks negative feedback effect of estrogen on hypothalamus = hypothalamus thinks the body's circulating estrogen levels are low and produces more GnRH to signal the pituitary to produce FSH and LH to increase more follicles to mature and produce estrogen ---and triggers ovulation

Diagnosing Female INfertility: Ovulation?

Blood tests can be performed to determine if ovulation is occurring

What does the dermis contain?

Blood vessels to nourish epidermis

What is BMI

Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women

What is the most common cosmetic surgery?

Breast Augmentation

Infertility treatments: Medications that increase ovulation

Can be used alone to treat infertility or in conjunction with artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization

How does the cells behave on the epidermis?

Cells reproduce quickly here with the new cells pushing toward the skin surface

Factors of Eating disorders: Genetics/Biology

Certain people may have genes that increase their risk of developing eating disorders. Biological factors, such as changes in brain chemicals, may play a role in eating disorders

What is the most common, safest and least expensive method of fertility medication?

Clomiphene Citrate

Surgeries that Alter Appearances: Plastic Surgery

Cosmetic -Breast augmentation -Eyelid lifts -Liposuction -Tummy tucks -Nose reshaping

What happens with vaginal dryness and changes in vaginal tone?

Decrease in thickness of skin layers lining vagina and an accompanying decrease in vaginal secretions

What happens to the chances of becoming pregnant, if conception has not occured by the end of one year?

Decreases

Which is thicker the epidermis or dermis?

Dermis

What can breast augmentation interfere with?

Detection of breast cancer

Increase risk of eating disorders: Dieting and Starvation

Dieting is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. Starvation affects the brain and influences mood changes, rigidity in thinking, anxiety and reduction in appetite. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of an eating disorder are actually symptoms of starvation. Starvation and weight loss may change the way the brain works in vulnerable individuals, which may perpetuate restrictive eating behaviors and make it difficult to return to normal eating habits.

Other factors for color: What causes skin to blush?

Dilation of vessels

Does the ASRM and ACOG recognize infertility as a disease or an infection?

Disease

What is a hot flash or how does it work?

Disturbances in vasomotor center (the temperature-regulating center of the brain) cause an abrupt change in body temperature

Biological Factors for Men does it terminate completely?

Does not terminate completely but can decline to levels that make reproduction unlikely

Risk factors for obesity Pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman's weight necessarily increases. Some women find this weight difficult to lose after the baby is born. This weight gain may contribute to the development of obesity in women

How does a bulimia episode work?

During these episodes, you typically eat a large amount of food in a short time, and then try to rid yourself of the extra calories in an unhealthy way.

What can aginal dryness and changes in vaginal tone lead to?

Dyspareunia = pain during intercourse and increased risk of uterine prolapse

In mid-1970s, more than half of menopausal women in urban areas were receiving

ERT

Increase risk of eating disorders: family history

Eating disorders are significantly more likely to occur in people who have parents or siblings who've had an eating disorder

What are the two types of Sudoriferous (sweat) glands?

Eccrine Apocrine

Main efforts with someone with anorexia?

Efforts to reduce your weight, even when underweight, can cause severe health problems, sometimes to the point of deadly self-starvation

What does IVF do?

Egg and sperm collected and transported into female reproductive tract

What does eccrine help do?

Eliminate waste

How does vaginal dryness and changes in vaginal tone work?

Epithelial cells decrease secretion glycogen so the beneficial bacteria population declines = pH is not as acidic which leaves the vagina more vulnerable to vaginitis and STIs

In the 1960s, medications were prescribed to help women remain "forever young" = preserve youth and femininity and prevent the changes that accompany menopause

Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)

What hormones protect women against cardiovascular disease compared to men - but after menopause, a woman's risk catches up to that of men?

Estrogen and Progesterone

Disease Risks Increase after Menopause : Alzheimers and Dementia

Factors: ----Aging ----Women more likely to develop than men -----Hormone decreases (estrogen and progesterone)alter mood and memory Women's Health Initiative study showed that HRT (estrogen plus synthetic progestin) doubled the risks of dementia

Other factors for color: What can cause constriction of blood vessels?

Fear or pain

Procedure of IVF - Fourth Step

Fertilized in vitro

Does fingrenails or toenails grow more rapidly?

Fingernails

Procedure of IVF - Second Step

Follicle development monitored daily

Symptom of hot flashes?

Generalized increase in temperature with the greatest rise in temp in the fingers and toes and perspiration most apparent on upper body

Hair: During puberty with increased sex hormone production:

Hair follicles enlarge and become more active = heavier, darker terminal hair replace vellus hair in the pubic area and under the arms ----Men also get terminal hairs on the chest, face, shoulders, legs, and arms ----Women have same number as men but remain as vellus hair

What is Alopecia?

Hair loss or balding

???? and ??? play a bigger role for women vs. atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries) plays a bigger role for men

High Blood Pressure and Diabetes

Health problems with obesity: Hypertension

High blood pressure

What is osteoporosis?

Holes in the bones

Physiological changes associated with menopause/perimenopause:

Hot flashes, Night sweats, Vaginal dryness, Changes in libido, Forgetfulness, Trouble sleeping

Some researchers have reported a higher success with IUI or ICI

IUI

What are you preoccupied with bulimia?

If you have bulimia, you're probably preoccupied with your weight and body shape, and may judge yourself severely and harshly for your self-perceived flaws. You may be at a normal weight or even a bit overweight.

Treatments for eating disorders: hospitalization

If you have serious health problems, your doctor may recommend hospitalization. Some clinics specialize in treating people with eating disorders. Some may offer day programs, rather than full hospitalization. Specialized eating disorder programs may offer more intensive treatment over longer periods of time.

Risk factors for Obesity: Medical problems

In some people, obesity can be traced to a medical cause, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, Cushing's syndrome and other conditions. Medical problems, such as arthritis, also can lead to decreased activity, which may result in weight gain.

Preserving Fertility: Man-mae chemicals and and products

Man-made chemicals and products can be endocrine disruptors and have fertility reducing effects

What are physiological changes so different among women?

May be the result of genetics, influenced by environmental and person choices about diet, exercise, or lifestyle; Attitudes and feelings about menopause as well as cultural expectations can also have an effect

Diagnosing female infertility: Exams

Medical history, menstrual cycles, and sexual habits

What skin cancer is least common but most dangerous?

Melanoma

Artificial Insemination is primarily used to treat men or women infertility?

Men Infertility

What is a normal physicological consequence of the aging of the ovary?

Menopause

Infertility Treatments: IVF - In Vitro Fertilization vs ART

Most common form of ART 99%

What are wrinkles?

Normal deterioration of collagen and elastic fibers in dermis

Skin Cancer: Melanoma

Not as strongly linked to sun exposure - but do occur more frequently in individuals with fair complexions and those with increased sun exposure

Risk factors for obesity lack of sleep

Not getting enough sleep or getting too much sleep can cause changes in hormones that increase your appetite. You may also crave foods high in calories and carbohydrates, which can contribute to weight gain

Health problems with obesity: Respiratory Disorders

Obesity around the abdomen leads to worsening lung function and respiratory symptoms

Risk factors for obesity Age

Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity. In addition, the amount of muscle in your body tends to decrease with age. This lower muscle mass leads to a decrease in metabolism. These changes also reduce calorie needs, and can make it harder to keep off excess weight. If you don't consciously control what you eat and become more physically active as you age, you'll likely gain weight.

How is BMI calculated?

One's weight in pounds (lb) divided by height in inches squared (in2) x 703

Diagnosing Female Infertility: Any Eggs?

Ovarian Reserve Testing is often done to determine if there are eggs available

Diagnosing Female Infertility:Ovarie functions

Ovaries serve 2 essential roles in fertility = produce eggs and secrete hormones that establish and maintain a pregnancy

Procedure of IVF - Third Step

Ovum removed from ovary just prior to ovulation

Factors of eating disorders: Pyschological and emotional health

People with eating disorders may have psychological and emotional problems that contribute to the disorder. They may have low self-esteem, perfectionism, impulsive behavior and troubled relationships

What race is more prone to osteoporis?

Petite women of Northern European or Asian descent more prone

Procedure of IVF - Fifth Step

Placed into uterine cavity for implantation

What does Artificial Insemination do?

Places sperm in the female reproductive tract

Risk factors for obesity Quitting smoking

Quitting smoking is often associated with weight gain. And for some, it can lead to enough weight gain that the person becomes obese. In the long run, however, quitting smoking is still a greater benefit to your health than continuing to smoke.

Tests to see if fallopian tubes are blocked

Rubins test Hysterosalpingography microsurgery balloon tuboplasty

Preserving Fertility:Pelvic Infections

STIs = chlamydia and gonorrhea

Early methods of breast implants?

Silicone liquid banned in U.S. since 1965

How long does the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends seeking fertility assistance after trying to conceive?

Six months to One Year

Anovulatory cycles begin (no egg): age 45 to 49

Six months without menstruation means a 45% probability of menopause

What is Integument?

Skin

Red Flags of Eating disorders

Skipping meals or making excuses for not eating Adopting an overly restrictive vegetarian diet Excessive focus on healthy eating Making own meals rather than eating what the family eats Withdrawing from normal social activities Persistent worry or complaining about being fat and talk of losing weight Frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws Repeatedly eating large amounts of sweets or high-fat foods Use of dietary supplements, laxatives or herbal products for weight loss Excessive exercise Calluses on the knuckles from inducing vomiting Problems with loss of tooth enamel that may be a sign of repeated vomiting Leaving during meals to use the toilet Eating much more food in a meal or snack than is considered normal Expressing depression, disgust, shame or guilt about eating habits Eating in secret

Factors contributing to early menopause (before age 40):

Smoking, Not having had children, Medically treated depression

Risk factors for obesity: Certain medications

Some medications can lead to weight gain if you don't compensate through diet or activity. These medications include some antidepressants, anti-seizure medications, diabetes medications, antipsychotic medications, steroids and beta blockers.

What skin cancer is more likely to spread?

Squamous Cell cancer

Artificial Insemination is accompanied with fertility medication to do what?

Stimualate Ovulation

Infertility Types

Subfertility Primary Infertility Secondary Infertility

Does fingernails or toenails grow faster in winter or summer?

Summer

Treatment of an eating disorder generally includes what kind of an approach?

TEAM The team typically includes primary care providers, mental health professionals and dietitians — all with experience in eating disorders

Has there been a rise or drop in the world birth rate?

There has been an overall drop in the world birthrate - from 2.65 children per woman of childbearing age in 2005 to 2.55 in 2010

Female pattern hair loss presents what?

Thinnning of the hair

How does binge eating work/

You may eat quickly or eat more food than intended, even when you're not hungry, and you may continue eating even long after you're uncomfortably full.

Artificial Insemination: Maternal age plays a role-Who has more of a success?

Younger mothers have more success

Treatment for Obesity: Behavior change/therapy

a behavior modification program can help you make lifestyle changes and lose weight and keep it off = counseling and support groups

Wrinkle Treatment Chemical peels

a chemical solution is applied to the skin, which makes it "blister" and eventually peel off. The new skin is usually smoother and less wrinkled than the old skin

What is obesity?

a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat.

Health problems with obesity: Diabetes mellitus

a disease in which the body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.

Health problems with obesity: Coronary Heart Disease

a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries (supply blood to your heart muscle).

What is skin color determined by?

activity of melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) in the epidermis

When does Perimenopause begin?

age 40s

Treatments for Eating Disorders: Psychotherapy

also called talk therapy, can help you learn how to replace unhealthy habits with healthy ones

Wrinkle Treatment: Dermabrasion?

an exfoliating technique that uses a rotating instrument to remove the outer layers of skin, usually on the face

What are the most common eating disorders?

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder.

What is Mammoplasty?

any form of cosmetic (plastic) surgery to the breast

Diagnosing Female Infertility: Unexplained with treatments

are more successful in individuals with unexplained infertility than in those with other types

In males the hair loss often presents what?

as a receding hairline

Alopecia areata is a form of hair loss produced by the ????? of hair follicles in localized areas of skin.

autoimmune destruction

When is hair formed?

before birth

Symptoms of OHH

bloating, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea Can cause more severe, life threatening issues May require surgical removal of the affected ovary

Other factors for color: Fairer skin more modified by

blood in capillaries

Eccrine is widely disributed all over the ????

body

What is breast reconstruction?

can rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy for breast cancer

Tests to see if fallopian tubes are blocked: Microsurgery

can sometimes be performed on the fallopian tubes to remove blockages

Treatments for eating disorders: medications

can't cure an eating disorder, but may help you control urges to binge or purge or to manage excessive preoccupations with food and diet. --------Drugs such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications may help with symptoms of depression or anxiety, which are frequently associated with eating disorders

What can continued strong friction or heat cause to the epidermis and the dermis?

cause an accumulation of fluid and separate the epidermis from the dermis forming a blister

Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy

commonly used in eating disorder treatment, especially for bulimia and binge-eating disorder. You learn how to monitor and improve your eating habits and your moods, develop problem-solving skills, and explore healthy ways to cope with stressful situations

Screening for Osteoporosis: Z Score

compares bone density to average bone density of woman of same age

Screening for Osteoporosis: T Score

compares woman's bone density to young adult at peak density

Methods and Techniques of Artificial Insemination: Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

concentrated sperm sample is placed directly into the uterus using a sterile trans-cervical catheter ---The sperm are capacitated and washed to eliminate the seminal fluid and concentrate the sperm ---Sperm are sorted and the most motile sperm are then placed into the uterus ---Overall pregnancy rate of 25% using IUI

Eccrine has what kind of effect?

cooling

Health problems with obesity Gastrointestinal Disorders-- Gall Bladders

develop gallstones = a small, hard crystalline masses formed abnormally in the gallbladder or bile ducts from bile pigments, cholesterol, and calcium salts. Gallstones can cause severe pain and blockage of the bile duct

Reduction Mammoplasty: Macromastia

disportionately large breasts

Anovulatory cycles begin (no egg): after age 46

drops to 60% of cycles are ovulatory

Medications for osteoporosis: When does HRT work best to prevent bone loss?

during the first 5 - 10 years after menopause (women can lose up to 20% of bone mass during the 1st 5 - 7 years of menopause)

Eating disorders: Bulimia Nervosa=bulimia

episodes of bingeing and purging that involve feeling a lack of control over your eating.

Secondary Infertility Definition

experiencing difficulty after already having conceived and carried full-term pregnancy

Nails: Develop during ???? from a curved plate of hard keratin that rests on a thickened surface called the _____?

fetal life; nail bed

Hair: Most of our hair follicles give rise to ____????

fine, light vellus hair (down)

What does eating disorders involve?

focusing too much on your weight, body shape and food, leading to dangerous eating behaviors. These behaviors can significantly impact your body's ability to get appropriate nutrition.

How is melanin production determined?

genetically

Male pattern hair loss is believed to be due to a combination of what?

genetics and the male hormone dihydrotestosterone

Risks with ART: Increased chance of higher order multiple pregnancy

giving birth to 3 or more infants

high semen volume

greater than 8 -cause of infertility, don't know why

Overweight BMI to USDA

greather than or equal to 25

Cardiovasular disease can lead to ??? and ???

heart attack; stroke

In 1950s to the early part of the 21 century there was a trend in many industrialized nations to treat menopause as a ?????? rather than as a natural process

hormone deficiency disease

Shape of sperm

if deformed, have extra tails, or are immature = less likely to be able to fertilize an egg

Drop in Fertility Rates in what sex and ages?

increasingly, younger people of both sexes are affected

Epidermis and Dermis are held together by ???? of the dermis that project into the?????(interdigitations)

interlocking papillae; epidermis

Viscosity Definition

measures the seminal fluid's resistance to flow. High viscosity may interfere with sperm motility

Tests to see if fallopian tubes are blocked: Balloon Tuboplasty

involves inserting a wire with a small balloon attached into the os of the cervix, through the uterus, and into the blocked tube where it is slowly inflated to remove the blockage

What is Hirsutism?

is a condition of unwanted, male-pattern hair growth in women. -------results in excessive amounts of dark, course hair on body areas where men typically grow hair — face, chest and back.

Psychotherapy: Familiy based therapy

is an evidence-based treatment for children and teenagers with eating disorders. The family is involved in making sure that the child or other family member follows healthy-eating patterns and maintains a healthy weight.

Diagnosing Female Infertility: Unexplained T-mycoplasma Infectiosn

is believed to account for about ½ of the cases of nongonococcal (not caused by gonorrhea) urethritis in men; causes no symptoms in female vagina; not sure what it does but if the male of an infertile couple is diagnosed with it and is treated, it increased the number of pregnancies achieved --conception occured in 60% of previously infertile couples once the infection was eradicated in both partners

Diagnosing Female Infertility: PCOS

is one of the most common causes of female infertility ----Have irregular or absent ovulation = Increased androgen production disturbs feedback loop ----When they do conceive, they are more prone to developing gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension

What happens when people with bulimia restrict eating during the day?

leads to more binge eating and purging.

Low semen volumne

less than 1 ml - cause of infertility not enought to reach the cervix

What is the sensory organ function for skin?

lots of nerve endings to provide information about the external environment

Treatment for Obesity: Prescription weight-loss medications

meant to be used along with diet, exercise and behavior changes, not instead of them. If you don't make these other changes in your life, medication is unlikely to work BMI greater than 30 greater than 27 with diseases

What skin cancer is produced by rogue melanocytes?

melanoma

Biological Factors for Men PEAK

mid-20s

Mobility of sperm to be considered fertile

move rapidly forward and retain their motility for several hours

Primary Infertility Definition

never able to conceive or carry to term

Diagnosing Female Infertility: Unexplained in infertile couples

no physical or physiological reasons for the difficulty can be detected in their reproductive systems

Medications for osteoporosis: HRT

only used if the risks associated with osteoporosis outweigh the risks associated with HRT Recommend other treatments be tried first

How does Apocrine empty their secretion(perspiration?

onto hair shaft = axillary and anogenital regions

What happens to our bones as we age?

osteoclasts dissolve more bone than osteoblasts produce - even more pronounced with the loss of estrogen and progesterone

What is the epidermis?

outermost layer of the skin; has a population of normal flora growing on it that consume dead cells and repels potential invasion by pathogens; cells contain soft keratin -continuously sloughed off or removed by abrasion

What does in-vitro mean?

outside the living body and in an artificial environment

Diagnosing Female Infertility: unexplained womens age

over age 35 more likely diagnosed

Where is hair NOT located?

palms , soles, nipples

Common Weight Loss Surgeries: Gastric sleeve

part of the stomach is removed, creating a smaller reservoir for food

Multiples are likely to be born ????? and are at risk for a range of ????????

prematurely; devastating defects and problems

Children have as many hairs as adults except ????? except on the scalp as well as eyebrows and eyelashes

primarily vellus;

Diagnosing female infertility: cervical mucus

properties determine whether sperm can pass through the cervix; if consistency does not change to allow sperm entrance through the cervix, than fertility will be impaired ----Primarily under hormonal control so hormone testing is used to detect abnormalities

What is the barrier function for skin?

protects body against microorganisms, fluid loss or gain (relatively waterproof), and injury

What is Rosacea?

reddening across face; especially cheeks

Treatment for Obesity: Dietary changes

reducing calories and practicing healthier eating habits

Subfertility Definition

refers to reduced fertility when compared to the average -Involves problems conceiving or carrying to term

What is the medical definition of menopause?

refers to the cessation of the menses; a woman is considered to be postmenopausal 12 months after her last menstrual period

Some research has linked fertility medications with the development of _______???

reproductive cancers

NEGATIVE MALE FACTORS: exposure to heat

sauna, steam bath, tight pants or thermal underwear, occupation like truck driver with cross-country hauls

Eccrine emptyes their ?????onto the surface of the skin through a ???

secretion(perspiration); pore

Medications for osteoporosis: SERMS

selective estrogen receptor modulators --Mimic or block effects of estrogen --Some increase risk of certain endometrial cancers --All increase risk of blood clots --Often prescribed to decrease the risk for certain breast cancer

Methods and Techniques of Artificial Insemination: Intra-Cervical Insemination

semen placed into cervical mucus just prior to ovulation ----A cervical cap or specially designed tampon holds the semen against the cervix

What is an eating disorder?

serious conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions and your ability to function in important areas of life.

Hair color depends on what?

size, number, and kind of pigment granules or melanosomes

What info does skin provide?

social status and general health as well as reproductive fitness

Number sperm to be considered fertile

specimen should contain at least 20 million sperm per milliliter

What is Fallopian Tube Sperm Fusion(FSP)?

sperm placed directly into fallopian tube = bypass cervix and uterus ----More effective than IUI for treating unexplained infertility

What is the dermis?

supporting layer beneath the epidermis

Who is more likely to have an eating disorder?

teenage girls and young women

What is Capacitation?

the changes in the sperm plasma membrane that allow interaction with the egg; normally occurs in the female reproductive tract

What is super ovulation?

the condition caused by ovulation-inducing medications whereby several eggs mature and are ovulated, rather than just one

What is Insemination?

the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female for the purpose of impregnating or fertilizing the female for sexual reproduction

What is Menopasuse of Climacteric?

the final phase of a woman's reproductive ability

What can eating disorders harm/

the heart, digestive system, bones, and teeth and mouth, and lead to other diseases

15 - 20% of women have no observable indications that they are approaching menopause, besides the cessation of menstrual periods =

the hormonal and physiological changes are so gradual they are almost imperceptible

Medical Definition of Infertility

the inability to conceive a child during the course of one year of regular sexual intercourse unprotected by contraception or the inability to carry a pregnancy to birth

Common Weight Loss Surgeries:Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch:

the surgeon removing a large part of the stomach leaves the valve that releases food to the small intestine and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) closes off the middle section of the intestine and attaches the last part directly to the duodenum. The separated section of the intestine is reattached to the end of the intestine to allow bile and digestive juices to flow into this part of the intestine.

When do eating disorders often develope?

the teen and young adult years, although they can develop at other ages.

What does the hair loss pattern primarily affect on the head?

the top & front of the scalp (aka androgenetic hair loss)

What do people with anorexia try to control in exetreme efforts?

their weight and shape, which often significantly interferes with their health and life activities.

What happens as the cells move farther towards the surface?

they leave their blood supply and die = top layer is flat, scaly and lifeless

Biological Factors for Men decrease when

through 30's

Biological Factors for Women decline when

through the 30s

Tests to see if fallopian tubes are blocked: Rubins Test and Hysterosalpingography

use gas or fluids injected into the fallopian tubes to measure how open they are

Wrinkle Treatment: Botox

used medically to treat certain muscular conditions, and cosmetically to remove wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing muscles. It is made from a neurotoxin called botulinum toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

What is Laparoscopy?

useful for detecting endometriosis, scarring, and blockages of the fallopian tubes as well as other structural problems - for diagnosing female infertility

What is Pelvic Ultrasound?

useful for detecting irregularities in the fallopian tubes and uterus - for diagnosing female infertility

Screening for Osteoporosis: Bone Mass Density

uses X-rays to measure the amount of minerals (namely calcium) in your bones. The test is also referred to as dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Diagnosing Female Infertility: Vaginist Infections

vaginal pH changes hamper sperm motility

What are triggers to hot flashes?

warm room, exercise, eating, or emotional stress; caffeine, alcohol, and cigarette smoke May occur during sleep and provoke a night sweat

Treatment for Obesity:weight loss surgery

when everything else doesn't work -bmi 40 or higher health problems and 35-39.9- -want the change

What can treatment do with an eating disorder?

you can return to healthier eating habits and sometimes reverse serious complications caused by the eating disorder

When you have anorexia what do you do?

you excessively limit calories or use other methods to lose weight, such as excessive exercise, using laxatives or diet aids, or vomiting after eating.

After a binge what would a person feel/

you may feel guilty, disgusted or ashamed by your behavior and the amount of food eaten. --Embarrassment can lead to eating alone to hide your bingeing.

Eating Disorder: Binge-Eating Disorder

you regularly eat too much food (binge) and feel a lack of control over your eating.

Common Weight Loss Surgeries: laparoscopia adjustable gastric banding

your stomach is separated into two pouches with an inflatable band. Pulling the band tight, like a belt, the surgeon creates a tiny channel between the two pouches. The band keeps the opening from expanding and is generally designed to stay in place permanently

What is the survival rate of frozen embryos?

~50%

Anovulatory cycles begin (no egg): Age 40 to 45

~75% of cycles ovulatory