Exam 5-Nursing 102 Oncology-GU
breast cancer
CA 15-3, CA 27-29, HER-2
Encapsulated Differentiated Slight vascularity Do not metastasize Cell is fairly normal, resembles parent cell
Characteristics of benign tumors
Non-encapsulated Poorly differentiated Marked vascularity Capable of metastasis Possible recurrence Cell abnormal becomes less like parent cell
Characteristics of malignant tumors
Integumentary (skin, hair, nails) Alopecia, dry skin, brittle nails GI tract Anorexia, mucositis, n/v, diarrhea Cardiac Decreased EF Respiratory Changes in PFT's GU Kidney damage, hemorrhagic cystitis Reproductive dysfunction Neurological Chemo brain, peripheral neuropathy Bone Marrow Myelosuppression; pancytopenia, leukopenia, infection, bleeding, anemia.
Chemotherapy effects on body
lung cancer
EGFR
o Drugs o Hormones o Chemicals o Diet/Obesity o Smoking o Alcohol
Risk factors for cancer
Permanent drainage with a urethral catheter
The following catheterization procedures are used to treat clients with urinary retention. Which procedure would the nurse identify as carrying the greatest risk to the client? Suprapubic cystostomy tube Permanent drainage with a urethral catheter Clean intermittent catheterization Credé voiding procedure
Prophylactic
The nurse at the clinic explains to the patient that the surgeon will be removing a mole on the patient's back that has the potential to develop into cancer. The nurse informs the patient that this is what type of procedure? Diagnostic Palliative Prophylactic Reconstructive
Tobacco
Which of the following is the single largest preventable cause of cancer? Tobacco Pesticides Arsenic Asbestos
Mutation of cell's genetic structure occurs Mutations can be inherited or acquired
initiation stage
colon cancer
kRAS
"I understand I may develop urethral strictures as a result of having the TURP."
A client has been scheduled to undergo a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The nurse knows that the client understands preoperative teaching when he makes which statement? "I'm worried my wife will leave me after the TURP because of the side effect of erectile dysfunction." "I will have my wife come with me to drive me home after the outpatient procedure." "I understand I may develop urethral strictures as a result of having the TURP." "I understand there is no danger of retrograde ejaculation following the TURP."
Increasing fluid intake
A client has been successfully treated for kidney stones and is preparing for discharge. The nurse recognizes the risk of recurrence and has planned the client's discharge education accordingly. What preventive measure should the nurse encourage the client to adopt? Increasing intake of protein from plant sources Increasing fluid intake Adopting a high-calcium diet Eating several small meals each day
assesses the client for any sun exposure avoids shaving the irradiated skin
A client has cancer of the neck and is receiving external beam radiation therapy to the site. The client is experiencing trauma to the irradiated skin. The nurse does all of the following. (Select all that apply.) inspects for skin damage of the chest area assesses the client for any sun exposure uses cool water to wash the neck area applies an over-the-counter ointment to the skin avoids shaving the irradiated skin
Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
A client has presented at the clinic with symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. What diagnostic findings would suggest that this client has chronic urinary retention? Hypertension Peripheral edema Tachycardia and other dysrhythmias Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
"The drug interferes with testosterone, which causes the prostate to shrink in size."
A client is prescribed dutasteride (Avodart) as part of treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). When teaching the client about this drug, the nurse integrates knowledge of the drug's action. Which statement best reflects this? "The drug causes the smooth muscles of the bladder to relax so urine will flow more easily." "The drug interferes with testosterone, which causes the prostate to shrink in size." "The drug causes nitrous oxide to be released, leading to increased blood flow and urination." "The drug restores the balance of the normal microorganisms found in the bladder to improve urine flow."
Serum potassium level of 2.6 mEq/L
A client is receiving chemotherapy to treat breast cancer. Which assessment finding indicates a chemotherapy-induced complication? Urine output of 400 ml in 8 hours Serum potassium level of 2.6 mEq/L Blood pressure of 120/64 to 130/72 mm Hg Sodium level of 142 mEq/L
Adjusting the client's meal plan before and after chemotherapy
A client is undergoing chemotherapy treatment for prostate cancer and has lost considerable weight due to nausea and vomiting. Which nursing intervention is appropriate for the client? Decreasing dietary fluids 2 days before chemotherapy Adjusting the client's meal plan before and after chemotherapy Increasing fresh fruits in the client's diet Administering beta-blockers as ordered by the physician
Nausea and vomiting
A client newly diagnosed with cancer is scheduled to begin chemotherapy treatment and the nurse is providing anticipatory guidance about potential adverse effects. When addressing the most common adverse effect, what should the nurse describe? Pruritis (itching) Nausea and vomiting Altered glucose metabolism Confusion
Wear personal protective equipment when handling blood, body fluids, and feces.
A client received chemotherapy 24 hours ago. Which precautions are necessary when caring for the client? Wear sterile gloves. Place incontinence pads in the regular trash container. Wear personal protective equipment when handling blood, body fluids, and feces. Provide a urinal or bedpan to decrease the likelihood of soiling linens.
"I'll play card games with my friends."
A client receiving chemotherapy has a nursing diagnosis of Deficient diversional activity related to decreased energy. Which client statement indicates an accurate understanding of appropriate ways to deal with this deficit? "I'll play card games with my friends." "I'll take a long trip to visit my aunt." "I'll bowl with my team after discharge." "I'll eat lunch in a restaurant every day."
Pain management
A client with a recent history of nephrolithiasis has presented to the ED. After determining that the client's cardiopulmonary status is stable, what aspect of care should the nurse prioritize? IV fluid administration Insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter Pain management Assisting with aspiration of the stone
"Would you like to talk about what you are feeling?"
A client with advanced cancer makes the following comment to the nurse: "Why are you bathing me? I am going to die no matter what." What is the most appropriate response of the nurse? "A bath will make you feel better." "Do you want to skip the bath today?" "Would you like to talk about what you are feeling?" "I can give you some medicine to make you feel better."
Strain the client's urine following the procedure.
A client with kidney stones is scheduled for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). What should the nurse include in the client's postprocedure care? Strain the client's urine following the procedure. Administer a bolus of 500 mL normal saline following the procedure. Monitor the client for fluid overload following the procedure. Insert a urinary catheter for 24 to 48 hours after the procedure.
instructs the client to discontinue calcium asks about nausea and vomiting teaches the client to report abdominal or bone pain
A client, 66 years old, has just been diagnosed with multiple myeloma (a cancer of the plasma) and will be initiating chemotherapy. The nurse, in an outpatient clinic, reviews the medications the client has been taking at home. The medications include pantoprazole for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and an over-the-counter calcium supplement to prevent osteoporosis. What interventions should the nurse take? Select all that apply. instructs the client to discontinue calcium asks about nausea and vomiting teaches the client to report abdominal or bone pain
Leukopenia
A decrease in circulating white blood cells (WBCs) is referred to as Granulocytopenia Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia Neutropenia
The cancer is viewed as a punishment from past actions.
A newly diagnosed cancer client is crying and states the following to the nurse: "I promised God that I will be a better person if I can just get better." What is the appropriate assessment of this comment by the nurse? The client is just trying to protect self from potential loss. Anger directed toward nursing staff is not unusual in dealing with cancer clients. The cancer is viewed as a punishment from past actions. Loss is inevitable so client is making final plans.
Stops the chemotherapeutic infusion
A nurse is administering a chemotherapeutic medication to a client, who reports generalized itching and then chest tightness and shortness of breath. The nurse immediately Stops the chemotherapeutic infusion Administers diphenhydramine Gives prednisolone IV Places the client on oxygen by nasal cannula
surgery hyperthermia radiation therapy chemotherapy
A nurse is caring for a client newly diagnosed with cancer. Which therapies are used to treat cancer? Select all that apply. surgery hyperthermia radiation therapy chemotherapy electroconvulsive therapy
Wear disposable gloves and protective clothing.
A nurse is caring for a client receiving chemotherapy. Which nursing action is most appropriate for handling chemotherapeutic agents? Wear disposable gloves and protective clothing. Break needles after the infusion is discontinued. Disconnect I.V. tubing with gloved hands. Throw I.V. tubing in the trash after the infusion is stopped.
"I'll use hats to protect my head from the sun when my hair falls out."
A nurse is teaching a client who is receiving radiation treatment for left lower lobe lung cancer. Which client statement indicates a need for further teaching? "I'll use hats to protect my head from the sun when my hair falls out." "If I get nauseous, I'll try to eat several small, bland meals each day." "I'll allow myself plenty of time to rest between activities." "Most of the adverse effects should go away shortly after my last radiation treatment."
Oranges
A nurse is teaching a community class about how to decrease the risk of cancer. Which food should the nurse recommend? Low-fat hot dogs Smoked ham Oranges Medium-rare steak
Oranges
A nurse is teaching a community class about how to decrease the risk of cancer. Which food should the nurse recommend? Low-fat hot dogs Smoked ham Oranges Medium-rare steak
Diabetes mellitus
A nurse who works in a clinic sees many patients with a variety of medical conditions. The nurse understands that a risk factor for UTIs is which of the following? Hyperuricemia Pancreatitis Diabetes mellitus Hyperparathyroidism
Liver function tests (LFTs)
A nurse who works in an oncology clinic is assessing a client who has arrived for a 2-month follow-up appointment following chemotherapy. The nurse notes that the client's skin appears yellow. Which blood tests should be done to further explore this clinical sign? Liver function tests (LFTs) Complete blood count (CBC) Platelet count Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
Encourage fluid intake, if possible, to dilute the urine.
A side-effect of chemotherapy is renal damage. To prevent this, the nurse should: Encourage fluid intake, if possible, to dilute the urine. Withhold medication when the blood urea nitrogen level exceeds 20 mg/dL. Limit fluids to 1,000 mL/day to minimize stress on the renal tubules. Modify the diet to acidify the urine, thus preventing uric acid crystallization.
no evidence of primary tumor.
According to the TNM classification system, T0 means there is no evidence of primary tumor. no regional lymph node metastasis. no distant metastasis. distant metastasis.
Risk for infection
After being seen in the oncology clinic, a client with severe bone marrow suppression is admitted to the hospital. The client's cancer therapy consisted of radiation and chemotherapy. When developing the care plan for this client, which nursing diagnosis takes priority? Risk for injury Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements Risk for infection Anxiety
Avoid rubbing or scratching the affected area
An oncology client has begun to experience skin reactions to radiation therapy, prompting the nurse to make the diagnosis Impaired Skin Integrity: erythematous reaction to radiation therapy. What intervention best addresses this nursing diagnosis? Apply an ice pack or heating pad PRN to relieve pain and pruritis Avoid skin contact with water whenever possible Apply phototherapy PRN Avoid rubbing or scratching the affected area
Encourage eating cheese, eggs, and legumes
An oncology nurse is caring for a client who relates that certain tastes have changed. The client states that "meat tastes bad." What nursing intervention can be used to increase protein intake for a client with taste changes? Stay away from protein beverages. Encourage maximum fluid intake. Encourage eating cheese, eggs, and legumes Suck on hard candy during treatment.
Altering the immunologic relationship between the tumor and the client
An oncology nurse is contributing to the care of a client who has failed to respond appreciably to conventional cancer treatments. As a result, the care team is considering the possible use of biologic response modifiers (BRMs). The nurse should know that these achieve a therapeutic effect by what means? Promoting the synthesis and release of leukocytes Focusing the client's immune system exclusively on the tumor Potentiating the effects of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy Altering the immunologic relationship between the tumor and the client
fever
Based on the understanding of the effects of chemotherapy, the nurse would anticipate which clinical finding in a client 2 weeks after therapy? change in hair color fever elevated white blood cells count constipation
pancreatic cancer and gallbladder cancer
CA 19-9
1. Anatomic site-Tumor is Identified by tissue of origin 2. Histology (grading severity)· Pathologic examination (tissue biopsy)
Cancer Classification
Metastasis
Cancer has many characteristics. What is one of the most discouraging characteristics of cancer? Large size tumors Carcinogenesis Metastasis Slow growth
Chemotherapy cannot selectively distinguish between normal cells and cancer cells -Resulting in destruction of normal cells, especially the rapid proliferating cells -Therefore, side effects are systemic in nature -Effects can be classified as: -Acute (hypersensitivity, extravasation, etc.) -Delayed (N/V, mucositis, alopecia, skin rashes, BMS, etc.) -Chronic (damage to heart, liver, kidneys, lungs)
Chemotherapy effects on cells
Progression
During which step of cellular carcinogenesis do cellular changes exhibit increased malignant behavior? Promotion Initiation Prolongation Progression
Frequency
In a client with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which assessment finding provides the best indication of urinary retention? Frequency Urgency Hesitancy Dribbling
Mitosis
In which phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur? Mitosis G1 phase S phase G2 phase
prostate cancer
PSA
relief of symptoms of disease and promotion of comfort and quality of life.
Palliation refers to: the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites. hair loss. relief of symptoms of disease and promotion of comfort and quality of life. the lowest point of white blood cell depression after therapy that has toxic effects on bone marrow.
Characterized by the reversible proliferation of altered cells Lifestyle changes to modify these risk factors will decrease chance of cancer development
Promotion stage
Finasteride (Proscar)
The client with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is considering use of medication in the management of symptoms. Which of the following drugs reduces the size of the prostate without lowering circulating levels of testosterone? Finasteride (Proscar) Tamsulosin (Flomax) Terazosin (Hytrin) Oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan)
"Benign tumors don't usually cause death."
The clinic nurse is caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with a tumor. The client says to the nurse "The doctor says my tumor is benign. What does that mean?" What is the nurse's best response? "Benign tumors don't usually cause death." "Benign tumors grow very rapidly." "Benign tumors can spread from one place to another." "Benign tumors invade surrounding tissue."
"These symptoms usually result from radiation therapy; however, we will continue to monitor your laboratory studies and test results."
The clinic nurse is caring for an adult oncology client who reports extreme fatigue and weakness after the first week of radiation therapy. Which response by the nurse would best reassure this client? "These symptoms usually result from radiation therapy; however, we will continue to monitor your laboratory studies and test results." "These symptoms are part of your disease and are an unfortunately inevitable part of living with cancer." "Try not to be concerned about these symptoms. Every client feels this way after having radiation therapy." "Even though it is uncomfortable, this is a good sign. It means that only the cancer cells are dying."
Help prevent cervical cancer
The health care provider recommends that parents have their daughter vaccinated with HPV vaccine. What is this vaccine for? Help prevent lung cancer Help prevent breast cancer Help prevent cervical cancer Help prevent leukemia
Discontinue the infusion.
The nurse assesses that extravasation of a chemotherapy agent has occurred. What is the nurse's initial action? Apply a warm compress to the area. Discontinue the infusion. Inject an antidote, if required. Place ice over the site of infiltration.
Limit alcohol ingestion to one drink per day.
The nurse is assessing the diet of a female client. To decrease the risk of cancer in general, the nurse instructs the client to Decrease cigarette smoking from one pack/day to 1/2 pack/day. Limit alcohol ingestion to one drink per day. Ingest two to three servings of fruits and vegetables each day. Include at least 6 ounces of meat in meals every day.
2,000 mL
The nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with renal calculi. The nurse should instruct the client to increase fluid intake to a level where the client produces at least how much urine each day? 1,250 mL 2,000 mL 2,750 mL 3,500 mL
"My cancer has now spread to my liver."
The nurse is caring for a client with the diagnosis of colon cancer with metastasis to the liver. Which statement made by the client indicates an understanding of the diagnosis? "Once the colon tumor is removed, I will be fine." "I will be happy once all the cancer is cut out." "How could I be so unlucky to get cancer twice?" "My cancer has now spread to my liver."
Use a lip lubricant. Use dental floss every 24 hours. Rinse the mouth with normal saline.
The nurse is caring for an adult client who has developed a mild oral yeast infection following chemotherapy. What actions should the nurse encourage the client to perform? Select all that apply. Use a lip lubricant. Scrub the tongue with a firm-bristled toothbrush. Use dental floss every 24 hours. Rinse the mouth with normal saline. Eat spicy food to aid in eradicating the yeast.
Colonoscopy
The nurse is conducting a community education program using the American Cancer Society's colorectal screening and prevention guidelines. The nurse determines that the participants understand the teaching when they identify that people over the age of 50 should have which screening test every 10 years? Fecal occult blood test Colonoscopy Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Papanicolaou (Pap)
Avoid drinking tea.
The nurse is conducting discharge teaching for a client who was admitted with a kidney stone. The nurse includes which instruction as a measure to prevent additional kidney stones? Increase protein intake. Adhere to a low-calcium diet. Avoid drinking water before bedtime. Avoid drinking tea.
Avoiding the use of products containing aspirin
The nurse is evaluating bloodwork results of a client with cancer who is receiving chemotherapy. The client's platelet count is 60,000/mm3. Which is an appropriate nursing action? Taking the client's temperature rectally Providing commercial mouthwash to the client Providing a razor so the client can shave Avoiding the use of products containing aspirin
Egg white omelet with spinach and mushrooms Steamed broccoli and carrots Turkey breast on whole wheat bread
The nurse is providing an educational presentation on dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of cancer. Which of the following food selections would demonstrate a good understanding of the information provided in the presentation? Select all that apply. Egg white omelet with spinach and mushrooms Crispy chicken Caesar Salad Steamed broccoli and carrots Turkey breast on whole wheat bread Smoked salmon Vegetable and cheddar quiche
Bladder dysfunction
The nurse is reviewing the electronic health record of a client with a history of incontinence. The nurse reads that the health care provider assessed the client's deep tendon reflexes. What condition of the urinary/renal system does this assessment address? Renal calculi Bladder dysfunction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
dietary substances environmental factors viruses chemical agents defective genes hormone replacement therapy
The nurse is teaching a client about carcinogens. What carcinogens does the nurse include in the teaching? Select all that apply. dietary substances environmental factors viruses chemical agents defective genes hormone replacement therapy
With a soft, plastic catheter
The nurse is to administer a vesicant chemotherapeutic drug to a client who had a right mastectomy and inserts the intravenous line In the client's left hand With a butterfly needle In the client's right forearm With a soft, plastic catheter
hypoparathyroidism
The nurse recognizes that which risk factor does NOT predispose a client to the development of kidney stones? immobilization gout hyperparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism
Bleeding
The patient diagnosed with thrombocytopenia is at risk for which of the following adverse effects: Bleeding Headache Diminished reflexes Stomatitis
Relieve urinary symptoms
The physician orders an alpha-adrenergic blocker for a client with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The nurse understands that this drug acts to achieve which of the following? Prevent urinary tract infections Relieve urinary symptoms Slow the prostatic enlargement Block testosterone conversion
antiemetic.
To combat the most common adverse effects of chemotherapy, a nurse should administer an: antiemetic. antimetabolite. antibiotic. anticoagulant.
Identify own perception of cancer and set realistic goals.
What can the nurse do to meet the challenges in caring for a patient with cancer? Identify own perception of cancer and set realistic goals. Set the same goals for all patients with cancer. Tell the patient about the things the patient has done to cause cancer. Ensure that the patient has the financial means to afford their care.
Hyperkalemia Hyperuricemia Hyperphosphatemia
When malignant cells are killed (tumor lysis syndrome), intracellular contents are released into the bloodstream. This leads to which of the following? Select all that apply. Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Hyperuricemia Hyperphosphatemia
Altered mental status
Which is a sign or symptom of septic shock? Hypertension Warm, moist skin Altered mental status Increased urine output
Apoptosis
Which of the following is a term used to describe the process of programmed cell death? Apoptosis Mitosis Carcinogenesis Angiogenesis
Acute pyelonephritis Renal abscess
Which of the following is classified as a upper urinary tract infection (UTI)? Select all that apply. Acute pyelonephritis Renal abscess Cystitis Urethritis Prostatitis
Transrectal ultrasonography
Which of the following is the procedure of choice for men with recurrent or complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs)? Transrectal ultrasonography IV urogram Computed tomography (CT) scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Weight gain
Which of the following would be inconsistent as a common side effect of chemotherapy? Weight gain Alopecia Myelosuppression Fatigue
Dysuria Nocturia Perineal pain
Which of the following would lead a nurse to suspect that a client is experiencing acute prostatitis? Select all that apply. Below normal body temperature Dysuria Nocturia Perineal pain Decreased force of urinary stream
Cryoablation
Which procedure uses liquid nitrogen to freeze tissue, thereby destroying cells? Electrosurgery Cryoablation Chemosurgery Laser surgery
Stopping the administration of the drug immediately
While a client is receiving IV doxorubicin hydrochloride for the treatment of cancer, the nurse observes swelling and pain at the IV site. The nurse should prioritize what action? Stopping the administration of the drug immediately Notifying the client's physician Continuing the infusion but decreasing the rate Applying a warm compress to the infusion site
Inherited gene mutation
While completing an admission assessment, the client reports a family history of ovarian cancer among a maternal grandmother, aunt, and sister. The nurse knows that these cancers are most likely associated with what etiology? Inherited gene mutation Smoking and tobacco use Exposure to chemicals and spermicides Increased tumor suppressor genes
"You can't prevent cancer, but you can have your blood analyzed for tumor markers to see what your risk level is."
While doing a health history, a client tells the nurse that her mother, grandmother, and sister died of cancer. The client wants to know what she can do to keep from getting cancer. What would be the nurse's best response? "You can't prevent cancer, but you can have your blood analyzed for tumor markers to see what your risk level is." "If you eat right, exercise, and get enough rest, you can prevent breast cancer." "With your family history, there is nothing you can do to prevent getting cancer." "Cancer often skips a generation, so don't worry about it."
Prophylactic surgery
You are a clinic nurse. One of your clients has found she is at high risk for breast cancer. She asks you what can be done to reduce her risk. What is a means of reducing the risk for breast cancer? Palliative surgery Prophylactic surgery Curative surgery Reduction surgery
· Stage 0: Cancer in situ · Stage I: Tumor limited to tissue of origin (localized) · Stage II: Limited local spread · Stage III: Extensive local and regional spread · Stage IV: Metastasis
cancer staging
is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
cellular differentiation
Process that results in an increase of the number of cells, and is defined by the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation. Increased in tumors.
cellular proliferation
The survival of the cancer cell characterized by: Increased growth rate of tumor Invasiveness
progression stage
5.9 ng/mL (5.9 µg/L)
A client has had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test completed and the nurse is reviewing the result. Which result would be a cause for concern? 0.3 ng/mL (0.3 µg/L) 1.5 ng/mL (1.5 µg/L) 3.7 ng/mL (3.7 µg/L) 5.9 ng/mL (5.9 µg/L)
requests that her family bring her makeup and wig.
A 16-year-old female client experiences alopecia resulting from chemotherapy, prompting the nursing diagnoses of disturbed body image and situational low self-esteem. The nurse should determine that the client is meeting the goal of improved body image and self-esteem when the client: requests that her family bring her makeup and wig. begins to discuss the future with her family. reports less disruption from pain and discomfort. cries openly when discussing her disease.
The three drugs have a synergistic effect and act on the cancer cells with different mechanisms.
A 36-year-old man is receiving three different chemotherapeutic agents for Hodgkin's disease. The nurse explains to the client that the three drugs are given over an extended period because: The three drugs can be given at lower doses. The second and third drugs increase the effectiveness of the first drug. The first two drugs are toxic to cancer cells, and the third drug promotes cell growth. The three drugs have a synergistic effect and act on the cancer cells with different mechanisms.
Finasteride
A 48-year-old man recently diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) reports consuming <i>Serenoa repens</i> (saw palmetto berry). The nurse needs to intervene if the physician orders which treatment? Terazosin Finasteride Sipuleucel-T Ketoconazole
Sentinel node biopsy
A 62-year-old woman diagnosed with breast cancer is scheduled for a partial mastectomy. The oncology nurse explained that the surgeon will want to take tissue samples to ensure the disease has not spread to adjacent axillary lymph nodes. The client has asked if she will have her lymph nodes dissected, like her mother did several years ago. What alternative to lymph node dissection will this client most likely undergo? Lymphadenectomy Needle biopsy Open biopsy Sentinel node biopsy
prostate-specific antigen, which is used to screen for prostate cancer.
A client asks the nurse what PSA is. The nurse should reply that it stands for: prostate-specific antigen, which is used to screen for prostate cancer. protein serum antigen, which is used to determine protein levels. pneumococcal strep antigen, which is a bacteria that causes pneumonia. Papanicolaou-specific antigen, which is used to screen for cervical cancer.
Taking prescribed ondansetron
A client calls the oncology office nurse and reports nausea and vomiting one week after receiving chemotherapy. What action should the nurse recommend? Practicing relaxation techniques Taking prescribed ondansetron Using imagery techniques Obtaining acupressure treatment
How the tumor tends to grow and the cell type
A client diagnosed with cancer has the tumor staged and graded based on what? How the tumor tends to grow and the cell type How the tumor spreads and tends to grow How the tumor differentiates the cell type How the tumor spreads and differentiates
The bladder wall contains multiple pinpoint hemorrhagic areas that join and form larger hemorrhagic areas that may progress to fissuring and scarring of the bladder mucosa.
A client has been admitted for an outpatient cystoscopy because of a suspected interstitial cystitis. Which statement best describes the pathology of this disorder? The bladder wall contains multiple pinpoint hemorrhagic areas that join and form larger hemorrhagic areas that may progress to fissuring and scarring of the bladder mucosa. It is caused by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. It is caused by bacterial infection. The surface of the bladder becomes edematous and reddened, and ulcerations may develop. The bladder can contract without warning, fail to accommodate adequate volumes of urine, or fail to empty completely.
Red, open sores on the oral mucosa
A client has been receiving chemotherapy to treat cancer. Which assessment finding suggests that the client has developed stomatitis? White, cottage cheese-like patches on the tongue Yellow tooth discoloration Red, open sores on the oral mucosa Rust-colored sputum