EXAM 6

Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.​ ​retroactive interference ​repression ​proactive interference ​dissociative amnesia

French words interfering with Joy speaking in Spanish is an example of retroactive interference. In retroactive interference, new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning. See 6-4: Forgetting

_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.​ ​Infantile amnesia ​Dissociative amnesia ​Retrograde amnesia ​Anterograde amnesia

Infantile amnesia is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so. See "Forgetting" from chapter 6 for more information.

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.​ ​elaborative rehearsal ​repression ​maintenance rehearsal ​serial positioning

Maintenance rehearsal is the mental repetition of information to keep it in memory. See "Processes of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as _____. ​ ​nonconscious imagery ​subliminal perception ​echoic memory ​eidetic imagery

Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as eidetic imagery. The ability to retain exact mental representations of visual stimuli over long periods is technically termed eidetic imagery. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.​ ​the serial-position effect ​the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon ​screening ​chunking

Megan could recall her friend's phone number due to chunking. A chunk is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

A(n) _________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.​ ​icon ​memory trace ​eidetic image ​schema

Rationale: A memory trace is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.​ ​echoic memory ​implicit memory ​prospective memory ​state-dependent memory

State-dependent memory is information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

Which of the following statements is true about a schema? It is a way of ejecting anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness. It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions. It is a way of retrieving accurate information from the long-term memory. It is a way of displacing information in the short-term memory by adding new information.

A schema is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or expectation, which can influence our perception of persons, objects, and situations. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.​ ​an acoustic code ​prospective memory ​a visual code ​implicit memory

Jason is using a visual code. He has used a visual code by mentally representing the landmarks as a picture. See 6-2: Processes of Memory

_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.​ ​Retrieval ​Encoding ​Repression ​Displacement

Retrieval of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness. See "Processes of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.​ ​Infantile amnesia ​Retrograde amnesia ​Dissociative amnesia ​Anterograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma. See "Forgetting" from chapter 6 for more information.

A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.​ ​chunk ​schema ​code ​echo

A chunk is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information. See "Stages of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

A(n) _____ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.​ ​hippocampus ​engram ​schema ​thalamus

An engram is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace. See 6-5: The Biology of Memory

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.​ ​limbic system ​hippocampus ​thalamus ​optic nerve

If the thalamus is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories. See "Forgetting" from chapter 6 for more information.

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference? It is the interference of older learning with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material. It is interference of emotions with the capacity to retrieve semantic memory. It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously. It is the interference of flashbulb memories with the recollection of paired associates.

In retroactive interference, new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning. See 6-4: Forgetting

In short-term memory an image tends to fade after _____ if it is not repeated or rehearsed.​ ​90 seconds ​10 to 12 seconds ​one second ​a day

In short-term memory, the image tends to fade significantly after 10 to 12 seconds if it is not repeated or rehearsed. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal? It involves storing a list of letters or numbers on an electronic storage device for later use. It involves encoding a list of letters by relating it to something already known. It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself. It involves trying to remember a long list of letters or numbers that has been read once.

Maintenance rehearsal is the mental repetition of information to keep it in memory. See 6-2: Processes of Memory

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.​ ​retroactive interference ​retrograde amnesia ​proactive interference ​dissociative amnesia

Rationale: French words coming to Jonah's mind is an example of proactive interference. In proactive interference, older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material. See 6-4: Forgetting

Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.​ ​anterograde amnesia ​retrograde amnesia ​dissociative amnesia ​infantile amnesia

Stephen is suffering from retrograde amnesia. In retrograde amnesia, the source of trauma prevents people from remembering events that took place before an accident.

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia? It is the failure to remember events that caused or occurred prior to an accident. It is the inability to recall events that occurred prior to the age of three or so. It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma. It is the inability to recall events that took place in childhood even in the absence of a trauma.

In anterograde amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, an electric shock, or an operation. See 6-4: Forgetting

Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of? The serial-position effect The srimacy effect The recency effect The latency effect

In this scenario, Dana remembering the first and last items on her list is an example of the serial-position effect. The serial-position effect is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.​ ​schema ​echo ​icon ​saving

An icon is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

General knowledge is referred to as _________.​ ​episodic memory ​semantic memory ​implicit memory ​prospective memory

General knowledge is referred to as semantic memory. See "Kinds of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____.​ ​acoustic code ​visual code ​memory trace ​subliminal stimulation

Ludwig is using an acoustic code, or representing the stimuli as a sequence of sounds. See 6-2: Processes of Memory

The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.​ ​nonsense syllables effect ​tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon ​flashbulb phenomenon ​serial-position effect

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates _____.​ ​the displacement effect ​chunking ​eidetic imagery ​the serial-position effect

This scenario illustrates the serial-position effect. The serial-position effect is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____.​ ​echoic memory ​implicit memory ​memory trace ​acoustic code

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a memory trace. A memory trace is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.​ ​eidetic imagery ​repression ​serial-positioning ​rehearsal

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, repression is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness. See "Stages of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

A(n) _________ is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.​ ​icon ​echo ​schema ​chunk

A schema is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event. procedural memories prospective memories episodic memories semantic memories

Abe and Rose have different episodic memories of the event. Episodic memories are memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence. See 6-1: Kinds of Memory

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because _____.​ ​saccadic eye movements create perceptions at a rate of approximately 20 per second, making the images seem continuous ​short-term memories overlap, which gives the impression of a single perception ​sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected ​perceptions in short-term memory are not stored, but rather are constantly replaced with new perceptions

Although sensory memory holds impressions briefly, it is long enough so that a series of perceptions seem to be connected.

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.​ ​dissociative amnesia ​retrograde amnesia ​infantile amnesia ​anterograde amnesia

Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as infantile amnesia. Infantile amnesia is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so; also termed childhood amnesia. See 6-4: Forgetting

_____ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.​ ​Infantile amnesia ​Proactive interference ​Dissociative amnesia ​Retroactive interference

Dissociative amnesia is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.​ ​Iconic memory ​Elaborative memory ​Echoic memory ​Prospective memory

Echoic memory is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli. See "Stages of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information

_________ is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.​ ​Displacement ​Serial positioning ​Memory tracing ​Eidetic imagery

Eidetic imagery is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes. See "Stages of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal? It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered. It involves mentally repeating a list of letters or numbers that needs to be remembered. It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been remembered. It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembere

Elaborative rehearsal is the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known. It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered. See 6-2: Processes of Memory

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal? It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered. It involves mentally repeating a list of letters or numbers that needs to be remembered. It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been remembered. It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

Elaborative rehearsal is the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known. It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered. See 6-2: Processes of Memory

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.​ ​metamemory ​elaborative rehearsal ​retrospective memory ​maintenance rehearsal

Elaborative rehearsal is the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known. See 6-2: Processes of Memory

_________ is the first stage of information processing.​ ​Encoding ​Paraphrasing ​Rehearsing ​Retrieving

Encoding is the first stage of information processing. See "Processes of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory? It is also known as procedural or skill memory. It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained. It is the memory of how to perform a task. It is the memory associated with things planned for the future.

Explicit memory—also referred to as declarative memory—is memory for specific information. Things that are explicit are clear, or clearly stated or explained. See 6-1: Kinds of Memory

_____ are meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory.​ ​Schemas ​Nonsense syllables ​Episodes ​Memory traces

Nonsense syllables are meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory. See 6-4: Forgetting

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory? It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive." Its capacity to store information is limited. Long-term memories are always accurate. Long-term memories are lost by displacement.

Our long-term memory is a biochemical "hard drive" with no known limits on the amount of information it can store. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.​ ​Serial positions ​Paired traces ​Paired memories ​Paired associates

Paired associates are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall. See "Forgetting" from chapter 6 for more information.

_________ is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.​ ​Priming ​Repressing ​Displacing ​Encoding

Priming is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory. See "Kinds of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.​ ​highlighting ​implying ​positioning ​priming

Priming is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory. See 6-1: Kinds of Memory

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails, such as Aplysia, suggests that _____.​ ​the engram is generalized throughout the entire cortex ​myelination is not critical to memory formation in the brain ​neurotransmitters have no role to play in memory processes ​neural events may be involved in memory

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails, such as Aplysia, suggests that neural events may be involved in memory. See 6-5: The Biology of Memory

Sarah remembers that she has to pack her suitcase and has to lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future would be known as _____.​ ​semantic memory ​episodic memory ​prospective memory ​implicit memory

Sarah's memory about activities that need to be performed in the future would be known as prospective memory. Prospective memory refers to remembering to do things in the future, such as remembering to pay your bills or to withdraw some cash. See 6-1: Kinds of Memory

_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.​ ​Semantic memory ​Sensory memory ​Implicit memory ​Explicit memory

Sensory memory is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus. See "Stages of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.​ ​declaring ​priming ​positioning ​displacing

Studies involving brain imaging reveal that priming makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity. See 6-1: Kinds of Memory

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.​ ​paired associates ​savings ​the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon ​displacement

The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as savings.

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called _____.​ ​subliminal stimulation ​synaptic degradation ​long-term potentiation ​priming

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called long-term potentiation. See 6-5: The Biology of Memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.​ ​determine the vividness of stimulation perception ​determine the meaning and importance of dreams ​determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory ​determine the physiological causes of memory disorders

The progress of information through the stages of the Atkinson and Shiffrin stages of memory determines whether and how long information is retained. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.​ ​recency effect ​serial-position effect ​latency effect ​tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The serial-position effect is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series. See "Stages of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

Which of the following is true about the serial position effect? It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first five items on a list. It is the tendency to recall more accurately only the item at the exact center of a list. It is the tendency to recall more accurately the last five items on a list. It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.

The serial-position effect is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.​ ​retrieve ​displace ​repress ​chunk

The term "displace" in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information. See "Stages of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.