Exam 6
Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?
First thoracic
Damage to the medial portion of the optic chiasm, cause by a pituitary tumor, would lead to __________.
Loss of peripheral vision
The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________.
Macula
What structure in the eye creates a visual blind spot? ora serrata macula lutea fovea centralis optic disc
Optic disc
Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons? sympathetic parasympathetic somatic motor somatic sensory
Parasympathetic
connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
pharyngotympanic tube
What structure helps us localize sound?
The superior olivary nucleus
Place the following events in the order in which they occur during sound transmission. 1. Tympanic membrane vibrates. 2. Internal ear fluids are set in motion. 3. Hearing receptors are stimulated. 4. Ossicles of the ear vibrate. 5. Auditory cortex is stimulated.
1, 4, 2, 3, 5
Tone
A single sound wave frequency
Which of the following is released by all somatic motor neurons at their synapses and always has an excitatory effect on skeletal muscle? acetylcholine adrenaline norepinephrine endorphin
Acetylcholine
__________ and __________ are the major neurotransmitters released by autonomic nervous system neurons.
Acetylcholine; norepinephrine
The parasympathetics in the glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) are responsible for which of the following functions? activating the nasal and lacrimal glands activating the parotid salivary glands focusing the eyes on objects reflexive blinking of the eyes
Activating the parotid salivary glands
Which target organ is not affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? lungs adrenal medulla liver heart
Adrenal medulla
Bitter taste is elicited by ________.
Alkaloids
Height of a wave is called the __________.
Amplitude
Transduction of lower frequency sound waves occurs at the __________ of the cochlea.
Apex
Choose the true statement. Vitreous humor is continuously produced and drained. Aqueous humor supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea. Aqueous humor is formed in the embryo and lasts for a lifetime. Vitreous humor is located in the anterior segment of the eye.
Aqueous humor supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea.
Which of the following is/are a part of the external ear? auditory ossicles auricle semicircular canals tympanic cavity
Auricle
Which of the following is an INCORRECT match? umami taste: elicited by glutamate and aspartate sour taste: elicited by H+ ions in solution sweet taste: elicited by alcohols bitter taste: elicited by metal ions
Bitter taste: elicited by metal ions
Which structure is NOT matched with its function? choroid: circulatory layer iris: allow light into eye retina: senses light ciliary body: focus the pupil
Ciliary body: focus on the pupil
Aqueous humor forms during capillary filtration in the __________?
Ciliary processes (part of the ciliary body)
What is the primary function of cerumen?
Cleans and lubricates the external auditory canal
Houses the spiral organ (of Corti.)
Cochlear duct
Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli. Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes. In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation.
Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes
Fusing of the ossicles (otosclerosis) results in ________.
Conduction deafness
Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation? elimination of urine increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera salivation dilation of the pupils
Dilation of the pupils
What is the activity the sympathetic nervous system generally responsible for?
Fight-or-flight responses
Which of the following is not associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? energy conservation resting emergency action digesting
Emergency action
Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.
Eye
True or False? As light hits the retina, the first structure the light encounters is a rode or a cone
False
True or False? As the vagus nerves (X) pass into the thorax, they send branches to the cardiac plexuses to increase heart rate.
False
True or False? Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less
False
True or False? Information from the balance receptors goes directly to the cerebral cortex.
False
True or False? Norepinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers.
False
True or False? Somatic and visceral reflex arcs are similar, but visceral reflex arcs lack afferent fibers (visceral sensory neurons).
False
True or False? The bending of light rays is called reflection.
False
True or False? The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system.
False
True or False? The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers.
False
True or False? The major anatomic difference in autonomic reflex arcs is that there are two sensory afferents.
False
True or False? The semicircular canals are adapted to detect static equilibrium.
False
True or False? The structure that allows equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure is the external auditory meatus.
False
True or False? Unlike the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division synapses with the adrenal medulla.
False
True or False? β-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart.
False
There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? ganglion cells cone cells rod cells bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
What stimuli does the vestibular apparatus detect?
Head position in space
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
Hypothalamus
In general, the __________ is the integrative center at the top of the autonomic-nervous-system control hierarchy.
Hypothalamus
Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? hypothalamus brain stem reticular formation frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
In the roof of the nasal cavity
Where are equilibrium receptors located?
In the semicircular canals and in the vestibule of the ear
Which plexus does NOT receive innervation from the vagus nerve? cardiac plexuses abdominal aortic plexus inferior hypogastric plexus pulmonary plexuses
Inferior hypogastric plexus
The eye muscle that rotates the eye upward and turns the eye laterally is the ________.
Inferior oblique
Dark adaptation ________.
Involves accumulation of rhodopsin
Choose the FALSE statement about the olfactory epithelium. It is made of simple squamous epithelium. It is located in the roof of the nasal cavity. It contains olfactory sensory neurons. It is coated with mucus at the air interface.
It is made of simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following correctly matches the equilibrium receptor to the type of equilibrium it monitors? maculae: static equilibrium crista ampullaris: static equilibrium maculae dynamic equilibrium saccule: dynamic equilibrium
Maculae: static equilibrium
Paralysis of which eye muscle would prevent the right eye from looking to the left?
Medial rectus
Quality
Mixture of sound wave frequencies
Which description is NOT consistent with the sympathetic division? ganglia close to the spinal cord thoracolumbar long postganglionic fibers most innervation from the vagus nerve
Most innervation from the vagus nerve
Which description is NOT consistent with the sympathetic division? most innervation from the vagus nerve thoracolumbar ganglia close to the spinal cord long postganglionic fibers
Most innervation from the vagus nerve
What type of drug would be useful in dilating the pupils for an examination of the retina?
Muscarinic receptor inhibitor
Which receptor pairing below is correct? nicotinic: norepinephrine nicotinic; acetylcholine muscarinic: norepinephrine alpha 1: acetylcholine
Nicotinic; acetylcholine
Which of the following is characteristic of the parasympathetic division? None of the Above increased heart rate dilated airways increased cognitive functioning inhibited digestion and elimination
None of the Above
Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar? Both systems share common effectors. Both systems elicit the same target organ responses to their neurotransmitters .Both systems share common efferent pathways. Both systems have ganglia in their motor pathways. None of the listed responses is correct.
None of the listed responses is correct
Choose the correctly paired terms. astigmatism: clouding of the lens hyperopia: nearsightedness nyctalopia: night blindness myopia: farsightedness
Nyctalopia: night blindness
How are the olfactory receptors activated?
Odorants dissolve in the mucus and bind to receptors.
Most taste buds are located __________.
On the top surface if the fungiform papillae
Which of the following best demonstrates an example of cooperation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems? Parasympathetic stimulation causes copious sweating; sympathetic stimulation causes epidermal pores to dilate. Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; sympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the clitoris, leading to erection; parasympathetic stimulation then causes reflex contractions of the vagina. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; parasympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; sympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear? pharyngotympanic tube external acoustic meatus pinna tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic tube
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following EXCEPT ________. their effectors regulation of activity by higher brain centers target organ responses to their neurotransmitters their efferent pathways and ganglia
Regulation of activity of higher brain centers
Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation? sweating and dilating pupils resting and digesting vigorous physical activity fight-or-flight responses
Resting and digesting
You want to look up and to your right. Which extrinsic eye muscles would be the most active in each eye? right eye: superior rectus left eye: superior rectus right eye: superior rectus left eye: inferior oblique right eye: inferior oblique left eye: superior rectus right eye: superior oblique left eye: superior rectus
Right eye: inferior oblique left eye: superior rectus
Dim light and peripheral vision receptors are called __________.
Rods
The __________ is NOT a part of the vascular layer of the eye.
Sclera
Which of the following structures contain receptors that monitor changes in head rotation? cochlea saccule utricle semicircular canals
Semicircular canals
Select the correct statement about olfaction. Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors. Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain. Olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical. Olfactory adaptation is only due to fading of receptor cell response.
Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain
Which middle ear ossicle is attached to, and transmits vibratory motion to, the oval window? incus stapes malleus anvil
Staples
Which of the following is true of static equilibrium receptors? Static equilibrium receptors can respond to rotational forces. Static equilibrium receptors are called cristae ampullares. Static equilibrium receptors monitor the position of the head. Static equilibrium receptors are found in the semicircular canals of the ear.
Static equilibrium receptors monitor the position of the head
Which part of the visual pathway is responsible for our daily biorhythms? suprachiasmatic nucleus visual cortex superior colliculus pretectal area
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar. Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers. Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic ganglia are close to the visceral organs served. Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
Sympathetic origin in craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar
Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all of the following EXCEPT ________. synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron
Synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
Which accessory eye structure is not correctly matched with one of its functions? lacrimal glands: destroy bacteria conjunctiva: protect eye from drying out tarsal glands: produce tears palpebrae: protect the eye
Tarsal glands: produce tears
As we age, __________. the lens of the eye becomes increasingly elastic the clarity of the lens of the eye remains unchanged the ability to detect high-pitched sounds diminishes the number of cochlear hair cells in the ear increases
The ability to detect high-pitched sounds diminishes
Nutrients are delivered and waste products are carried away from the cells of the posterior segment of the eye by blood vessels. However, the cells in the cornea and lens (in the anterior segment) are avascular. What is the best explanation for how these cells are maintained?
The aqueous humor is continuously replenished and flows from the ciliary process to drain in the scleral venous sinus
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things? The axon can pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk without synapsing. The axon can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion. The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment. The axon can ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion.
The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment
Information from balance (equilibrium) receptors is processed in __________.
The brain stem
Which structure contains the blood vessels that nourish all layers of the eye? the ciliary body the aqueous humor the choroid the cornea
The choroid
Which portion of the ear is responsible for sound transduction? the vestibule the ossicles the cochlea the tympanic membrane
The cochlea
Choose the true statement about the cornea. The cornea lacks blood vessels. The cornea is not well supplied with nerve endings. The cornea is continuous with the dura mater of the brain. The cornea is unable to regenerate.
The cornea lacks blood vessels
Wavelength
The distance between two consecutive wave crests
Amplitude
The height of a wave crest
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lens? The lens focuses light on the retina. The lens of the human eye has a concave shape. The lens is vascularized. In a healthy eye, the lens will be opaque
The lens focuses light on the retina
Frequency
The number of waves that pass a given point in a given time
Which of the following is NOT one of the three things that can happen to a preganglionic axon when it reaches a sympathetic trunk ganglion? The preganglionic and postganglionic axons can synapse in a distant collateral ganglion. The preganglionic and postganglionic axons can synapse at the same level. The preganglionic and postganglionic axons can synapse at a higher or lower level. The preganglionic and postganglionic axons can synapse in the sacral region.
The preganglionic and postganglionic axons can synapse in the sacral region
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during sympathetic stimulation. Which of the following statements describes why epinephrine would increase the sympathetic response? Epinephrine increases the action of pre- and postganglionic axons .Epinephrine has no effect on sympathetic targets. Epinephrine binds to a separate receptor than norepinephrine, which increases the sympathetic response. The same receptors that respond to norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, increasing the action of both.
The same receptors that respond to the norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, increasing the action of both
Humans can smell as many as 10,000 different odors but have significantly fewer types of olfactory receptors. Which of the following is the best explanation for why humans can distinguish so many smells? The sensation of a single, distinct smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells all at once. The olfactory pathway travels to location in the brain in which memories are formed and we simply mix this new sensory information with old memories. The belief that we can smell so many different distinct odors is a psychological process referred to as an uncinate fit or olfactory hallucination. Taste receptors that are active at the same time influence the subtlety of what we smell.
The sensation of a single, distinct smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells all at once.
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for something to be tasted? The tastant must dissolve in saliva. The tastant must diffuse into a taste pore. The tastant must contact the basal epithelial cells of the taste buds. The tastant must contact gustatory hairs.
The tastant must contact the basal epithelial cells of the taste buds.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? They are chemoreceptors. They have a short life span of about 60 days. They are ciliated. They are unipolar neurons.
They are unipolar neurons
Why do doctors sometimes prescribe drugs called "sympatholytic agents" to treat hypertension?
They decrease sympathetic activity by blocking adrenergic receptors, which results in blood vessel dilation.
How many ossicles are found in the ear?
Three
What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
To stimulate skeletal muscles
True or False? Acetylcholine is released by all somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic neurons of the ANS and by the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers.
True
True or False? Although sympathetic nerve impulses act only briefly, they provoke hormonal effects that last much longer.
True
True or False? As the ciliary muscle relaxes, the suspensory ligaments tighten and stretch the lens, allowing for distance vision.
True
True or False? Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia, containing the cell bodies of motor neurons.
True
True or False? Autonomic ganglia are sites of synapse and information transmission from preganglionic to postganglionic neurons.
True
True or False? Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus.
True
True or False? Blood "shunting" helps maintain circulation to vital organs during circulatory shock.
True
True or False? Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), and IX (glossopharyngeal) supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however, only the preganglionic fibers lie within these three pairs of cranial nerves.
True
True or False? Norepinephrine and epinephrine can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on target organs.
True
True or False? Olfactory sensory neurons undergo noticeable turnover throughout adult life.
True
True or False? Precision of eye movement is due to the fact that extrinsic eye muscle motor units typically innervate 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases as few as 2 or 3 muscle cells.
True
True or False? The adrenal medulla is considered by some to be a "misplaced" sympathetic ganglion since embryologically, they arise from the same tissue.
True
True or False? The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.
True
True or False? The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.
True
True or False? The parasympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the "rest and digest" system.
True
True or False? The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.
True
True or False? The sympathetic division innervates targets with nerves that all originate from the thoracolumbar region.
True
True or False? The sympathetic division is anatomically more complex than the parasympathetic division.
True
True or False? Without a functioning crista ampullaris, the semicircular canals would not function
True
A membrane that transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles.
Tympanic membrane
Separates external acoustic meatus from the middle ear.
Tympanic membrane
Which of the following is the basic taste quality responsible for the amino acid flavor of steak? umami bitter sour sweet
Umami
The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________
Vagus (X) nerves
Which of the following is an effect of norepinephrine binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors? an increase in heart rate vasodilation vasoconstriction lipolysis
Vasodilation
Where would you NOT find autonomic ganglia?
Within the spinal cord
What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?
a two-neuron motor pathway
Which of the following shows the correct order of light transmission from the air to the retina? air, cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, retina air, aqueous humor, lens, cornea, vitreous humor, retina air, lens, cornea, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, retina
air, cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, retina
Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes ________.
allows us to subconsciously estimate the distance of objects based on the different angles the image strikes our two retinas
The __________ dilate the pupils of the eyes.
dilator pupillae (radial muscles)
Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.
increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
You are designing a drug to reduce heart rate. What receptor would you target that gives an inhibitory effect on the heart?
muscarinic receptors
Ear stones
otoliths
Adjustment to low-light conditions is primarily facilitated by changes in __________ concentration.
rhodopsin
The sensation of loudness or the volume of a sound is detected by ________.
sounds that can travel all the way to the apex of the scala vestibule with enough energy remaining to deflect hair cells
The receptor organ for hearing
spiral organ of corti
Autonomic ganglia contain ________.
the cell bodies of motor neurons
Contains utricle and saccule.
vestibule
The central part of the bony labyrinth
vestibule
detects linear acceleration
vestibule