Exam

1. What hormone does the pineal gland release?

Melatonin

6. In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

Stage 2

5. The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

37. Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

1. Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

24. Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep.

34. Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

methadone

25. After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

35. Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

9. Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

8. What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

optic chiasm

10. NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.

outside period of REM sleep

26. Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

restless

11. Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________.

somnambulism

26. Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting freshly caught salmon

4. Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

20. Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

10. What is a binaural cue?

two-eared cue to localize sound

19. Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian s

30. Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

50. Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?

she is a jungian dream analyst

7. A theta wave is a type of ________.

Brain wave / the end of stage 1 sleep

2. The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

Circadian rhythm

38. ________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

Dissociative

14. Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

Episode during which sleepers breathing stops

4. The sleep debt is the result of ________.

Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

16. Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

40. Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

9. Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

8. Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

3. Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

Sleep

21. Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaption mot

35. Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

13. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

an individual airways becomes blocked during sleep

42. Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

at least three nights a week for one month

17. Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

3. Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

18. What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

46. Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffein

6. The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.

can see

28. Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

31. Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

29. The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest; trough

45. According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

22. Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

48. What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?

expose yourself to bright light while working

20. Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

external

7. Hertz is a measure of ________.

frequency

17. Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

gestalt

33. ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

34. ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

2. What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experience

36. Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.

hypnosis

36. Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. cornea; pupil 37. Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. congenital 38. In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. lense; fovea 39. Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? they have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or the air we breathe 40. At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain. left; right 41. Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory? both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system 42. What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies 43. In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess? umami and fat content 44. How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception? perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore perception is studied as Gestalt 45. What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception? those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures 46. Which of the following is false about sensation? sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced 47. What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? in laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness 48. What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory? improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips 49. Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________. their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites 50. Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? perception our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. negative reinforcement If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. increase In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. CS+USC, continuous You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? variable interval What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? learning Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. Behavioral Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? classical conditioning In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. higher- order In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. acquisition Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? extinction In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? punishment Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? shaping ________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. primary When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. continuous Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? Edward C Tolman Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. latent Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. observational Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? vicarious punishment In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. negative reinforcement Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? baby seeking food by rooting and suckling Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. learning In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. classical Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. conditioned response Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. taste aversion Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. instincts Which of the following is an example of observational learning? teaching yourself by watching others Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. extinction Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, and laughing when you see other hats In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). unconditional response Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between a bell and a whistle Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? fixed interval Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? Knowing you will play mini golf as soon as you collect 10 stars for your reward chard Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. Edward C Tolman Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? variable ratio Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. cognitive map Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. model Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? Jeong observing brown getting spanked for spitting out carrots, his friends was punished so he does't spit his out Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? Babe saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list, so he does the same Which of the following is an example of latent learning? remembering where the nearest gas station is when you run out of gas What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? emotion can be a conditioned response What is the main idea of social learning theory? one can learn new behaviors by observing others If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. after seeing a television character for taking violent action against another character What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditional stimulus Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? rewarding a child for eating oatmeal and counting how many times it takes until he eats it voluntarily What is the main idea of operant conditioning? behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior; reinforcements and punishment According to Albert Bandura, ________. learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? emotions can be conditioned by response Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. it is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? he is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning 1. From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. thinking 2. ________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. concepts 3. A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. prototype 4. ________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. artificial 5. ________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. cognitive 6. Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? lexicon 7. A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. phoneme 8. A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. morpheme 9. Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? sematics 10. A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. mental set 11. Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? functional fixedness 12. What is confirmation bias? focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs 13. ________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. creative 14. The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare and contrast 15. Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? Robert Sternberg 16. ________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. emotion; memory 17. Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. thoughts 18. Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. experience 19. The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. I 20. Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. role 21. After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. babbling 22. An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. one piece of information versus all of the information 23. Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. confirmation 24. Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. hindsight bias 25. Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. representation bias 26. Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. analytical 27. Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. creative 28. Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. practical 29. Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? mild 30. Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. linguistic 31. Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? severe 32. Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. logical- mathematical 33. Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. musical 34. Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? patriotism 35. Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. automatic 36. Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? interpersonal 37. Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. spatial 38. Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? dyslexia 39. In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. interpersonal; intrapersonal 40. What is the Flynn effect? The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation 41. Schemata are a(an) ________. method of organizing information that allows the Brian to work more efficiently 42. What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language 43. Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives 44. What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common? all of the concepts are examples of mental set 45. The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________. experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally 46. Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? processing memory 47. The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. one standard deviation above the mean 48. Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? modest 49. Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the Brian functions and develops, thus causing a dip in ID scores 50. What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?" Level 2 intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans Terms in this set (50) 1. Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. Semantic 2. What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? memory 3. Encoding information occurs through ________. automatic processing and effortful processing 4. Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. visual 5. The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. Semantic 6. What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? self-reference effect 7. In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. Long-term 8. ________ encoding is the encoding of images. acoustic 9. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information 10. What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? explicit memories 11. What is procedural memory? type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things 12. ________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. Acoustic 13. The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. encoding 14. According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. short-term memory itself has different forms 15. What is semantic memory? knowledge about words, concept, and language-based knowledge and facts 16. What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? Sensory 17. What are the two components of declarative memory? semantic and episodic 18. Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory 19. Which theory

hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? Arousal theory 20. What is episodic memory? information about events we have personally experienced 21. Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics 22. In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. rehearsal 23. Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV 24. When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. implicit 25. When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. recognition 26. Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. Relearning 27. For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. flashbulb memory 28. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. retrograde; anterograde 29. People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories. 30. Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. transcience 31. A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. hindsight 32. Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. anterograde 33. The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. construction; reconstruction 34. Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. bias 35. Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? cerebellum 36. Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. 37. Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. retrograde 38. Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? intrusion 39. Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes 40. Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? hippocampus 41. Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details aboutherself, where she came from, or what happened to her. 42. Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory 43. Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. modified the way witness are questioned 44. Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running 45. What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus 46. How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. 47. What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. 48. Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion 49. What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. 50. What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? Stroop effect 1. ________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards. Extrinsic 2. ________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal. Motivation 3. ________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise. Anorexia nervosa 4. Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change? Set point 5. ________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards. Instrinsic 6. Body dysmorphia is a ________. distorted body image 7. The satiety hormone is called ________. Leptin 8. Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law? Simple task are performed best when arousal levels are rekatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low 9. A person's ________ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time. Metabolic 10. ________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals. Bisexual 11. Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm? Refractory period 12. The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Sexual 13. The ________ complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory. Basolateral 14. The facial ________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions. Feedback 15. According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________. Physiological and Cognitive 16. The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization. Biological; Social 17. Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation. intrinsic 18. Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation. Extrinsic 19. An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________. instinct 20. Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. In the following sentence, what is the motivation? Sheila wants to complete a marathon so she buys new running shoes and spends every day timing how long it takes her to run the high school track. Completing a marathon 21. Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior? babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval 22. Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? Eating a meal to raise your blood sugar level 23. Which of the following examples accurately reflects the Yerkes-Dodson law? Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low. 24. If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition. self-efficacy 25. Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt. Wanting to become a chef 26. In the following sentence, identify the intrinsic motivation. Leela, age 16, attends free lectures at the community college because she loves to learn, she visits her grandmother to hear about her mother's childhood, and she cooks dinner and cleans the house once a week to earn her allowance. attending free lectures because she loves to learn 27. Which of the following is an example of the overjustification effect? Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid. 28. Which of the following is the best example of a habit? chewing on your hair to relieve stress 29. The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of the amygdala. Basolateral; nucleus 30. Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? the belief in ones ability to cause an intended event to happen 31. Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. esteem 32. According to research, the need for ________ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers. affiliation 33. Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________. how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger 34. Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa. bulimia 35. According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list. achievement 36. Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women. Jude is ________. bisexual 37. Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is ________. obese 38. If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the ________. facial feedback hypothesis 39. Amy is a woman who feels emotional and sexual attraction for other women but not towards men. Amy is ________. homosexual 40. Which of the following are good examples of the security level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Safety and employment 41. Research shows that receiving some sort of extrinsic reinforcement for engaging in behaviors that we enjoy leads to those behaviors ________. no longer providing that same enjoyment 42. Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research? Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables 43. Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor. 44. Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis? The cognitive meditational theory suggest that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the feedback hypothesis does not 45. What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery? it will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point 46. How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation? We cannot change someones sexual orientation because it is relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed 47. Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa? Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating 48. What is the main idea of drive theory? deviation from homeostasis create physiological needs 49. Which of the following statements about the basolateral complex is incorrect? The amygdala is part of the basolateral complex 50. How is homosexuality similar to bisexuality? Both types of sexuality involve loving another person 1. Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? Sigmund Freud 2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. in which people are presented with ambiguous images 3. The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. selective migration 4. ________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. trait 5. Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance? Hans and Sybil Eysenck 6. ________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. heritability 7. The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. ectomorph 8. ________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. congruence 9. Who developed social-cognitive theory? Albert Bandura 10. Self-efficacy is ________. our level of confidence in our own ability 11. Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns. B.F. Skinner 12. The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. Collective unconscious 13. Who proposed the locus of control concept? Julian rotter 14. An archetype is a ________. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies 15. Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? Karen Horney 16. Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. Myers-Briggs type indicator 17. Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. Persona 18. A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. inferiority 19. A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. External, internal 20. Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? Freudian slip 21. The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________. 5 factor model 22. Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. ID 23. Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? denial 24. According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. choleric 25. After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? regression 26. Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires. Projective test 27. The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile. MMPI 28. The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. Rorschach 29. During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? latency 30. Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively. become neurotic strategies 31. Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. introvert 32. Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. extrovert 33. Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. Extroversion/ introversion, neuroticism/ stability 34. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? autonomy vs shame 35. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family? generativity, vs stagnation 36. When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using? moving against people 37. Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________. beliefs and expectations 38. In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. anything and individual does that can be punished or rewarded 39. Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. high self efficacy 40. Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. an internal locus of control 41. Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. an external locus of control 42. According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. self acualization 43. As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. humanism 44. What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? Neo- freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. 45. Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development? climate of sexual repression 46. Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? suggest that our birth order shapes our personality 47. What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? identical twins, wether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities. 48. What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism 49. Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? our behavior, cognitive process, and situational context all influence each other. 50. Which question was central to the marshmallow test? can you resist getting a small reward now, in order to get a larger reward later? 1. The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. emotions nd attitudes, the self, and social cognition 2. Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior? being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting 3. Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a ________ view of Bill. situationist 4. ________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors. dispositionism 5. Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior? group process 6. Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light. self-serving bias 7. What is groupthink? modification of the opinions of members of a-group to align with what they believe is the group consensus 8. Which of the following best defines the Asch effect? influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment 9. When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting 10. What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus? groupthink 11. Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment? Zimbardo 12. What is a social role? socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group 13. A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. attitude 14. The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment. Asch 15. Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message? peripheral route 16. Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item? foot in the door 17. Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness? central route 18. Who was Stanley Milgram? social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis 19. Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information? informational 20. What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment? Social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior 21. Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied? children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied 22. Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is mostaccurate? There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. 23. What is a major problem with the original Milgram study? milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical 24. What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment? Zimbardo did not use a control group 25. Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? seeking outside opinions on group decisions 26. Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism? teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism 27. David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory. social exchange 28. When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________. reciprocity 29. Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________. consummate 30. Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________. romantic 31. Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________. empty 32. Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________. reciprocity 33. Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior? Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries 34. Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________. social loafing 35. The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese. bystander effect 36. According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training? Simon bites his mom 37. Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. stereotypes 38. Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________. sexist 39. ________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation. homophobia 40. If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change? Yale attitude change 41. Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias. in-group 42. Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy? telling someone with dyslexia she cannot lear to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort 43. Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. Asch 44. The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked. confederate 45. Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year 46. Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion? anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use 47. Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________. cognitive dissonance 48. Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard-working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams. 49. Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________. self-serving bias 50. Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias? Zhang believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling. 1. Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"? Hans Selye 2. A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________. stressor 3. Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail? primary SPONSORED BY STRATEJM INC. AD Stratejm | Canada's First Cloud Based Security-as-a-Service Stratejm's Security-as-a-Service (SECaaS) utilizes a purpose-built secure multi-tenant Canadian cloud as the basis on which we deliver our value proposition. See more 4. A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________. anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence 5. What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor? how a threat is perceived 6. ________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance. eustress 7. ________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating. distress 8. ________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors. flow 9. Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives? positive psychology 10. Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________. positive outlook and positive expectations 11. ________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes. biofeedback 12. The concept of perceived control refers to ________. beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives 13. Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces? coping 14. The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________. meditation 15. Who said, "The intensity and chronicity of human stress is governed largely by perceived control over the demands of one's life"? Albert Bandura 16. Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________. social support 17. A high-stress job, overcrowding, and long commutes to work are examples of the way some psychologists conceptualize stress as a ________. demanding or threatening event or situation 18. Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress? Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside 19. Which of the following is a good example of a response-based definition of stress? Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife. 20. Which of the following is an example of a stressor? being in a car accident 21. Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor? Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat. 22. A stressor would be appraised as a ________ if someone anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; however, if someone believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth, it would be appraised as a ________. threat; challenge 23. Which of the following is an example of eustress? training for a marathon 24. People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline. distress 25. Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. cognitive 26. Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. physiological 27. Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response. flight-or-flight 28. Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path 29. Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome? Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely. 30. Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome? Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree. 31. Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________. daily hassle 32. Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________. job burnout 33. Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify? depersonalization 34. Rheumatoid arthritis is considered a(n) ________ disease because it involves the body mistaking its own healthy cells for invaders and repeatedly attacking them. autoimmune 35. Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush. type A 36. A(n) ________ attack is often triggered by environmental factors, such as air pollution, allergens, cigarette smoke, airway infections, cold air or a sudden change in temperature, and exercise. asthma 37. Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor. chronic 38. Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using? problem focus 39. Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________. social support 40. Noomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Noomi has a ________ personality. type B 41. Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________. body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it 42. What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory? moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material 43. In Hans Selye's rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________. adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration 44. Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress? The immune system is weakened 45. Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases. significantly elevated rates of heart disease 46. What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health? They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors. 47. Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of job burnout? wanting to quit 48. Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________. forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart 49. Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease? Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease. 50. Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism? Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective. 1. A psychological disorder is a ________. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors 2. Etiology is another word for ________. causes 3. Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction? jerome C. Wkefield 4. Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5. What is comorbidity? co-occurrencec of two disorders 6. The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events. diathesis-stress 7. ________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. Anxiety 8. A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks. anxiety 9. Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 10. People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. obsessive-compulsive 11. Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD? ... 12. Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder? lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds 13. ________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year. seasonal pattern 14. ________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt. suicidal ideation 15. Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior? schizophrenia 16. Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder. psychotic 17. ________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person. paranoid 18. Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder. dissociative identity 19. Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________. phobia 20. Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________. being outside the home alone 21. ________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself. Safety behaviors 22. Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________. generalized anxiety disorder 23. Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder. body dysmorphic 24. Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________. appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless. 25. Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder. posttraumatic stress .26. Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________? episodic 27. Joffrey talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Joffrey is experiencing psychomotor________. retardation 28. Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size. organizing the books 29. Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________. mania 30. Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have? seasonal pattern 31. Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with? schizophrenia 32. Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________. ... 33. If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________. often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania. 34. Which of the following is an example of avolition? lack of motivation to bathe yourself 35. Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________. dissociative fugue 36. Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder? Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention. 37. From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality? antisocial personality disorder 38. Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality? borderline personality disorder 39. Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality? dependent personality disorder 40. Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________. ... 41. Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality? avoidant personality disorder 42. Which of the following is false of dissociative disorders? People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture. 43. Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders? All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood. 44. Which of the following is not a reason that ADHD may be overdiagnosed? The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified. 45. Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders? excessive, persistent fear and anxiety 46. Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder? It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors. 47. Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder? experiencing trauma in isolation 48. Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders? becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self 49. The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders. biological; psychological 50. Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder? behavioral inhibition 1. Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________. race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment 2. Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________. relapse 3. Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease. chronic 4. During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs. intake 5. Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician? group therapy 6. Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy. client-centered 7. Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so? confidentiality 8. Aversive conditioning is a ________. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior 9. Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors? behavior 10. Exposure therapy is a ________ technique. counterconditioning 11. What is the goal of humanistic therapy? helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves 12. ECT stands for ________. electroconvulsive therapy 13. Who developed client-centered therapy? Carl Rogers 14. In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________. possessed by demons 15. Who developed psychoanalysis? Sigmund Freud 16. Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States? Dorothea Dix 17. Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________. process of closing large asylum 18. In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________. client says whatever comes to mind at the moment 19. Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?\ psychodynamic psychotherapy 20. Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? behavior therapy 21. Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys? play therapy 22. Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? cognitive therapy 23. In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? cognitive-behavioral therapy 24. Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? play therapy 25. Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using? humanistic therapy 26. On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using? systematic desensitization 27. Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________. token economy 28. According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders? Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence. 29. What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services? Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans. 30. Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this? active listening 31. Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this? unconditional positive regard 32. ________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness. atypical antipsychotics 33. The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache. stimulants 34. Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________. antidepressants 35. Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Adderall 36. Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy. biomedical 37. Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy? It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem. 38. Breach of confidentiality is a greater risk in ________ therapy. group 39. A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have AIDS. The counselor focuses on defining AIDS, discussing treatment and side effects of treatment, and how the children can develop coping mechanisms. This exemplifies ________. psycho-educational treatment 40. The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________. cognitive-behavioral therapy 41. Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client. free association 42. Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe? involuntary 43. Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness. 26% 44. Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe? voluntary 45. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2008, ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue. 13.4% 46. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012. 19% 47. Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? How you think determines how you feel. 48. Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________. suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure 49. Anti-anxiety agents work by ________. depressing central nervous system activity 50. What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy? client's present and future ?

12. The ________is also known as the anvil.

incus

18. Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

internal

14. Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

32. Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelength

30. Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

16. Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

23. Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.

manifest

39. A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

49. Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

melatonin initiates the waking cycle

22. Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

motivation

27. Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

27. Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

15. Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

12. ________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.

parinsomnia

19. ________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

15. ________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

pheromone

23. Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

11. Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

since birth

47. Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

sleep deprivation often results in ADHD

25. Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the over

43. Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

13. What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

41. People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

stage 1 at

33. Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

21. Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

31. While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________.

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

28. Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

44. Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

they increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the Brian associated with impulse control

29. Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

5. Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet

32. Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories pf the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

24. Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular