exam final review
When at altitude, what is the primary respiratory impact of the decreased PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) in the blood stream?
Decreased flow of oxygen across respiratory membrane
Based on what you know about Michelle what would you expect to happen to her resting heart rate after her 6 months of training for the ironman?
Decreases in resting heart rate (RHR)
What part of the brain serves as the thermostat for the body?
Hypothalamus
Anaerobic training __ activity of key glycolytic enzymes including PFK.
Increases
Atherosclerosis causes an increase in blood pressure because of what?
It decreased the diameter of the blood vessels and it increases resistance in the arteries and arterioles.
the point at which lactate accumulates faster than it is cleared is called the __.
Lactate threshold
How will submaximal VO2 change for Michelle during the 6 months of training?
Little to no change in submaximal VO2
During exercise, the oxygen diffusion capacity increases dramatically because of what?
Lower venous O2 content increases the PO2 gradient
The pulmonary veins travel from the __ to the __?
Lungs, left atrium
Redistribution of blood flow during exercise is primarily driven by what?
Metabolic muscular vasodilation, increased blood flow requirements of exercising muscle, and sympathetic vasoconstriction
Would you expect to see similar changes during the 6 months of training in her friend Josh?
Michelle would have bigger changes and improve more than Josh.
Compared to the slope of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, the slope of the O2-myoglobin dissociation curve is what?
Steeper but in the same direction
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume = ?
Stroke Volume (SV)
Which subject has a higher aerobic capacity (fitness level)?
Subject A (blue)
Which of these sets of factors determines the rate of ATP production?
Substrate availability, enzyme activity
The __ nervous system works to decrease heart rate.
Sympathetic
During exercise, as intensity increases how does blood pressure change?
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases and Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) does not change
The valve that separates the left ventricle from the systemic circulation is the what?
aortic valve
__ is the amount of oxygen that is removed in the capillaries and used by the tissues.
av-O2 difference
__ has the greatest impact on resistance.
diameter, radius, or width.
How is most (60%-70%) of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate
NADH and FADH contribute to ATP production by transporting electrons (H+) to this part of the oxidative system __.
electron transport chain
In order to keep the lungs from collapsing which is true?
intrapulmonary pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure
At REST most of the blood flow is directed towards?
the guts (liver, intestines, stomach, and kidneys)
At low intensity exercise __ increases.
tidal volume
The maximal volume of air that can be accommodated by the lungs is the what?
total lung capacity
An increase in RER closer to 1 would indicate that more fats are being used.
true or false? false
Only one energy system is ever working at one time
true or false? false
An accumulation of NADH can cause pyruvate to turn to lactate
true or false? true
Even after a person's VO2 max plateaus they can still have improvements in performance.
true or false? true
Free fatty acids can only be used to produce ATP via aerobic metabolic pathways.
true or false? true
Not all muscles exhibit the same degree of oxidative capacity.
true or false? true
Cardiac output is equal to heart rate x blood pressure (CO = HR x BP)
true or false? false.
Brad and Jenny are both out running at the track. Their coach tells them both to run an 800m. Brad takes off as fast as possible and halfway around the track he slows down dramatically. His first 400m is finished in 1:20, his second 400m takes 2:06 for a total time of 3:26 when he finishes he is breathing very heavy and his heart rate is very high. Jenny runs her first 400m in 2:05 and her second in 1:55 for a total time of 4:00. When she finishes, she is not breathing very heavy and her heart rate is only mildly increased.
use this for next 6 question.
Ben is running a 25 mile race with his friend Chris, who is a faster runner than Ben. They hold a steady pace for most of the race. When they can see the finish line a mile away they both try and push to go faster to beat each other. Ben is able to increase his speed significantly and beat Chris, while Chris can only increase his speed a little. Throughout the race Ben was drinking beverages that contained glucose, sodium, potassium, and water; Chris drank only a little bit (half a bottle) of water during the entire race.
use this for the next 6 questions.
Michelle is training for her first big race an ironman distance triathlon (1800m swim, 106mi bike, 26.2 min run). She used to walk regularly 3 times a week with a friend but is now training with a different friend, Josh, who has been doing ironmans for several years. She is running and cycling a lot more than she ever has before. Her race is 6 months away.
use to answer the next 4 questions.
Which of the following factors aid in venous return (select all that apply)?
valves in the veins, muscle contractions, and changes in pressure of the thoracic cavity
Why doesn't breathing return to normal (following exercise) as quickly as it increases at the beginning?
waste (CO2) removal continues after exercise end
Plasma is primarily composed of what?
water
Blood is made up of plasma and formed elements that include (select all that apply)?
white blood cells, erythrocytes, and platelets
Cells can store large quantities of ATP in anticipation of prolonged intense exercise.
True or false? False
With aerobic training the size of the left ventricle can increase.
True or false? True
Carbon dioxide and oxygen directly compete with each other for the same hemoglobin binding sites.
True or false? False
Pulmonary ventilation is the most likely limitation of maximum performance (oxygen consumption).
True or false? False
Stroke volume increases in direct proportion to exercise intensity up to max intensity.
True or false? False
Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.
True or false? False
Absolute blood flow to the brain remains relatively constant during exercise.
True or false? True
Position can affect stroke volume through changes in venous return.
True or false? True
Spirometry can be used to diagnose pulmonary diseases.
True or false? True
The first sound in a heartbeat is the sound of the atrioventricular valves closing.
True or false? True
The layers in arteries are thicker than in veins.
True or false? True
Bicarbonate is made in the red blood cells then dissolved into plasma.
True or false? True
An increase in parasympathetic (vagal) tone will result in what?
decreased resting heart rate
How long does it typically take to reach a steady-state heart rate at a given intensity (think about how long the stages are)?
2-3 minutes
What percentage of atmospheric air is oxygen?
21%
Maximal heart rate can be roughly estimated using the following equation?
220 - age
PCO2 in the alveoli is approximately what?
40 mmHg
What is the barometric pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg
essay question: Betsy lives in Philadelphia and jogs a 5k three times a week. She started back in April when the weather was cooler. She came to visit Memphis to run a race with her sister. While doing a jog a few days before the race she noticed that her legs are much more tired earlier in her run and that her heart rate is higher for the same effort. A- explain why her legs are feeling more tired. B- Why is her heart rate elevated? C- What could she do to help alleviate these issues before the race? D- Why would that help?
A- B- SV C- more fluid, replenish, increase plasma volume. Total blood volume. D-
example: sport gymnastics A- what energy system is primarily used in this sport/activity and why that system would be used more than the other systems. B- what is the rate limiting enzyme for this system? C- What substrate is used for the sport? D- What are some pros and cons of using this system over another system?
A- ATP-PCr B- Creatine kinase C- Phosphorus creatine D- Pros: quick, no oxygen needed Cons: only last 3s-30s, goes away fast
Essay question: Katie and Dave recently moved from the east coast (sea level) to Colorado Springs (elevation 7000 ft). Dave was an avid runner before the move; while the move; while Katie was very busy with work and would get in some exercise in when she could. After they moved David was able to adjust to the change in altitude very quickly while it took Katie much longer to get used to the thinner air. They went back to the east coast for one of Dave's favorite races, and Dave got a personal best despite not changing his training. A- Explain while is was difficult for Katie to exercise at first in the higher elevation. B- Explain why Dave was able to adjust to the higher elevation quicker than Katie. C- What cardiovascular/respiratory changes allowed for Dave to adapt quicker? D- Explain why Dave was able to improve his time so much when they went back to sea level for the race. What specific adaptations would have helped him and how?
A- Less oxygen in the air B- Ran before; increased blood flow, hemoglobin C- Increased plasma volume, SV, and Hemoglobin D-
Essay question: A- What are the main mechanisms that we use to regulate pH in the body? B-How do the cardiovascular system and the respiratory systems work together to regulate pH. C- How and why does a drop in pH cause a person to feel fatigues (as it relates to the cardiorespiratory system)?
A- Protein, bicarbonate, phosphate, and hemoglobin B- Transport CO2, Blood flow moves gases C- Lactate?, change in pH, hemoglobin curve and pH pressures. Blood flow to other places
Essay question: During cardiac drift A- What two variables are the most impacted and in what way? In hot weather on of the causes of CV drift is increased blood flow to the skin to help with cooling. B- Why might this cause a drop in arterial blood pressure (BP = CO x peripheral resistance)? C- How might this cause issues for a trainer/athlete in defining training heart rate zones?
A- Stroke volume decreases and Heart rate increase B- Blood pressure = Cardiac output x resistance; vasodilating resistance decreases. C- elasticity vessels; temperature and environment; cardiac drift
essay question: explain how metabolic adaptations from training can lead to improvements in VO2 max. A- What is VO2 max? How is it calculated/what is the formula for VO2. B- What are the metabolic adaptations to training? C- How do these adaptations affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems? D- what other adaptations aid in the increase in VO2 max with training?
A- VO2 max is the max amount of oxygen we can use during exercise. VO2 max = HR x CO x a-vO2 difference. B- Increased mitochondria size, switch systems, increased lactate threshold. C- Metabolism, how it connects to the blood flow and increased RBCs. the flow chart that connects all the systems together. D-
what is a likely cause for the increase in time on Brad's second 400m?
Acidosis
Which of the following most accurately describes the flow of blood through the heart?
Blood enters the heart from pulmonary circulation into the right atrium, flows through the right AV-valve into the right ventricle, then leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve toward the systemic circulation. It returns from the systemic circulation into the left atrium, travels through the left AV valve into the left ventricle then through the aortic semilunar valve into pulmonary circulation.
__ gas law states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other.
Bolye's
When conducting a graded exercise test heart rate is quite variable in the early stages because of ?
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are trying to control HR at the same time.
__ are vessels that are one layer thick allowing for exchange of oxygen.
Capillaries
All of the events associated with blood flow through the heart is called __.
Cardiac cycle
Lactate can be used in all of the following ways except what?
Shuttled to the liver to make FFA.
why was Chris not able to increase his speed at the end of the race while Ben was able to increase his speed?
Chris had depleted his glycogen stores.
Jenny's RER would be __ than Brad's.
Closer to 0.78
What is the primary reason why altitude has a negative impact on VO2?
Decreased PO2
Which muscles are inspiratory? i.e. which contract to cause normal inspiration?
Diaphragm and intercostals
The two forces that are acting to collapse a lung are __ and __.
Elasticity and surface tension
During exercise in the heat what are the primary means of heat loss?
Evaporation and Radiation
__ respiration is the physiological process of gas exchange between the lungs and pulmonary capillary blood.
External
What substrate is jenny primarily breaking down?
FFA (free fatty acids)
what substrate is brad primarily breaking down?
Glucose
why did drinking the beverage help Ben keep up with and then pass his friend?
He was able to continue to supply his body with glucose.
What would you expect to happen to her VO2 max over the months of training?
Increase in VO2 max
When the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts during exercise, what is the result?
O2 unloading becomes easier at the muscles.
What energy system is Jenny primarily using?
Oxidative
Dalton's law explains the relationship between total pressure and __ of gases.
Partial pressures
Which of the following is true regarding blood pressure?
Pressure in an artery is pulsate and makes for good horror movies when cut.
Heart rate response is __ to exercise intensity.
Proportional/equal
__ is the volume of air left in the lungs after a person has exhaled as much as possible.
Residual
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after expiration and can not be exhaled is the what?
Residual volume
__ is also known as the pacemaker of the heart.
SA Node
Cyclists who compete at a high lever are able to sprint at the end of a race because of what?
They can remake phosphocreatine because they have oxygen. They refuel during the race so they do not deplete all of their glucose/glycogen.
The respiratory system has an anticipatory response, when about to state exercise.
True
__ is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Ventilation
__ is the point at which ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen consumed.
Ventilatory threshold
When looking at the EKG the QRS complex is representative of what?
Ventricular contraction
A capillary bed across an exercising muscle has __ arterial venous oxygen difference compared to a resting muscle.
a greater
If PO2 is high, a large change in PO2 would lead to __ in hemoglobin saturation.
a small change
Free fatty acids get broken down into __ and enter into the __.
acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle
The back pressure of blood flow on the heart after a contraction is called __.
after load
Which athletes would benefit from improved aerobic endurance?
all the above; swimmers, football players, and golfers
The __ are saclike structures that facilitate gas exchange in the respiratory zone.
alveolier
what energy system is Brad primarily using (what is he using the majority of the time for the whole 800m)?
anaerobic glycolysis
When the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right from changes in pH or temperature, this is known as the __ effect.
bohr shift in pH
The term used when resting heart rate is below 60 bpm __.
bradicardia
Alveoli are structurally and functionally most similar to which part of the cardiovascular system?
capillaries
The gradual increase in heart rate when working at a steady-state is called __.
cardiac drift
Blood flow
change in pressure / vascular resistance
The point at which we change from using fats to carbohydrates is called the __.
cross over point
If chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth, this occurs because of what?
excess CO2 needs to be "blown off" (removed)
Hematocrit is the percentage of blood that is WHITE blood cells?
false
What is the most likely cause of dyspnea during exercise?
fatigue of the inspiratory muscles
VO2 max will peak after 1-2 years of training. Which of the following is true?
further performance increases require higher lactate threshold.
When __ is broken down during glycolysis there is a net yield of 2 ATP.
glucose
Triglycerides are broken down into __ and __.
glycerol, FFA (free fatty acids)
The majority of oxygen transported in the blood is bound to __.
hemoglobin
Long-term exposure to altitude causes an increase in hematocrit, how does this impact the respiratory system?
improved oxygen transportation capacity
Which of the following does NOT contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise?
increased heart rate
Why does active recovery reduce blood acidity more quickly than passive recovery?
increases blood flow and ventilation
Hyperventilation causes the blood to become what?
more basic (alkaline)
__ transports oxygen in the muscle to the mitochondria.
myglobin
How do products of a metabolic pathway typically help control the rate of the chemical reactions?
negatively feedback on the rate-limiting enzyme
Enzymes are sensitive to __ and __.
pH and temperature
The enzyme that is critical in determining the rate of energy production through a given metabolic pathway is called the __ enzyme.
rate limiting enzyme
Lactate can be used in what ways?
shuttled to the liver to make glucose, used by the muscle as a substrate, and shuttled to other tissue (heart kidney and other muscle) to be used as a substrate.
When ADP accumulates, what is the effect on the rate of metabolic chemical reactions?
speeds them up
