Exam

BMI is used more commonly than body fat percentage because it is more

Convenient

In the article, "Obesity, Chronic Disease, and Economic Growth: A Case for 'Big-Picture' Prevention", author Garry Egger defines the term "sweet spot". Which of the following scenarios describe a country that is experiencing this "sweet spot"?

Country 3 has begun to economically develop, leading to advancements in science and medicine that have caused a decrease in deaths due to communicable diseases. This nation has not yet begun to see an increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases.

What kind of diet is recommended for weight maintenance?

High protein, low Glycemic index

Studies show countries with a ___________ GDP show ____________ in obesiety cases.

Higher/increases

Which of the following best describes the human capability to store energy?

Humans are efficient in using their energy, so they are able to easily store excess energy

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an individual who is classified as "metabolically unhealthy with a normal BMI"?

Hyperlipidemia

According to the "energy-thrifty gene hypothesis", which of the following is true?

If the amount of energy used is increased, less energy is stored, resulting in weight loss

How may inactivity contribute to chronic disease

Inactivity may cause chronic disease or obesity (which possibly leads to chronic disease)

The "sweet spot," caused by an economic transition reflects on a(n) _______ in morbidity, which is caused by a transition from a high amount of ______ diseases to a high amount of _________ diseases.

Increase, infectious, chronic

Obesity can cause a/an __________ in ___________ diseases.

Increase/chronic

In a world of greater obesity and other non-communicable health conditions, how have we been able to keep lifespans from falling?

Increased Education/More treatments to combat disease

The authors of the article, "Obesity, Chronic Disease, and Economic Growth: A Case for 'Big Picture' Prevention," discussed that in advanced economies, the increased emission of greenhouse gases can be attributed to the increased use of non-renewable resources such as fuel. Through this metaphor, what point is the author trying to make about obesity?

Increased obesity rates can be attributed to the increased production of energy-dense foods and drinks

What are potential issues of having a high prevalence of chronic diseases? (select all that apply)

Increased usage of healthcare resources C) Financial strain on healthcare financing D). Economic difficulties E). Physician burnout

Based on the Chinese study, obesity has _______ at a higher rate in rural areas than urban areas and is more prevalent in women with _______ and with _________.

Increased; no children; any education

Which of the following is most likely to conduct biased research?

Industries

Cuba reversed from a booming economy to a recession. Which of the following occurred as a result of this transition?

Infectious disease prevalence in Cuba increased and the chronic disease prevalence decreased

Which of the following are true about inflammation?

Inflammation is a normal reaction when the body is trying to fight off an infection, Inflammation is always present in small levels in a healthy human, Certain types of inflammation act as evidence that obesity is not the big-picture cause of chronic diseases.

A peer reviewed study: (select all that apply)

Is repeatable by other individuals Is double blind Is reviewed by experts

Which of the following are true regarding the Thrifty Gene Hypothesis?

It uses evolution and knowledge of the past to pose a potential explanation as to why obesity is present in modern society.

Which of the following individuals would benefit from obesity being defined as a disease?

Joe is a teenage male who has been diagnosed as morbidly obese. He wants his friends and family to take his obesity seriously and recognize that it is a real issue., Jane is a middle-aged female who is morbidly obese. She needs to have a procedure due to an obesity-related complication, and she needs her insurance company to cover the costs.

According to the measure of body mass index (BMI), which of the following individuals are classified as obese?

John has a BMI of 32 and is classified as metabolically healthy.

Which statement best describes the relationship between chronic disease and obesity?

Lifestyle factors mediate the relationship between chronic disease and obesity through metaflammation

Obesity is known as a _____ process where one occurrence caused by obesity is an uneven balance of energy commonly caused by the body's _____.

Long term, thyroid

In the article, "Education is associated with lower levels of abdominal obesity in women with a non-agricultural occupation: an interaction study using China's four provinces survey," why is it suggested that obesity increases at a faster rate in urban areas containing low-income areas.

Low-income individuals are found to consume a higher amount of fats and oils and a lower percentage of healthy foods.

The correlation observed that when obesity rates were _____ in the United States, the cancer death rates were _______ and heart disease death rates were _______.

Lower; lower; lower

Which of the following facts regarding global epidemiological trends is false?

Many developing countries face a problem of over-nutrition as well as under-nutrition

Which shift in disease can help epidemiologists differentiate between the early and late stages of economic development?

Microbe-related infectious disease → Lifestyle-related chronic disease

Which of the following is not a reason why obesity has increased despite education increasing?

More educated people tend to be more aware of their food choices and exercise habits

Studies show that levels of obesity are higher in people that have ___________ levels of education.

No

Can the study described by the research article, "Education is associated with lower levels of abdominal obesity in women with a non-agricultural occupation: an interaction study using China's four provinces survey" by Aitsi-Selmi, Chen, Shipley, and Marmot be representative of all women in China?

No, the age group in the study was limited to elderly (60 years of age or older) women.

From the analysis we did in class, can it be said that obesity is directly related to socioeconomic factors?

No, though there was overlap between areas experiencing poverty and high obesity levels, there are also indications that lifestyle and other health behaviors may mediate some of the relation between poverty and obese regions

Considering the graphs shown in class, obesity versus socio-economic status in the U.S. demonstrates what type of relationship?

Obesity and socio-economic status are somewhat related with some uncertainty

Why doesn't obesity technically qualify as a disease according to the definition of the term?

Obesity does not have any distinguishing signs or symptoms.

Which of the following statements about mortality is FALSE?

Obesity, in terms of a high BMI, is directly associated with an increased risk in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and several other chronic diseases which result in a lower mortality rate.

Which of the following is not supported by the Chinese study?

Occupation and obesity is negatively associated only in higher income countries.

Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with obesity?

Osteoarthritis

In class, we discussed the value not only of research but also of educating others on our research findings. Why is educating the public an important part of research?

Our research findings have no value if nobody knows about them. Education allows members of the public to choose to apply scientists' findings to their own lives and make decisions accordingly. Without education, our research findings cannot be implemented into society at a large scale.

Energy Imbalance pertains to:

Over consumption of calories vs. the amount of calories burned

Which of the following is a factor that could contribute to metaflammation but not necessarily obesity?

Over-Exercise

According to the article, "Education is associated with lower levels of abdominal obesity in women with a non-agricultural occupation: an interaction study using China's four provinces survey," the relationship between education level and central obesity risk could be said to be...

Positive; correlated

Obesity is often associated with:

Reduced quality of life Diabetes Cancer Poorer mental health outcomes

An individual has meta inflammation. What are possible causes and risk factors that must be addressed?

Sleep deprivation or excess alcohol consumption may promote conditions that cause chronic conditions

In the context of the article, which best describes metaflammation?

Small rise in C-reactive protein and NFkB in the body

Of the following lifestyle factors, which is categorized as a proinflammatory?

Smoking

Which of the following is linked to metaflammation?

Stress/sleep loss

Which of the following statements would Garry Egger (the author of the article "Obesity, Chronic Disease, and Economic Growth: A Case for "Big Picture" Prevention") disagree with?

The "sweet spot" refers to the point in economic development at which the incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases is at its minimum.

Which of the following facts regarding obesity is false?

The American Medical Association considers obesity as a disease.

A country is going through epidemiological transition. Life expectancy was increasing steadily with advancements of new technology but has started to level off. What can we say FOR SURE has happened?

The country is past the sweet spot

According to the same article from the previous question, which statement best describes one of the reasons why excessive visceral fat in obese individuals is NOT associated with negatively affecting metabolic and cardiovascular health?

The development of subcutaneous depots perform as energy reserves for toxic lipids from visceral fat in obese individuals, improving metabolic/cardiovascular health.

Considering death rates due to various diseases in 1990 versus 2010 in the US, what is a reasonable conclusion?

The majority of deaths due to disease have transitioned from being due to infectious diseases to now being due to chronic diseases

What is an example of the concept "sweet spot," as described in the article "Obesity, Chronic Disease, and Economic Growth: A Case for 'Big Picture' Prevention?"

The point leading up to switch from a high prevalence of infectious disease to a growing prevalence of chronic diseases

According to the article, "The Health Risk of Obesity—Better Metrics Imperative," an individual with a BMI range of ____ is considered to have normal weight, however those with a BMI range of ____ are considered only overweight.

18.5-24.9, 25-29.9

According to the WHO definition, an adult with a BMI greater than or equal to ___ is considered overweight. An adult with a BMI greater than or equal to ____ is considered obese.

25; 30

BMI:

A value that can be influenced by body weight and height

English Novelist John Ruskin states that there are several negative GDP growth factors such as _____ that are identified as "illth."

All of the above

Which of the following research methods could be used to identify factors of obesity risk?

All of the above

With respect to causality, epidemiology involves investigating the cause of the disease and ______?

All of the above

Which major health organization classifies obesity as a risk factor as opposed to a disease?

American Medical Association

The U.S average life expectancy has increased since 1980, but at a much lower rate compared to countries like France, Germany, Japan, and Great Britain. What might this suggest about chronic disease in the U.S.?

American citizens have experienced dramatic lifestyle changes, leading to increased chronic disease

According to the article, "Education is associated with lower levels of abdominal obesity in women with a non-agricultural occupation: an interaction study using China's four provinces survey," the authors argue that

There is a clear inverse relationship between education level and obesity rates in women

Within the article "Education is associated with lower levels of abdominal obesity in women with a non-agricultural occupation: an interaction study using China's four provinces survey," what do the researchers discuss about the relationship between wealth and obesity occurring in Peru, the Philippines, China, and Brazil?

There is a positive relationship between obesity and wealth.

Defined by individual genetics, _____ is considered a healthy source of reserve energy.

Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT)

There may be a genetic component to obesity in humans. Which factor has NOT been shown to be controlled by the 300+ genes associated with obesity?

Water retention

Which of the following does BMI account for in its measurement?

Weight to height proportion of the individual

An established alternative to the BMI is the ____, which is more accurate than the BMI because ____.

body shape index (ABSI), It measures excess fat located in the abdomen based on an individual's BMI

A few lifestyle factors associated with the modern environment that lead to obesity include _____ levels of alcohol intake and _____ sleep.

excessive, inadequate

The "thrifty gene" is commonly possessed by _____ individuals where this gene is known to affect an individual's _____.

obese, physical activity

Although obesity is considered a disease, scientists and doctors may argue that it is not. Select the answer that LEAST explains why obesity should be considered a disease.

obesity should be considered a disease because it causes difficulty performing some physical activities

Experiments which "disrupt" natural economies have shown that economic downturns can result in more ________ health effects in a country's population.

positive

The modern lifestyle is associated with an increase in ____________ behaviors that lead to ___________ inflammation.

pro-inflammatory, chronic

The habit of smoking would promote a(n) _____ lifestyle while losing weight would promote a(n) _____ lifestyle.

proinflmmatory, anti-inflammatory

What do the authors of "Obesity, Disease, and Economic Growth: A Case for 'Big Picture' Prevention" believe is the distal driver of chronic diseases?

rapidly changing economic environment

Which of the answers below BEST explains why the body may undergo metainflammation?

the body's metabolism is trying to get rid of a substance that can begin to cause damage in blood vessels

According to the Thrifty Gene Hypothesis, individuals with this thrifty gene are considered evolutionarily advantageous because ____.

they are able to store more energy in their body than the average individual.

Obesity research is valuable if the results can be

used to address the problem repeated used to educate

Metaflammation is linked to all of the following except:

weight-loss

Obesity can be determined by measuring

none of the above

Although an individual may be considered obese by their BMI, individuals with Grade ___ obesity are commonly found to be at a ___ risk for mortality.

1, lower

Of the following individuals, who would be most likely to suffer from metaflammation?

A 40 year old male construction worker with a BMI of 34

The thrifty genes hypothesis is most likely to explain:

An individual who exercises several times a week but still has an obese BMI and higher than normal body fat percentage

Obesity can be defined and measured in several ways. Which of the following is the most biologically relevant method of measuring obesity?

BMI

Which of the following is a limitation of using Body Mass Index (BMI) as a measure of obesity?

BMI does not account for the muscle or fat percentage of one's body mass

Which of the following is not a potential reason for the increase in chronic diseases in the United States now as compared to 1900?

Decrease in amount of vaccinations leads to an increase in chronic disease.

According to the article, "Obesity, Chronic Disease, and Economic Growth: A Case for 'Big Picture' Prevention," an example of a proximal cause of chronic disease would be __________ and a distal cause of chronic disease would be __________

Diet; environmental/economic changes

Based on what we've learned in class so far, why would researchers studying obesity risk collect data points on confounding variables such as current alcohol consumption (no/yes), smoking status (no/yes), meat consumption (less than once a day/once a day or more) and fruit & vegetable consumption (less than once a day/once a day or more)?

Dietary and lifestyle health behaviors including food and alcohol consumption can account for confounding factors in the risk of central obesity

You read a paper regarding a new diet supplement. What evidence type would you believe?

Double blind trial with 50 participants

Why does economic growth correlate to increased obesity in populations?

Economic Prosperity; leads to overconsumption

In the article which discusses the correlation between education, occupation, and obesity among Chinese women, the authors conclude that there is a correlation between occupation and obesity only in women that have not had any education. Which of the following reflect a takeaway from this finding?

Education might protect women against the higher odds of obesity that are associated with job shifts as nations develop... It is important for developing nations to invest in educating women in order to better the overall health of their citizens.

What do researchers look for to find genes linked to obesity?

Energy expenditure How the gene affects hormones in the body How the gene is affected by energy intake

_____ is thought to be the link between obesity and chronic disease.

Environment

In the article, "Obesity, Chronic Disease, and Economic Growth: A Case for "Big Picture" Prevention," there are three categories of causal factors with examples that are associated with chronic illnesses, one of them being proximal causes such as _____, medical causes for instance _____, and distal causes for example _____.

Exercise and Diet, Peer Pressure and Anxiety, Economic influences and societal forces.

In most cases, the lifestyle that leads to obesity has little to no effect on life expectancy and quality of life.

False

Based on the article, "Education is associated with lower levels of abdominal obesity in women with a non-agricultural occupation: an interaction study using China's four provinces survey," what would be a logical explanation for why women's education is known to be protective for various health outcomes, specifically obesity?

Women's education highly enlightens them to understand the benefits of making better dietary and exercise decisions in terms of grasping ideas such as more clear risk perception for lifestyle choices, healthier time preferences, and self-control.

In class, we discussed many different methods by which obesity has been measured in the past and present. Why is it important to be able to measure obesity in the first place?

You cannot manage what you cannot measure. Quantifying obesity will allow us to recognize various risk factors associated with different ranges of weights and body compositions.

Which of the following are important things to look for or check when critically evaluating reports and why?

You should look at who is reporting the information in order to avoid unnecessary biases. You should look to see if the study included an experimental group to ensure that the results that they saw are actually due to the variable they changed. You should check to see if a study's claims are too good to be true because it is important to recognize that if a miracle cure existed for a large-scale problem, everyone would know about it!

Progress in medicine has lead to a decrease in deaths caused by noncommunicable diseases, but progress in reducing deaths caused by heart disease and cancer is counteracted by which factor(s)?

economical, environmental

Which is NOT a factor presented by modern society that increases the risk of obesity?

increase in rural communities

Risk of medical intervention side effects can ________ as class of obesity ________.

increase, increases

Within the human genome, the number of genes linked to obesity has ____. The FTO is one obesity-related gene that affects obese individuals' _____.

increased, risk for chronic disease

If education has a protective role against obesity, which best explains why obesity has increased as education has increased?

many other factors mask the effects