Exam I Objective Questions

CH 8 What was meant by the expression "wage slave"?

A wage slave was someone who was poor and could not earn money any other way except by living on day to day wages which was usually lifelong.

CH 8 What factors were responsible for American economic growth between 1820 and 1860?

Abundant natural resources and a growing population provided the basis for economic expansion. European immigrants = supplied workers, households, and consumers essential to economic development. Also contributed capital and technological ideas that helped shape American growth. Improved transportation = canals lots of volume for trading. railroads were very versatile and good for trading Goods, people, and information flowed more predictably, rapidly, and cheaply. European investments helped fund all this. Local + state governments enthusiastically supported economic growth by passing new laws, offering tax breaks, etc.

CH 5 What were the Coercive or Intolerable Acts?

After the Boston Tea Party, the die was cast. Lord North, the king's chief minister, argued that the dispute was no longer about taxes, but about whether Britain have any authority over the colonies. Parliament passed the Coercive Acts, stern laws that the Bostonians promptly labeled the "Intolerable Acts." The acts closed the port of Boston to all shipping until the colony paid for the destroyed tea. They also barred local courts form trying British soldiers and officials for acts committed while suppressing civil disturbances. The act also struck at local government by authorizing the governor to prohibit all town meetings except one annual meeting to elect local officers of government. The colonists found their maneuvering room severely narrowed. when the Intolerable Acts arrived in May 1774, Boston's town meeting urged all the colonies to ban trade with Britain. While this met with faint support, a second call, for a meeting in Philadelphia of delegates from all colonies, received a better response. Called the Continental Congress, it began to transform a 10-year debate conducted by separate colonies into a unified American cause.

CH 5 Discuss the agreements that resulted from the First Continental Congress that met in September of 1774.

After weeks of debate, the delegates agreed to a modest Declaration of Rights and Resolves which attempted to define the American grievances and justify the colonists defiance. Congress had a more concrete agreement on a plan of resistance. If Britain did not rescind the Intolerable Acts by December 1st, 1774, all imports and exports between the colonies and Great Britain, Ireland, and the British West Indies would be banned. Leaders from different colonies had transformed Boston's cause into a national movement. Patrick Henry argued dramatically, "Government is dissolved and we are in a state of nature . . . I am not a Virginian, but an American."

CH 7 What were the Alien and Sedition acts (1798) and why were they controversial?

Alien Act = authorized president to expel aliens whom he judged "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" Sedition Act = made it punishable by fine and imprisonment for anyone to conspire in opposition to "any measure or measures of the government," or to aid "any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination. Fines and prison als awaited those who dated to "write, print, utter, or publish . . . any false, scandalous and malicious writing." Unconstitutional, prohibited their rights, threatened their liberties.

CH 6 Why were the Anti-Federalists opposed to the new constitution?

Anti-Federalists were aghast at their opponents' vision of an expanding "republican empire." Such an extended republic would quickly fall prey to factional conflict and internal disorder. They continued to believe that republican liberty could be preserved only in small, homogeneous societies. They saw the states as a better basis for government.

CH 5 Under the Articles of Confederation, what were the responsibilities and limitations placed on Congress?

Article 9 gave Congress sole authority to regulate foreign affairs, declare war, mediate interstate boundary disputes, manage a post office, and administer relations with Indians living outside state boundaries. But the articles sharply limited what Congress could do and reserved broad governing powers to the states. For example, Congress could neither raise troops nor levy taxes, but only ask the states for support. Article 2 stipulated that each state was to retain "its sovereignty, freedom, and independence," as well as "every power . . . which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled." And the articles could be amended only by the unanimous agreement of the 13 states.

CH 5 What were the basic principles of revolutionary republicanism regarding governmental power and political equality?

Basic to republican belief was the notion that governmental power, when removed from the people's close oversight, threatened to expand at the expense of liberty. Recent experience with Britain had made that lesson unmistakably clear. Although excessive liberty could degenerate into political chaos, history seemed to demonstrate that trouble most often arose from too much, not too little government. The principle of political equality was another controversial touchstone of republicanism. It was broadly assumed that republican governments must be grounded in popular consent, that election must be frequent, and that citizens must be vigilant in defense of their liberties.

CH 8 Contrast the workforce of Lowell Massachusetts of the 1820s and 1830s with that of the 1840s and 1850s.

Before it was heavily dominated by women in the workforce, then it shifted over to immigrants who created a pool of labor, desperate for jobs and willing to work for less than New England farm girls.

CH 12 Why was it said that Kansas was "bleeding"?

Blood flowed in Kansas. There were Pro-southern mobs who smashed offices and presses of Free-Soil newspapers, destroyed homes, etc. John Brown murdered men believing he was doing God's will to put an end to slavery.

CH 13 What role did diplomacy play in the war and what were the disadvantages of the Confederacy regarding foreign relations?

Both sides realized that attitudes in Europe could be decisive. Diplomatic recognition would give the Confederacy international credibility, and European loans and assistance might bring the South victory - just as French and Dutch aid had helped the American colonies win their independence. If the European powers refused to recognize the South, however, the fiction of the Union was kept alive. Such a refusal undermined both long-term Confederate survival and the critical process of knitting the Confederacy together as one nation. European powers, of course, consulted their own interests. Neither Britain nor France wished to back a loser. Nor did they wish to upset Europe's delicate balance of power by hasty intervention in American affairs. One by one, therefore, the European states declared neutrality. European industrialists found cotton in India and Egypt, meaning that they didn't HAVE to buy it from the Confederacy. Union Secretary of State Steward's goal was to prevent diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy. Seward threatened Great Britain with war if it interfered. Europe decided not to intervene and would sit on the sidelines.

CH 9 What forms did slave protest take?

Breaking tools, burning houses, stealing food, self-mutilation, poisoning masters, feigning illness Flight. Running away and sometimes they ran away often. Other means were petitioning Congress and state legislatures, bringing suit against their masters to provide for emancipation in their wills. Some tried to buy their own freedom by doing extra work on nights and holidays. Ultimate act of resistance was revolt and rebellion.

CH 7 When the war broke out between Britain and France after the French Revolution in 1793, what diplomatic problems did the war cause for the Washington administration?

By the 1790s, American merchants were earning handsome profits from "neutral trade" with both Britain and France. While British and French sought access to American goods, each side was determined to prevent those good from reaching the other, if necessary by stopping American ships and confiscating their cargoes. Washington faced the difficult problem of protecting the country's citizens without getting drawn into the European conflict.

CH 6 In the new government, what powers was the Congress to have?

Congress would now have the authority to levy and collect taxes, regulate commerce with foreign nations and between the states, devise uniform rules for naturalization, administer nation patents and copyrights, and control the federal district in which it would eventually be located.

CH 6 Shay's Rebellion was the result of discontent, frustration, and hardship on the part of ordinary people - what caused those feelings?

By the mid-1780s, increasing numbers of Massachusetts citizens found that they had to borrow money simply to pay their taxes and support their families. By 1786, Massachusetts farmers, desperate in the face of mounting debt and a lingering agricultural depression, were petitioning the Massachusetts assembly for relief in words that echoed the colonial protests of the 1760s. Their appeals, however, fell on deaf ears, for commercial and creditor interests now controlled the government. Turning aside appeals for tax relief, the government passed a law calling for full repayment of the state debt and levied a new round of taxes that would make repayment possible. This caused frustrated Americans to take matters into their own hands as Americans have done before when the law proved unresponsive to their needs.

CH 12 What were the issues addressed by the Compromise of 1850?

California enters the Union as a free state, ending balance of free and slave states Territorial governments organized in New Mexico and Utah, letting local people to decide whether to permit slavery. Texas-New Mexico border settled, denying Texas the disputed area. Federal government gave Texas $10 million to pay debts owed to Mexico Slave trade (but not slavery) abolished in District of Columbia Fugitive Slave Act (federal measure to ensure slaves are returned back to their owners)

CH 8 Your text describes three distinct city types that emerged during the period between 1820 and 1860. What were they?

Commercial centers= Baltimore, Boston, Philidelphia. Expanded steadily and developed diversified manufacturing to supplement older functions of importing, exporting, and providing services and credit. Mill towns = access to waterpower (Lowell) Transportation hubs = distribution centers, urban life

CH 12 Which groups were competing for control of Kansas and why?

Democrats wanted to expand slavery and other American institutions westward across the Plains and the south into Cuba. Republicans wanted to halt the advance of slavery. They both had different dreams for Kansas.

CH 8 How did class structure in the cities change in this period?

Dramatic rise in concentration of wealth. Workers lost ground while merchants, lawyers, bankers, etc gained control. "Dependent on wages" class

CH 12 What was Dred Scott case and what was its significance?

Dred and Harriet Scott had filed suit in Missouri for their freedom. They argued that their master had taken them into territories where the Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery, and therefore they should be freed. First, because blacks were beings of "an inferior order with no rights which white men were bound to respect," Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no right to sue in federal court. The second ruling stated that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress had no power to ban slavery in a territory. Third, the Court decided that the Scotts being taken in and our of free states did not affect their status. The implications of these decisions went far beyond the Scotts' personal freedom. The arguments about black citizenship infuriated many northerners. Frederick Douglass called the ruling "a most scandalous and devilish perversion of the Constitution." Many citizens worried about the few rights blacks still held. The decision hinted that slavery might be legal in the free states of the North. People suspected a slave power conspiracy to impose slavery everywhere. It opened new questions and increased sectional hostilities.

CH 6 How did the revolution affect the institution of slavery?

During the several decades preceding 1776,the trade in human chattels had flourished. The 1760s witnessed the largest importation of slaves in colonial history. The Revolutionary War, however, halted slave trade almost completely. Though southern planters talked of replacing their lost chattels once the war ended, a combination of revolutionary principles, a reduced need for field hands in the depressed Chesapeake tobacco economy, natural increase among the slave population, and anxiety over black rebelliousness argued for the slave trade's permanent extinction. By 1790, every state except South Carolina and Georgia had outlawed slave importations. Opened new questions about "Liberty" and "Tyranny" while 1/5th of the nation was in chains, debate ultimately made it easier for slave owners to release their slaves. Most dramatic breakthrough occurred in the North, where slavery was either abolished or put on the road to gradual extinction. Remarkable progress was made. Prior to the Revolution, slavery had been accepted as a fact of life. After the Revolution, it no longer was. The groundwork for slavery's final abolition had been laid.

CH 7 As Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton sought to develop which areas of the American economy?

Economic policy was largely the work of Hamilton. He foresaw the country's future strength and was determined to promote it's growth by encouraging domestic manufacturing and overseas trade.

CH. 5 How did the British government policies towards the American colonies change after the Glorious Revolution?

England began constructing a more coherent Imperial Administration after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 In 1696, a professional Board of Trade replaced the old Lords of Trade the treasury strengthen the customer service and Parliament created overseas vice admiralty courts, which functioned without juries to prosecute smugglers who evaded the trade regulation set forth in the Navigation Acts. Concerned mainly with economic regulation Parliament added new articles to the list of items produced in the colonies that had to be shipped to England before being exported to another country. Parliament also curtailed Colonial production of Articles important to England's economy: woolen cloth (1699), beaver hats (1732), and finished iron products (1750). Most important, parliament passed the Molasses Act of 1733 and attempt to stop New England from trading with the French West Indies for molasses to convert into rum. Parliament imposed a prohibitive duty of six pence per gallon on French slave-produced molasses. Many of New England's largest merchants and the distillers became Smugglers motivated out of self-interest, these men and their ship captains, crews, and allied waterfront artisans learned to defy royal authority.

CH 8 Why was urban tension increasing?

Festering ethnic and racial tension produced unprecedented urban violence because of economic changes. Economic expansion also played a factor. Racial tensions by close proximity. Character of black community. It was large, visible, and had created its own institutions and elite. Black wealth threatened notion of proper social order held by many whites.

CH 12 How did the outbreak of the Civil War occur?

Fort Sumter. Lincoln needed to supply the fort, but the Confederacy demanded the surrender of it. The Union refused, and the Confederacy attacked. This is what basically began the Civil War.

CH 12 What were the various interests of the groups that made up the Republican Party?

Four main elements Moral fervor anti-Catholic antislavery Wanted federal government to promote economic development and the dignity of labor

CH 7 What is the Bill of Rights?

From the variety of proposals offered by the states, Madison culled a set of specific propositions. After extensive debate, Congress reached agreement in September 1789 on 12 amendments and sent them to the states for approval. By December 1791, 10 had been ratified and became the national Bill of Rights. Among other things, they guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion; pledged the right of trial by jury and due process of law; forbade "unreasonable searches and seizures,"; and protected individuals against self-incrimination in criminal cases.

CH 10 What was the position of William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society position on slavery?

Garrison and others in the American Anti-Slavery Society viewed slavery as a sin that had to be eliminated and called for immediate emancipation in uncompromising language.

CH 10 Who did the Supreme Court support in its decision in Worcester v. Georgia? Did President Jackson respect that decision?

Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and claimed jurisdiction over both the tribe and its lands. In 1830, the Cherokee were forbidden to bring suits or testify against whites in the Georgia courts. The Cherokee protested to the Supreme Court. In 1832, Chief Justice Marshall supported them in Worcester v. Georgia, saying that state laws could have "no force" over the Cherokee. Jackson did not respect that decision and with Jackson's blessing, Georgia defied the Court ruling. In 1835, harassment, intimidation, and bribery had persuaded a minority of chiefs to sign a removal treaty. That year, he informed the Cherokee, "You cannot remain where you are . . ."

CH 5 How did the colonists respond to parliament's decision to tax them?

Groups calling themselves the "Sons of Liberty", composed mostly of artisans, shopkeepers, and other ordinary citizens led violent protests against the Stamp Act in New York and Newport, Rhode Island. By late 1765, effigy-burning crowds up and down the seaboard were convincing stamp distributors to resign. Colonists defied British authority even more directly by forcing most customs officers and court officials to open the ports and courts for business after November 1st without using the hated stamps required after that date. This effort could take months of pressure and sometimes mob action, but the Sons of Liberty, frequently led by new faces in local politics, got their way by going outside the law. In March 1766, Parliament debated the American reaction to the Stamp Act. Lobbied by many merchants friendly to the colonies, Parliament voted to repeal it, bowing to expediency. At the same time, it passed the Declaratory Act, which asserted Parliament's power to enact laws for the colonies in "all cases whatsoever."

CH 7 In Hamilton's first "Report on the Public Credit," what were his recommendations and why did he propose them?

Hamilton recommended funding the remaining Revolutionary War debt by enabling the government's creditors to exchange their badly depreciated securities at face value for the new interest-bearing government bonds. Second, he proposed that the federal government assume the responsibility for the $21.5 million in remaining state war debts. These actions, he hoped, would stabilize the government's finances, establish its credit, build confidence in the new nation at home and abroad, and tie business and commercial interests firmly to the new government.

CH 12 What were Abraham Lincoln's views regarding blacks and regarding slavery?

He believed in white superiority, opposed granting specific equal civil rights to free blacks, and said that differences between whites and blacks would "forever forbid the two races from living together on terms of social and political equality." However, he believed that blacks were entitled to all the natural rights . . . in the Declaration of Independence" and they had many specific economic rights like "the right to put into his mouth the bread that his own hands have earned. Lincoln hated slavery. "I contemplate slavery as a moral, social, and political evil." There wasn't much he could do against it, however.

CH 10 What idea did John C. Calhoun present in his publication, "Exposition and Protest?"

He presented nullification as a way for southern states to protect themselves from harmful national action by declaring legislation null and void.

CH 12 Why did Stephen Douglas introduce the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

He was interested in continuing development of the West. Desired a transcontinental railroad. (it would bring in people and money) It created areas of Kansas and Nebraska Introduced the idea of "popular sovereignty" Overturned Missouri Compromise Northerner's were ANGRY

CH 10 What constitutional questions were left unresolved by the crisis between So. Carolina and the Federal government in 1832-1833?

In 1832 Congress modified the tariff of 1828 by retaining high duties on some goods but lowering other rates tp an earlier level. A So. Carolina convention later that year adopted an Ordinance of Nullification, voiding the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 in the state. The legislature funded a volunteer army and threatened secession if the federal government tried to force the state to comply. This attacked the principles of union and majority rule, Jackson was highly opposed. He asked Congress for legislation to enforce tariff duties (the Force Bill of 1833), and new tariff revisions engineered by Clay and supported by Calhoun, called for reductions over a 10-year period. Having secured their original objective, So. Carolina quickly repealed its nullification of the tariff laws. Was the union permanent? Was a secession a valid way to protect minority rights?

CH 7 What were the purposes of the Non-Importation Act and the Embargo Act?

In response to British seizures of American shipping, Congress passed the Non-Importation Act in April 1806, banning British imports that could be produced domestically or acquired elsewhere. Tension between Britain and US rose. Knowing that US was not prepared to confront Britain, Jefferson proposed withdrawing American ships from the Atlantic. In December 1807, Congress passed the Embargo Act, forbidding American vessels from sailing for foreign ports. Embargo did little harm to the British and communities openly violated the Embargo by smuggling goods,

CH 6 What were the terms of agreement in the Treaty of Paris, signed September of 1783?

In the Treaty of Paris, signed in September 1783, they recognized American independence and agreed to set the western boundary of the US at the Mississippi River. Britain also promised US fishermen the right to fish the waters off Newfoundland; and they committed to evacuate their forces from American territory "with all convenient speed." In return, Congress would recommend that the states restore their rights and property of the Loyalists. Both sides agreed that prewar debts owed the residents of one country by those of the other would remain valid.

CH 9 What fundamental disagreement did Missouri's application for statehood introduce in the Congress and what was the compromise reached?

Individuals wanted Missouri to enter as a slave state, but others wanted it as a free-state. The proposal triggered a fierce debate over Congress's authority to regulate slavery in the trans-Mississippi West. Missouri gained admission as a slave state, while Maine came in as a counterbalancing free state. A line was drawn west from Missouri at latitude 36 30 to the Rocky Mountains. Lands south of that line would be open to slavery; areas to the North would not.

CH 11 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo settled what issues regarding territory?

It resolved the original issues by setting the Rio Grande and the boundary between Mexico and the US and by transferring the Southwest and California into American hands.

CH 12 What was meant by the term "popular sovereignty"?

It was a proposal that the decision of whether to permit slavery in a territory be left to the local territorial legislature.

CH 10 Why was President Jackson opposed to the Second Bank of the United States?

Jackson had long opposed the B.U.S. He hated banks in general because of a near financial disaster in his own past, and also because he and his advisers considered the B.U.S the chief example of a special privileges monopoly that hurt the common man - farmers, craftsmen, and debtors. He called the bank a threat to the Republic. Its power and financial resources, he thought, made it a "vast electioneering engine."

CH 10 In the 1820s, why was there such a substantial increase in white males participating in elections?

Jackson's campaign rhetoric won their hearts and convinced them to come out and vote for him. He promised a more democratic political system and that he would "purify" and "reform the government." Political parties appealed to popular emotions, religious views, and ethnic prejudices. Strong party identification and loyalty became part of the new political culture.

CH 8 Why was Lowell Massachusetts viewed as a model factory community?

Lowell was planned and built for industrial purposes. Planners focuses on its shops, mills, and worker housing. It had a lot of workers and was very successful.

CH 6 What contributions did James Madison make to the Constitutional Convention?

Madison brought a clear design for a new national government, known as the Virginia Plan, which would serve as the basis for the new constitution. Nobody rivaled his contributions to the convention's work. He kept extensive notes of the debates, which constitute the essential record of the convention's proceedings.

CH 12 Explain the significance of John Brown's raid?

John Brown was prepared to act decisively against slavery. He and 22 men attacked the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. He hoped to provoke a general uprising of slaves throughout the Upper South or at least provide arms for slaves to make their way to freedom. Federal troops overcame him, and over half his men died. Brown was captured, tried, and hanged. The North-South gap widened. Although Brown's death was widely condemned, many northerners responded with an outpouring of sympathy. Southerners felt "dread and terror" over the possibility of a wave of slave revolts led by hundreds of imaginary John Browns and Nat Turners, and concluded that Northerners would stop at nothing to free the slaves. Southern Unionists lost their influence, and power passed to those favoring secession.

CH 9 What challenges did slaves face regarding their health?

Led sickly lives. Vitamin deficiency, hard work, and disease, etc. Highly susceptible to epidemics (in part because of poor diet and climate) Slaves died from malaria, yellow fever, cholera, and other diseases spread by mosquitoes or bad water. Frequent whippings and other physical punishments aggravated the poor physical conditions of the slaves.

CH 12 What was President Lincoln's stand on secession?

Lincoln put the burden of initiating civil war on the "dissatisfied fellow countrymen" who has seceded. He foresaw the horrible events that would follow. Union must be maintained No extension of slavery Uphold the laws No compromise Would not start war

CH 9 How did the family and the black community help slaves cope with their situation?

Love, protection, education, moral guidance, cultural transmission, role models, and basic support. Preservations of cultural traditions, enhancing their identities. Improvements on welfare of families by performing extra work for money. Religion, and power of song

CH 10 How did abolition movement treat female activists and what affect did this have on those women?

Met a lot of criticism. Some male delegates refused to let women participate at conventions. This caused them to decide to "form a society to advocate the rights of women." Women held their own conventions, working by resolution, persuasion, and petition campaign to achieve equal political, legal, and property rights with men.

CH 9 Why did southern non-slave owning whites support slavery?

Middling white southerners defended slavery not only for economic reasons but also because it gave them feelings of superiority over blacks and of kinship, if not quite equality, with other whites. They believed that blacks were lesser than whites. Many of them dreamed of owning a slave. Yeomen farmers believed they had the right to own slaves as independents and that evangelical Christianity endorsed the divine sanctity of both the male-headed family and slavery.

CH 9 How did cotton affect Southern migration?

Migrants pulled in by prospect of fresh land and cheap slave labor. Also pushed westward by deteriorating economic conditions.

CH 8 What impact did factory production have on the steps involved in manufacturing?

Moved away from family-based manufacturing into breaking down manufacture into an article into discrete steps. Eventually all steps of production came under one roof, with hand labor giving way to machines.

CH 13 What were the advantages of each side as the Civil war began and what were the challenges each side faced?

North population greatly exceeded the south's, giving military advantage. (Southerner's believed their army would prove to be superior fighters) and slaves could carry on vital work behind the lines, freeing most adult white males to serve the Confederacy. The Union also enjoyed impressive economic advantages. They made a great amount of money through manufacturing and made significantly more money than workers in the South. The South depended on imported northern and European manufactured goods. If Lincoln cut off that trade, the South would have to create its industry almost from scratch. The agricultural South did have important resources of food, draft animals, and of course, cotton, which southerners believed would secure British and French support. Because much of the South raised cotton and tobacco rather than food crops, Union armies could not live off the land, and extended supply lines were always vulnerable. The Union had to conquer and occupy; the South merely had to survive until its enemy gave up.

CH 12 Compare Southern and Northern values.

Northern farmers were self-made free men who believed in individualism and democracy. Southerns saw themselves as refined, hospitable, chivalrous. Believed self-government was best preserved in local political units such as the states (unlike the Northerners believed) They thought the North was in too much of a hurry to make changes (reforming behavior, etc.) Each side was threatened by each other.

CH 8 What problems faced free blacks in Northern cities?

Northern whites believed in black inferiority and depravity and feared black competition for jobs and resources. Segregation between two races, blacks could not vote or testify against whites in some states, whites driving blacks from jobs, educational opportunities severely limited.

CH 13 As the war dragged on what were the problems each side faced?

One challenge of the long conflict was monetary. Both treasuries had been emptied initially, and the war proved extraordinarily expensive. Neither side considered imposing direct taxes, which would have alienated support, but both introduced taxation on a small scale. The North spent money on bonds but the south was reluctant. They both printed more money and caused inflation, which was particularly bad in the South and union city families were brought near starvation and contributed to a wartime urban misery. Both sides faced manpower problems. Enthusiasm evaporating, people longing to go home and leaving, desertion, resorting to the draft (which were very unpopular but necessary) The draft began in both sides. The North would allow people to buy substitutes to fight for them in the war.

CH 12 Explain the consequences of that compromise?

Political realignment along sectional lines moved closer. Ideas like secessionism, disunion, and a "higher law" than the Constitution entered political discussions. People wondered whether the question of slavery in the territories could be "compromised away" next time. Fugitive Slave Law angered many northerners. Uncle Tom's Cabin novel turned the world upside down and brought the horrors of slavery to thousands.

CH 6 What factors helped the Americans defeat the British?

The American people's determination not to submit. Often Americans were disorganized and uncooperative. Repeatedly, the war effort seemed about to collapse as continental troops drifted away, state militias refused to march, and supplies failed to materialize. Yet as the war progressed, the people's estrangement from Britain deepened and their commitment to independence grew stronger. To subdue the colonies, Britain would have to occupy the entire eastern third of the continent, and that it could not do. The American victory owed much to Washington's organizational talents. Against massive odds, often by the sheer force of his will, he held the continental army together. It endured as a military force capable of winning selected encounters and surviving over time. The British were overly cautious and also failed to adapt European battlefield tactics to the realities of American war.

CH 11 What was meant by the slogan "Manifest Destiny?"

Suggested that the country's superior institutions and culture constituted a God-given right, even an obligation, to spread American civilization across the continent. The idea that the nation could and should expand enjoyed wide popular support.

CH 10 Why did the South oppose tariffs?

Tariffs made it more expensive to buy northern and European manufactured goods and threatened to provoke retaliation against southern cotton and tobacco exports. Some believed tariff was the prime reason for depression hanging over their states. Some worried the federal government might eventually interfere with slavery.

CH 9 Explain the five factors which resulting in the expansion of cotton production in the South.

Technological developments - cotton gin Demand - Became known as a "cash crop" and Southerners eagerly created their plantations to make money off of the high demand of cotton world-wide. Global system of trade - inventions of spinning jenny, flying shuttle, and steam engine led to flourishing textile industry in England. Quickly bought all they could from the American South to meet their needs. Land - need for land to produce crops grew Labor - need for labor to harvest crops grew

CH 6 How significant was French military assistance to the American war effort?

The War Moves South As Washington had foreseen, French entry turned the tide of war. Cut off from the sea and pinned down on a peninsula between the York and James rivers by 17,000 French and American troops, Cornwallis's fate was sealed. On October 19, 1781, near the hamlet of Yorktown, he surrendered.

CH 7 The election of 1800 illustrated what sectional and socio-economic divisions in the American people?

The Federalists dominated New England because of regional loyalty to Adams, the area's commercial ties with Britain, and fears that the Jeffersonians intended to import social revolution from France. From Maryland south, political control by the Jeffersonians was almost as complete. In the middle states, the election was more closely contested. Federalist strength was greatest among merchants, manufacturers, and commercial farmers situated within easy reach of the coast. The Jeffersonian coalition included most of the old Anti-Federalists, but broader than that. It found support among urban workers and artisans, many of whom had once been staunch Federalists.

CH 6 Who were the Federalists and what did they see as the weaknesses of the national government?

The Federalists regarded outbursts like Shay's Rebellion not as evidence of social distress but as threats to social and political order. Congress's inability to handle the national debt, establish public credit, and restore overseas trade also troubled them. Sensitive to America's economic and military weakness, smarting from French and British arrogance, and aware of continuing Anglo-European designs on North America Federalists called for a new national government capable of extending American trade, spurring economic recovery, and protecting the national interest.

CH 12 What was the Republican Party's stance on slavery in the election of 1860?

The Republican platform exuded moderation, opposing only slavery's extension.

CH 5. Identify the Proclamation of 1763?

The Treaty of Paris, ending the Seven Years War in 1763 brought astounding changes to European and native peoples in North America. France surrendered huge claims west of the Mississippi River to Spain and east of the river to Great Britain. Britain also acquired Florida from Spain. After making peace, the British government launched a new policy designed to separate Native Americans and colonizers by creating a boundary roughly following the crest of the Appalacian Mountains from Maine to Georgia. The Proclamation of 1763 reserved all land west of the line for Native American nations white settlers were already there were told to withdraw.

CH 7 Why did Jay's Treaty of 1795 cause such an uproar?

The Treaty that Jay brought home from Great Britain (who was attempting to resolve differences with them) contained British promises on a number of sensitive matters but ignored a host of other problems. When its terms were made public, they triggered an explosion of protest. Southern planters angry = no compensation for lost slaves Westerners angry = British not evacuating the military posts Merchants and sailors angry = Failure to stop impressments and open British West Indies to American trade

CH 6 What economic challenges did the new government face with foreign powers and internally?

The country was new, weak, and republican in an Atlantic world dominated by strong, monarchical governments and divided into exclusive, warring empires. When the war ended, familiar British goods once again flooded American markets. Few American goods, however, flowed the other way. British believed that the Americans desired independence and must now live with its consequences. Congressional efforts to secure authorization from the states to regulate foreign trade were unavailing, because each state wanted to channel its trade for its own advantage. As a result, overseas trade continued to languish and economic hardship deepened. Value of American exports had fallen a startling 30% by the late 1780s. The US lacked the political unity and economic muscle to protect its basic interests. The nation also faced a major war debt, estimated at $35 million.

CH 5 Why were colonists angry about the Tea Act in 1773?

The final plunge nto revolution began when Parliament passed the Tea Act in early 1773, allowing the practically bankrupt East India Trading Company to ship its tea directly to North America with the colonists paying only a small tax. American merchants who competed with the EITC denounced the monopoly. Many colonists suspected that the government's true object was to gain acceptance of Parliament's taxing power. As Americans drank the tea, they would be swallowing the right to tax them.

CH 5 What arguments did the Virginia House of Burgesses use to deny Parliament's right to tax the colonies?

The first legislature to react to the news of the Stamp Act, in the late 1764, Virginia's House of Burgesses strenuously objected. The Burgesses argued that it was their inherent right to be taxed only by their own consent. Virginians were already worried by severe decline in tobacco prices and heavy war-related taxes. many planets were mired in debt. Led by newly-elected 29 year old Patrick Henry in May 1765 the house debated 7 strongly-worded resolutions. They included an assertion that Virginians did not have to pay externally imposed taxes and branded as an "enemy to this, his Majesty's colony" anyone who denied Virginia's exclusive right to tax itself; Protests took a more dignified form at the October 1765 Stamp Act Congress in New York. Imperial authorities branded this first self-initiated intercolonial convention a "dangerous tendency". The delegates formulated 12 restrained resolutions that accepted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies but denied its right to tax them directly.

CH 9 How did slavery help define the structure of Southern society?

The ideal of slave ownership permeated all classes and determined southern society's patriarchal and hierarchical character. At the top stood the planter aristocracy, much of it new wealth, elbowing its way among old established families. Economic, social, and political standing for middle-level farmers depended on owning slaves. Aspiring southern whites hoped to purchase one slave and then climb up the socioeconomic ladder.

CH 7 What were the major goals of the federal government's Indian policy and how were those goals accomplished?

The new government turned its attention to the need for Indian policy that would prevent continual warfare while also opening lands to the West to settlement. Intended in part to promote the assimilation of Native Americans, the policies speeded the transfer of Indian land to white settlers and set the stage for later, large-scale Indian removal. Officials shifted course by recognizing Indian rights to the land they inhabited and declaring that all future land transfers would come through treaty agreement (the Indians refused to accept themselves as a conquered people) TREATY BASED STRATEGY A second objective of federal Indian policy was to "civilize" and Christianize the Native Americans. GROUPS SENT TO TEACH WHITE WAYS Education was the other weapon of assimilation. IN 1793 CONGRESS APPROPRIATED $20,000 TO PROMOTE LITERACY, AGRICULTURE, AND VOCATIONAL INSTRUCTION AMONG INDIANS

CH 6 During the Constitutional Convention, what was the "Great Compromise?"

The reassembled delegates settled one major point of controversy by agreeing that representation in the lower house should be based on the total of each state's white population plus 3/5ths of its blacks. The southern delegates argued that blacks should not be fully counted for taxes. Hence a bargain was struck. As part of this compromise, the convention agreed that direct taxes would be apportioned on the basis of population and that blacks would be counted similarly in that calculation. On Jly 16, the convention accepted the principle that the states should have equal votes in the Senate. Thus the interests of both large states and small were effectively accommodated.

CH 10 Who supported the temperance movement and that were their motivations?

The temperance crusade reveals the many practical motivations for Americans to join reform societies. For some, as in Rochester, temperance provided an opportunity for the Protestant middle class to exert some control over laborers, immigrants, and Catholics. Perfectionists saw abstinence as a way of practicing self-control. For many women, the temperance effort represented a way to control drunken abusers. For many women, the temperance effort represented a way to control drunken abusers. For many young men, especially after the onset of the depression in 1837, a temperance society provided entertainment, fellowship, and contacts to help their careers. In temperance societies as in political parties, Americans found jobs, purpose, support, spouses, and relief from loneliness and uncertainty.

CH 6 Explain the impacts of the war on civilians.

The war touched the lives of virtually every American. Noncombatants felt the burden of war most heavily in densely settled areas along the coast. The British concentrated their military efforts there, taking advantage of their naval power and striking the political and economic centers of American life. At one time or another, British troops occupied every major port city. While British men-of-war prowled the coast, American ships rocked idly at empty wharves, New England's once booming shipyards grew quiet, and communities whose livelihood depended on the sea sank into depression. Virginia tobacco planters, their British markets gone and their plantations open to seaborne attack, struggled to survive. Farmers in the middle and New England states often prospered when hungry armies were nearby, but their profits plummeted when the armies moved on. Intractable issues such as price and wage inflation, skyrocketing taxation, and mushrooming debt set people sharply against each other. The issue of taxation, seared into Americans' consciousness by their troubles with Britain, generated similarly heated controversy, as the costs of war mounted, as did taxes. Controversy over paper money, urban dislocations, (after British occupation began) British seizing supplies and terrorizing inhabitants in Connecticut, and disease that was brought on by the movement of people (war refugees)

CH 7 Explain President Jefferson's theories about the importance of independent, yeoman farmers and how those ideas related to the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

The yeoman farmer's self-reliance, industrious, and concern for the public good were deemed essential to democratic citizenship. He believed that political liberty could survive only under conditions of broad economic and social equality. Led to him buying the Louisiana Purchase for territorial expansion to provide land to the nations' citizen farmers, draw restless people out of crowded eastern cities, and preserve the social equality that democratic liberty required. (It nearly doubled the nation's size)

CH 10 What were the various divisions within the abolitionist movement?

Their primary methods were to convince slaveholders and their supporters that slavery was a sin. Antislavery literature flooded the nation by 1837. Some brought anti-slavery petitions before Congress and formed third parties. Boycotting goods made by slave labor was another tactic. A rare approach, was to call for slave rebellion. Class differences and race further divided abolitionists (example, strains between northern labor leaders and middle class abolitionists) Black abolitionists experienced prejudice. (refusal to hire, other abolitionists provided less than full membership to them, had black stereotypes in their literature, etc.)

CH 11 Why did the US want California?

They believed that Mexico wasn't taking advantage of it's harbors and good soil and they believed it was a part of "Manifest Destiny" to take control of the land and use all of its potential.

CH 9 What problems did free blacks face and how did the African American church help them deal with difficulties?

They could at any moment seize blacks and return them to the south. Racism was still alive. Most free blacks had no privileges. Most lived in poverty. Nevertheless, the African American persistence in supporting each other in prayer meetings, burial societies, and back alleys was stronger than the whites efforts to impede it. African American churches were centers of vital urban black community activities and springboards for activist black preachers seeking larger changes in American society. Promoted change.

CH 6 What provisions were made during the Convention for slavery?

They guaranteed slavery's protection through the Fugitive Slave Clause (federal sanction for the capture and return of runaway slaves)

CH 8 How did farmers in the northeast respond to farmers from western farmers?

They had to transform their production in order to compete. They embraced new agricultural opportunities created by better transportation and growing urban markets. Railroad lines into rural areas, scientific farming (manure, planting new grasses to restore fertility, etc.) Rural attitudes changed. Cash transactions replaced exchange of goods. Adopted "get-ahead" ethic and entered market economy. Wealth inequality increased.

CH 12 What was the Southern response to Lincoln's election?

They knew that even a united Democratic part could not have defeated him. Southerners believed he was pledged to end slavery. South Carolina believed they had the right to secede so they left and other Southern states followed.

CH 5 What were the consequences of the Seven Years War AKA the French and Indian War?

This well-meaning attempt to protect their Indian allies from further encroachment failed completely. London could not enforce the proclamation. Staggering under an immense wartime debt, Britain decided to maintainonly small army garrisons to regulate the interior. Nor could royal governosr stop land speculators and settlers from privately purchasing Land from the trans-Appalachian tribes or simply taking their land. War also had important social and economic effects on colonial society. It convinced the colonists of their growing strength, yet left them debt-ridden and weakened in manpower. The war spurred economic development and poured British capital on to the colonies, yet rendered them more vulnerable to cyclic fluctuations in the British economy. When the war ended, so did the military contracts that had brought prosperity during the war years. Gone were the huge orders for ships, arms, uniforms, and provisions that had enriched northern merchants and provided good prices for farmers.

CH 7 How did manufacturing affect the society of Northeastern cities in the first decades of the 19th Century?

Though most Americans lived on the land or in small towns, increasing numbers dwelt in the nations' expanding cities. From 1790 to 1820, the nation's population increased by 84%, but urban places of more than 2,500 grew almost twice as fast. Widened the gap between richer and poorer inhabitants.

What were the Townshend Duties? The Quartering Act of 1765? And how did the colonists react?

Townshend Acts, 1767, originated by Charles Townshend and passed by the English Parliament shortly after the repeal of the Stamp Act. They were designed to collect revenue from the colonists in America by putting customs duties on imports of glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Colonists main tactic of protest was economic boycott. Merchants and consumers adopted non-importation and non-consumption agreements, pledging to neither import nor to use British goods. The Quartering Act of 1765 required public fund for support of British troops garrisoned in the colony since the end of the Seven Years' War. Britain's attempts to discipline its colonies and oblige them to share the costs of governing their empire lay in shambles by the end of the 1760s. In 1770, Parliament repealed all Townshend duties except the one on tea.

CH 7 Discuss the impact of the cotton gin on the southern economy?

Turning point in the South's and the nation's history. Raised the value of southern land and opened economic opportunity. It raised the value of southern land and opened economic opportunity for southern whites. It also increased the demand for black field hands and breathed new life into slavery.

CH 5 By the time of the Second Continental Congress, how had relationships changed between the royal governors and the colonists?

When the Second Continental Congress met, the fabric of government was badly torn in the colonies. Illegal revolutionary committees, conventions, and congresses were replacing legal governing bodies. Assuming authority in defiance of royal governors, who suspended truculent legislatures in many colonies, they often operated on instructions from mass meetings where everyone, not just those entitled to vote, gave voice. These extralegal bodies created and armed militia units, bullied merchants and shopkeepers refusing to obey popularly authorized boycotts, levied taxes, operated the courts, and obstructed customs officials. By the end of 1774, all but 3 colonies defied their own charters by appointing provincial assemblies without royal authority. In the next year, this independently created power became evident when trade with Britain practically ceased.

CH 6 What was the significance of the Northwest Ordinances?

Two years after passing laws about land surveying in the new land in the west, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance. It provided fir the political organization of the same interior region, first under congressional appointed officials, then under popularity elected territorial assemblies, and ultimately as new states incorporated into the Union "on an equal footing with the original states in all respects whatsoever." These laws represented a dramatic change from Britain's colonial administration. Rather than seeking to restrain white settlement as Parliament had attempted to do in the Proclamation Line of 1763, the new central government sought ways to promote settlement's expansion via land laws and Indian policies. Remarkably, settlements in the American West would not remain colonies subordinate to an imperial power, but would be fully incorporated into the expanding American nation. Both ordinances enjoyed broad political support, for they opened land to settlers and profits to speculators. Income from land sales, moreover, promised to help reduce the national debt. While permitting slave owners already living north of the Ohio River to retain their chattels, the Ordinance of 1787 prohibited the importation of new slaves into the region. This policy made the area more attractive to white farmers who worried about competing with slave labor and living among blacks. Southern delegates in Congress accepted the restriction because they could look forward to expansion south of the Ohio River.

CH 13 What were the major objectives of the Union in the western theater?

Union objectives in the West were twofold. The army sought to dominate Kentucky and eastern Tennessee, the avenues to the South and West, and to win control of the Mississippi in order to split the South in two.

CH 9 What were the justifications used by whites to defend slavery?

Until the 1830s, they described slavery as a "necessary evil" After that, they shifted to saying slavery was "a positive good" Biblical justification - admonitions to servants to obey their masters (a curse) Historical justification - slavery had always existed and formed the basis for all the great ancient civilizations Legal justification - US Constitution's refusal to forbid slavery. Three passages: the "three-fifths" clause, protection of overseas slave trade for 20 years, the mandate for returning fugitive slaves Psuedoscientific justification - blacks had been created separately as an inherently inferior race, and therefore the destiny of the inferior Africans to work for the superior Caucasians. Sociological justification - "Negro is but a grown child" who needed parental guidance and protection of a white master.

CH 13 What did the Battle of Bull Run demonstrate?

Victory would be neither quick nor easy. Both armies were unprofessional. Both sides faced problems with short-term enlistments and with the logistical problems involved in moving and supplying the largest American armies ever put in the field.

CH 6 Explain George Washington's strategy for fighting the British Army.

Washington wisely decided to avoid major battles while keeping his army in the field. He has learned the painful lesson at New York that his troops were no match for the British in direct combat. He realized, moreover, that if the continental army was defeated, American independence would certainly be lost. Instead of direct engagements, he harassed the British, aiming to make the war as costly for them as possible and protect the civilian population as best as he could. He followed that strategy for the rest of the war.

CH 11 Why was the U.S annexation of Texas controversial?

When Mexico learned of Texas's annexation, it severed diplomatic ties with the US. Mexicans could easily interpret events from the 1820s on as part of a gigantic American plot to steal Texas.

CH 11 Why did Mexico declare a state of war against the US in 1846?

When the Mexican government refused to receive Slidell (the president's secret agent with instructions to secure the Rio Grande border and to buy Upper California and New Mexico) Polk decided to make Mexico accept American terms. He ordered General Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande, a move Mexicans saw an an act of war.

CH 10 Identify the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats.

Whigs represented greater wealth than Democrats and were the strongest in New England and in areas settled by New Englanders across the Upper Midwest. Appealing to businessmen and manufacturers, Whigs generally endorsed Clay's American System: a national bank, federally supported internal improvements, and tariff protection for industry. Many large cotton planters joined the Whig party because of its position on bank credit and internal improvements. Democrats espoused liberty and local rule. They wanted freedom from those who legislated morality, from religious tyranny, from special privilege, and from too much government. The democrats appealed to members of denominations that had suffered discrimination in colonies and states where there had been an established church. Whigs did not think Americans needed more freedom, they had to learn to use the freedom they already had.

CH 5 What were the Sugar (1764) and Stamp (1765) Acts and why were they noteworthy?

While the Sugar Act reduced the tax on imported French molasses from 6 to 3 pence per gallon, it added various colonial products to the list of commodities that could be sent only to England. It also required American shippers to post bonds guaranteeing observance of the trade regulations before loading their cargoes, and it strengthened the vice admiralty courts to prosecute violators of the trade acts. After parliament pass the Sugar Act of 1764, Grenville announced his intention to extend to America the stamp duties imposed in England decades earlier on every newspaper, pamphlet, almanac, legal document, liquor license, college diploma, pack of playing cards, and pair of dice. He gave the colonies a year to suggest alternative ways of raising revenue. Colonial governments objected, but none provided with another plan. Knowing that colonial property taxes were slight compared with those in England, Grenville drove the bill through Parliament. The Stamp Act became effective in November 1765 Colonial reaction to the Stamp Act ranged from disgruntled submission to mass defiance. The breadth of the reaction shocked the British government and many Americans as well.

CH 5 What was the significance of the rejection of the Olive Branch Petition?

While the colonists and Congress members hoped for reconciliation, news arrived that the king, rejecting the Olive Branch Petition, had proclaimed the colonies in "open and avowed rebellion," and was dispatching 20,000 additional troops to quell the insurrection. Those fatal words made Congress's action treasonable and turned all who obeyed the Congress into traitors.

CH 12 What was the Wilmot Proviso and why did Northerners support and Southerners oppose this amendment?

Wilmot Proviso made slavery not allowed in the states gained from Mexico. Emotions between the North and the South were heated because the North did not believe in the extension of slavery while the South would be hurt deeply by limiting slavery in the US.

CH 9 Slaves faced what kinds of problems in their family and personal relationships?

Witnessing physical abuse of loved ones, bearing children while doing hard work, separation of families.

CH 8 What effects did economic growth have on middle class women and their roles in family?

Women should operate in private domestic "sphere" like how they were before the War, (when they were actually expected to support their husbands) Family roles reformulated, emphasized child's need for affection and proper care + preparation for having kids.