Exam One

2. What are the two general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?

1. Inform: convey information clearly, accurately, and interestingly, aiming to enhance the knowledge and understanding of something 2. Persuade: change or structure the attitudes or actions of your audience

2. When organizing your introductory speech, you should divide it into what three sections?

1. Introduction: gain attention, interest, preview statement 2. Body: effective organization, transition statements 3. Conclusion: signal conclusion, reinforce central idea, end strong

2. What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?

1. Librarians 2. catalog 3. reference works 4. newspaper

2. How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation?

1. Organizing thoughts logically 2. tailor your message to your audience 3. telling a story for maximum impact 4. adapting to listeners feedback

6. What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?

1. Speaker-the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener 2. Message-whatever a speaker communicates to someone else 3. Channel-the means by which a message is communicated (radio, tv, person) 4. Listener-the person who receives the speakers message (audience) 5. Feedback-the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker 6. Interference-anything that impedes the communication of a message, external or internal to listener (siren) 7. Situation-the time and place in which a speech communication occurs (classroom).

3. What are the six demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter? Why is each important to audience analysis?

1. age 2. gender 3. religion 4. sexual orientation 5. racial, ethnic, cultural background 6. group membership/sexual orientation

3. What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?

1. authorship 2. sponsorship 3. recency

5. What are six tips for your introduction?

1. be concise (10-20%) 2. look for materials as you research 3. be creative 4. finalize after body is done 5. workout content 6. delivery in detail

5. What are the three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?

1. be courteous, attentive 2. avoid prejudging speaker 3. maintain free expression of ideas

2. What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind to support your ideas?

1. brief: specific case referred to in passing 2. extended: story, narrative, lengthy 3. hypothetical: describes fictitious situations

3. What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?

1. chronological order: time pattern, ex Great Wall of China speech 2. spatial order: most useful in demonstration speech, main points follow directional pattern, ex top to bottom, east to west 3. causal order: main points show cause-effect relationship 4. problem-solution order: first main point is the problem, the second main point is the solution 5. topical order: main pts divide topic into logical, consistent subtopics, grouping, ex 3 roles actress holds

3. What are five tips for using examples in your speech?

1. clarify ideas 2. reinforce 3. personalize 4. make vivid 5. richly textured

1. What two major steps are discussed in this chapter for developing your introductory speech?

1. focusing your topic: make sure it conforms to the assigned time limit, but dont narrow your focus too much leaving out important details 2. Develop your topic: be creative, use colorful descriptive language

4. What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose?

1. full infinitive phrase 2. statement, not question 3. avoid figurative language 4. limit to one distinct idea 5. avoid being vague

1. What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?

1. gains attention and interest of audience 2. reveal topic 3. establish credibility and goodwill 4. preview body

2. What are the five guidelines for ethical speechmaking discussed in this chapter?

1. goals are ethically sound 2. be fully prepared 3. be honest 4. avoid name calling 5. put ethical principles to practice

4. What are three tips for preparing your main points?

1. keep pts separate 2. try for some pattern of wording 3. balance time devoted to each

9. What are four tips for your conclusion?

1. look for materials while researching 2. conclude with bang 3. brief 5-10% 4. work out content, delivery in detail

5. What are five questions to ask about your specific purpose?

1. meet assignment? 2. time from okay? 3. relevant to audience? 4. too trivial for audience? 5. too technical for audience?

8. What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

1. name of document 2. author, sponsoring organization 3. qualifications 4. date

4. What are the four main causes of poor listening?

1. not concentrating 2. listening too hard or focusing only on the details 3. jumping to conclusions and assuming we know what they will say 4. focusing on delivery or appearance

1. What are the four types of informative speeches discussed in the chapter? Give an example of a good specific purpose statement for each type.

1. objects: visible, tangible, stable in form 2. demonstrations: systematic series of actions leading to specific 3. events: anything that happens or is regarded 4. concept: belief, theory, idea, notion, principle

1. What three brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?

1. personal inventory: list your experiences, interests, hobbies, skills, etc. 2. clustering: list the following groups and write down the first four of each that come to mind; people, places, things, events, processes, concepts, natural phenomena 3. Internet search

5. What five elements of speech delivery are discussed in this chapter with regard to presenting your first speech?

1. plant feet, smile to audience 2. gesture naturally 3. establish, maintain eye contact 4. speak expressively 5. take steps to reduce nervousness

3. How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?

1. public speaking is more highly structured 2. public speaking requires more formal language 3. public speaking requires a different method of delivery

5. What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. quantify 2. use sparingly 3. identify sources 4. explain thoroughly 5. round #s off 6. use visual aid if needed

2. What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?

1. relate topic to audience 2. state importance of topic 3. tell story 4. startle audience 5. arouse curiosity 6. question audience 7. begin with quotation

8. What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?

1. summarize speech 2. end with a quotation 3. make dramatic statement 4. refer to into

5. What are seven ways to become a better listener?

1. take it seriously 2. be active listener 3. resist distractions 4. don't be distracted by appearance or delivery 5. suspend judgement 6. develop note taking skills 7. focus your listening

6. What are the four kinds of speech connectives? What role does each play in a speech?

1. transition: indicates speaker has finished one thought and is moving to the next 2. internal preview: statement in body indicating what speaker will discuss next, ex: i will focus on three solutions 3. internal summary: in body, summarizing preceding pts, ex: now that i told you the 3 solns, lets see how they work together 4. signposts: brief statement showing where speaker is or focusing attention on key pts, ex: 1st, 2nd, lastly

7. What are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?

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1. Why is it important to outline your speeches?

11

2. Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure your ideas dont pass over the heads of your listeners?

15

3. What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?

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4. What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?

15

5. What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?

15

6. What does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?

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7. Why is it important for informative speakers to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?

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2. How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?

2-5 main points

7. What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

7

1. Why do you need supporting materials in your speech?

8

5. What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?

9

6. What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful to you in researching a speech?

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

6. What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech? What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?

Central idea is a one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech, sometimes called the thesis statement. 1. one sentence statement 2. includes all major ideas in speech 3. express as full sentence 4. dont express as question

3. What is the specific purpose?

a single infinitive phrase -to inform my audience about... -to persuade my audience about... -to demonstrate my audience on... states what speaker hopes to accomplish

3. What is a speaking outline? What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?

a speaking outline is brief, not full sentences Guidelines: 1. use preparation outline for help 2. keep it brief 3. make legible 4. include delivery cues

3. What method of delivery does this chapter recommend for your introductory speech?

extemporaneous speech: a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes, it requires you to know the content of your speech quite well

6. What are the three kinds of questions used in questionnaires? Why is it a good idea to use all three in audience analysis?

fixed alternative-and include the alternatives; scale-include the scale; and open ended-provide the space for responses

4. What is situational audience analysis? What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?

it focuses on characteristics related to the specific speaking audience size, physical setting, disposition toward topic, disposition on speaker, disposition toward occasion(formal/informal)

4. What is a preview statement? Why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?

it identifies main points of the speech in the introduction, usually the last sentence

Visualization: Study

looked at freshman in college, 1/2 told to visualize the process of studying and they got a better grade, 1/2 told to visualize getting an A on the test, did not do as well.

4. What steps should you take when rehearsing your first speech?

rehearse aloud, ask for feedback, time your speech

6. What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

signals the end of the speech, reinforce central idea

2. How is listening connected with critical thinking?

skills of critical thinking are separating fact from opinion, spotting weaknesses in reasoning, judging the soundness of evidence: types of listening: appreciative listening: listening for pleasure or enjoyment, empathic listening: listening to provide emotional support for a speaker, comprehensive listening: listening to understand the message of a speaker, critical listening: listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

4. Why is it normal-even desirable- to be nervous at the start of a speech?

the speech is usually more successful when you are nervous. your body is producing much more adrenaline, which is making your heart race and your hands sweat

2. What does it mean to say that people are egocentric? What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for you as a public speaker?

the tendency to be concerned with own values, beliefs and well-being

3. What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?

******* class examples: Mariah Carey, Tom Hanks

4. Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?

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7. What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

8

1. Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?

9

4. What are the three stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?

Before the interview, when questions are prepared and proper methodologies researched. During the interview, when the information is gathered according to the correct protocols. After the interview, when the collected information is put to use in research and properly credited.

7. What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?

Before: assess how audience will respond, adjust to make speech clear and convincing During: adjust for unexpected circumstances, watch for feedback

7. What is ethnocentrism? How to avoid it?

Believing that ones own group is superior. Avoid it by respect culture values, adapt to expectations, perspective of audience, feedback given

3. What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism?

Global plagiarism is stealing from a single source and calling it your own, Patchwork plagiarism is stealing from 2-3 sources and calling it your own

1. What is the difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing is the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. Listening is paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

1. What are the three purposes of introduction? What guidelines should you follow in preparing such speech?

Introducing the main speaker to an audience Guidelines: brief, accurate, adopted to audience and occasion, builds sense of anticipation

3. Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

It gives a good perception of the speakers qualifications examples are personal experiences, and sources

Positive Nervousness: Study by Jamieson

Looked at students that were going to take the GRE. Found that if they were told it was okay to be nervous they scored higher, if they were not told to be nervous they did not score as well.

2. What is the main theme of a speech presentation? Depending on the audience and occasion, what two other themes might you include in such a speech?

Main theme: presenting a gift, award, or some recognition...say why they are getting an award, explain what the award is, and give praise to the people who didnt win either

1. In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?

Public speaking is a way of making your ideas public, sharing your ideas and influencing people

1. What is ethics? Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. You want your speech to be credible

4. What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech? Why does a successful commemorative speech depend so much on the creative and subtle use of language?

The purpose is to pay tribute to a person, group, institution, or idea, inspire audience, heighten appreciation, adjust content and delivery to fit situation, use language creatively class ex: Ronald Reagon, Ellen

2. What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in this chapter for writing a preparation outline?

a preparation outline is a detailed outline developed during speech preparation Guidelines: 1. state specific purpose 2. identify central idea 3. label into, body, conclusion 4. use consistent pattern of symbolization, indentation 5. state main points, sub pts in full sentences 6. label transitions, internal summaries, internal previews 7. bibliography 8.

6. What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.

a testimony is a quotation or paraphrase to support a point expert: testimony from recognized expert peer: testimony from ordinary people with first hand experience or insight

5. How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?

acquire experience, prepare (1min=1hr), think positively, visualization, nervousness is not visible, dont expect perfection

1. Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?

because you can draw on your own personal experiences, these are things you already know a lot about

4. What is incremental plagiarism?

failing to give credit for parts borrowed from sources

5. How can you get information about an audience?

real example: Barbara Busch commencement speech

5. Why is it important to start your speech research early?

start early to avoid not finding enough research

3. Why is it important to develop strong listening skills?

very important in your job, important as you speak, you can find great ideas from listening

1. Why must a public speaker be audience centered?

you need to have the audience foremost in mind during the speech preparation and presentation