exam practice chapter 26
Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?
excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion
Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except
glucose
The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is
hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their
inefficient kidneys
The regulation of potassium balance
involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
The regulation of sodium ________. A) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus
is linked to blood pressure
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments
is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?
metabolic acidosis
A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?
metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?
nucleic acid
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is
plasma
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
potassium
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is
potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance.
Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion.
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is t
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates
respiratory acidosis
Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults.
sodium
The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?
sodium ions
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of
the control of respiratory ventilation
Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?
the lungs and the kidneys
ypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by
tissue edema
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?
There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
The term hypotonic hydration refers to
a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
Respiratory acidosis can occur when
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is
a rise in plasma osmolality
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?
aldosterone
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
aldosterone
Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?
amount of body fat
Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?
anabolism of proteins
Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?
antidiuretic hormone
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?
atrial natriuretic peptide
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.
bicarbonate
Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?
diet
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?
Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
