exam three prep questions
choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial)
2, 5, 4, 1, 3
the following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction: 1. myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin 2. the free myosin head splits atp 3. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. the myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere 5. calcium ion binds to troponin 6. the myosin head binds an app molecule and detaches from the actin. the correct sequence of these events is;
3 5 1 4 6 2
put the following structures in order from superficial to deep
6 2 4 5 1 3
organic components of the matrix of bone include
collagen fibers
when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension; this is called
complete tetanus
osseous tissue is classified as which of the following
connective tissue
a needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
which of the following is not a property of synovial joints
covered by a serous membrane
the ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the _____ ligaments
cruciate
the skin is also called the _____ membrane
cutaneous
an extension past the anatomical position is known as
hyperextension
the loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis
which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid
increases osmotic pressure within joint
parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that it
inhibits calcitonin secretion
lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through
interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
a common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, termed
inversion
which of the following is a function of synovial fluid
decrease friction within joint
all of the following are true of the pigment melanin, except that it
decreases its concentration within cells during exposure to the sun
which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched
dendritic cells - activate the immune system
the dermis is composed largely of
dense irregular connective
projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called
dermal papillae
epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the
dermis
a fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the
diaphysis
the type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called
isometric
synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. which of the following statements is true about this fluid
it contains hyaluronic acid
synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely moveable joints; which of the following statements is true about this fluid
it contains hyaluronic acid
what does the name flexor carpi radialis most likely mean
it is a lateral forearm muscle that bends the wrist
which of the following is not a characteristic of articular cartilage
it secretes synovial fluid
immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the _____ period during which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors
latent
at an archeological dig site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide; choose the correct classification
long
the muscle weakness of myasthenia gravis results from
loss of acetylcholine receptors in the end-plate membrane.
a word in a muscle name that indicates it is a large muscle might be
magnus
modified and specialized sweat glands that produce mild are called _____ glands
mammary
the medullary cavity of bones contains
marrow
which of the following labels best matches osteocyte
mature bone cell
fat is stored within the
medullary cavity
in albanism, _____ is lacking
melanin
select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer
melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing
when acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the end plate membrane becomes
more permeable to sodium ions
during activities requiring aerobic endurance
most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria
which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions
motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from the sr, asp-driven power stroke, and sliding of myofilaments
all the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a
motor unit
which of the following movements is a good example of flexion
moving the hand toward the shoulder
interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for
muscle contraction
which of the following statements is most accurate?
muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction
which of these orders of muscle structures progresses from the smallest to largest in diameter
myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle
muscle cells are made up of
myofibrils
the structures within the muscle fiber that shorten to cause skeletal muscle fiber contractions are (the)
myofibrils
the oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is
myoglobin
which of the following movements is a good example of depression
opening the mouth
the cell is responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the
osteoblast
which is greater
osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent
in osseous tissue, which of the following is able to break down bone
osteoclasts
the most abundant cell type in bone is
osteocytes
thick skin can be found on the
palms
the layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the _____ layer
papillary
which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream
parathyroid hormone
which of the following works with calcitrol to maintain bone homeostasis
parathyroid hormone
all of the motor units of the muscle contracting at the maximal rate of stimulation causes the production of
peak tension
a dendritic or langerhan cell is a specialized
phagocytic cell
pointing the toes is an example of
plantar flexion
which foot movement enables the ballerina to stand on her toes
plantar flexion
the cruciate ligaments of the knee
prevent hyperextension of the knee
all of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands, except that it
produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating"
in anatomical position, when the palm is moved to face posteriorly, the movement of the wrist and hand is called
pronation
moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called
protraction
compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joint are
rare because of the socket depth and ligament reinforcement
suppose that you try to pick up an object and discover that it is much heavier than you expected; which process must occur in the muscle to increase tension so you can pick up the object
recruitment
a patient takes a medication that blocks EACh receptors of skeletal muscle fibers; what is this drug's effect on skeletal muscle contraction
reduces the muscles ability for contraction
when a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
refractory period
functions of the skin include
regulating body temperature
after death, muscle fibers run out of atp and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm; this results in a condition known as
rigor mortis
the repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the
sarcomere
which of the following can actually shorten during a muscle contraction
sarcomeres
an elaborate and specialized network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage is the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the series of membranous channels that surround each myofibril is the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
bones that develop within tendons are called _____ bones
sesamoid
the carpal bones are examples of ______ bones
short
the joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the _____ joint
shoulder
_____ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its cannaliculi
spongy
_____ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles
spongy
the type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is _____ bone
spongy
a small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it
stimulates vitamin d3 synthesis in the epidermis
which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum
storage and release site for calcium ions
the epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement
stratum basale
which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood
stratum basale
the layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the
stratum corneum
which layer of skin is least protected by melanin
stratum corneum
which of the following statements is true
striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei
skull bones are joined by tight connections called
sutures
the gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the
synaptic cleft
the gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cells is called the
synaptic cleft
a suture is an example of a(n)
synarthrosis
which of the following are cartilaginous joints
synchondroses
at each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a
tendon
what is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue
the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy
what produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell
the arrangement of myofilaments
a long bone increases in length until
the epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified
which of the following acts as an atpase during the contraction cycle of muscle
the head portion of the myosin molecule
the reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
the sliding mechanism of myofilaments works when
the myosin heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites of the thin filaments
which of the following is the first step in the sliding mechanism of muscle contraction
the myosin heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites on the thin filaments
if a long bone found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate
the person had not reached puberty
which of the following statements best describes angular movements
they change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones
which one of the following is composed of myosin protein
thick filaments
which of the following become connected by myosin cross-bridges during muscle contraction
thin filaments and thick filaments
the type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n)
third-degree burn
the medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the _____ ligament
tibial collateral
what is the functional role of the t-tubules
to rapidly pass ap throughout the complete cell
which of the following is a solid structure
trabecula
spongy bone contains
trabeculae
which of the following features is not a characteristic of muscle tissues
transmissive
at rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by
troponin molecules
a contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric contraction
true
a physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color
true
bending the tip of the finger exhibits flexion
true
for a doctor, simply looking at a patients skin can help in making a diagnosis
true
moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction
true
muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units
true
one of the functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat
true
regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes
true
sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite
true
the dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not
true
the pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis
true
the trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress
true
which of the following movements is a good example of supination
turning the hand palm upward
a skeletal muscle's blood supply is generally best described as
very good
what are menisci (articular discs)
wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity
what are the menisci (articular discs)
wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity
in the skeletal system, compact bone is located
where bones are most heavily stressed
a synovial joint is an example of a(n)
diarthrosis
lifting up a glass to take a drink involves the elbow joint; which of the following correctly characterizes that joint
diarthrotic
lifting a stone with the tip of foot is
dorsiflexion
which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food
elevation
which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell
endomysium
the layers of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle from the inside to the outside in correct order are
endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium
the sarcoplasmic reticulum is (the)
endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibers
which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
the dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
epimysium
the main nerves and blood vessels supplying the individual muscle fibers are contained within and branch through which of the following
epimysium and perimysium
what characteristic of muscle tissue allows it to respond to a stimulation
excitability
which of the following movements is a good example of hyperextension
extreme bending of the head backwards
a very highly stretched muscle will produce a contraction that is
fairly weak
all joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight
false
bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function
false
cells in the stratum corneum undergo mitosis to keep the layer thick and protective
false
during isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement
false
the skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of
a transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae
muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached
false
a movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is
abduction
a movement away from the midline of the body is termed
abduction
what is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called
abduction
the cytoplasm of the neuromuscular terminal contains vesicles filled with molecules of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
the neurotransmitter involved in the process if contraction in skeletal muscles is
acetylcholine
the enzyme in the synaptic cleft partly responsible for shutting down a muscle contraction is
acetylcholinesterase
the skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin
false
when an individual is exposed to extremely cold air the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that more blood will be brought closer to the outside surface of the skin
false
the structures that assist the bursae in reducing friction between the patella and other tissues are the
fat pads
which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters
first-degree
a rib is an example of a _____ bone
flat
contraction of the muscle that is attached to the radial tuberosity results in
flexion of the forearm
contraction of the muscle that is attached to the radical tuberosity results in
flexion of the forearm
dorsiflexion involves _____ at the ankle joint and _____ of the foot
flexion; elevation of the sole
which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin
gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age
a patient has skin that is slightly blue in color; a likely treatment for this person might be
giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
in the knee joint, the medial and lateral menisci
act as cushions and conform to the shape of the articulating surfaces
thin myofilaments are called
actin
muscles may be named using
action
during the recovery period the body's need for oxygen is increased because
additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves consumed during exercise
which of the following is a function of the skeletal system
all of the above
which of the following is a recognized function of a skeletal muscle
all of the above (produce movement, guard body entrances and exits, maintain posture, maintain body temperature, generate heat, and support soft tissues)
in rigor mortis
all of the answers are correct
when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts,
all of the answers are correct
which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle
all of the answers are correct
bone structure is determined by which of the following
all of the answers are correct; hormones, diet, mechanical stress, and muscle attachments
articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are
amphiarthroses
the joints that are subjected to the greatest load are found in the
ankles
the joint between the carpals is a/an _____ joint
gliding
which of the following is true statement regarding gliding movements
gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints
a fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a _____ joint
gomphosis
the glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called _____ glands
apocrine
synarthrotic joints
are immovable joints
the trabeculae of spongy bone
are organized along stressed lines
the subcutaneous layer consists of
areolar and adipose tissues
bursae are found in all of the following areas, except
around blood vessels
which of the following is an example of a synchondrosis
articulation between the diaphysis and epiphysis in a growing long bone
due to lack of use, a muscle will lose size, tone, and power through the process of
atrophy
neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse by the
axon terminals of the motor neuron
cyanosis signifies that a patient
has oxygen-starved skin
muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in muscle fibers
have many nuclei
the function of T tubules is to
help distribute the electrical signal to contract throughout the muscle fiber
which of the following is not a function of the muscular system
hematopoiesis
presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint
hinge joint
the lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion
holocrine
the auricular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo
hyaline cartilage
the central canal of an osteon contains
blood vessels
the normal movement of the knee joint during walking involves
both flexion and extension
the surface of articular cartilage is
both slick and smooth
connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called
bursae
the sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum; the secretion of sebum is stimulated
by hormones, especially androgens
elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
calcitonin
bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of
calcium
why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction
calcium allows the binding of myosin to actin
prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of
calcium and vitamin d
active sites on the actin become available for binding after
calcium binds to troponin
which of the following events occurs first
calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
slow muscle fibers
can continue to contract long after fast fibers have fatigued
_____ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow
carotene
the skin may turn orange as a result of _____ buildup
carotene
the primary pigments contained in the epidermis are
carotene and melatonin
saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces; identify a saddle joint of the skeleton
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
which glands produce ear wax
ceruminous glands
which of the following is not present in bone
chondroitin sulfate
the muscles surrounding the eyes and mouth are classified as
circular
muscle tone is
a state of sustained partial contraction
place these structures of the skeletal muscle in order from largest to smallest
1 3 4 5 2
choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface
2 5 4 1 3
a fascicle is
a group of muscle fibers that are encased in the perimysium
a single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called
a motor unit
