Exam Two Nutrition Online

Albert is a healthy, 23-year-old college student. He would like to know more about his risk of cardiovascular disease, so he can take preventive measures, if they are necessary. Albert should ________.

have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood

Antibiotic usage often leads to microflora imbalance in the digestive tract.

True

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract?

Ulcerative colitis

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

corn oil

The ________ is a flap-like piece of tissue responsible for keeping a swallowed piece of food from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

exercising daily

Fructose is primarily absorbed from the small intestine via

facilitated diffusion.

A scientist has discovered a new molecular compound that is a long chain of 26 carbons bonded together, with a methyl group on one end and an acid group on the other end of the molecule. The compound does not contain any nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________.

fatty acid

Which of the following foods is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids?

flaxseeds

The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.

hepatic portal vein

A fasting blood LDL cholesterol level of 165 mg/dL is considered ________.

high

Having high blood levels of ________ may increase a person's risk of CVD

homocysteine

Parietal cells secrete ions that form ________ in the stomach.

hydrochloric acid

Betty is constipated; she generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve her constipation without taking medications, Betty should

increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber.

Clayton is a 19-year-old college student. He avoids milk, because he claims drinking the beverage upsets his stomach and gives him intestinal "gas." However, he can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information, Clayton probably has

lactose intolerance

Which of the following organs is key to the enterohepatic circulation of bile?

liver

Maria usually consumes about 2000 kcal/day. On average, her fat intake is approximately 90 g/day. Based on this information, which of the following statements describes Maria's diet?

maria's fat intake is higher than the AMDR

According to Shawn's physician, Shawn has a high risk of ________ because his waist circumference is 42 inches, his blood pressure consistently measures 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg, and his fasting blood glucose level is 110 mg/dl.

metabolic syndrome

According to the AMDR recommendations, alpha-linolenic acid should provide ________ of a person's total daily energy intake.

0.6%-1.2%

Every morning, Sarah stops at a convenience store to buy a 20-ounce bottle of a regular soft drink to consume before and during her early classes. Around noon, she drinks a sugar-sweetened tea that she purchased from a vending machine on campus. After she read news about the possible negative health effects of added sugars, she became concerned about her consumption of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages. She decides to follow the recommendations of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans regarding added sugar intakes. Sarah usually consumes about 1800 kcal/day. Based on this information, she should limit her added sugar intake to less than ________ kcal/day.

180

Chase is a 22-year-old college student. According to recommendations of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), fat should comprise ________% of his total energy intake each day.

20-35

As of 2018, ________ million Americans were living with diagnosed diabetes.

26.8

The surface area of the small intestine is about the size of

a regulation singles tennis court

The sweetener found in Equal is

aspartame

Which of the following foods naturally contains cholesterol?

chicken

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are

galactose glucose fructose

Leonard has a disease that causes his lacteals to become blocked. Based on this information, his

intestinal tract does not absorb much fat.

For several years, Corey has suffered from intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Corey, his "bad guts" worsen whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Corey probably has

irritable bowel syndrome.

starch

is composed of amylose and amylopectin.

The _______ is the middle segment of the small intestine.

jejunum

Adrian's diet supplies only about 5% of his daily energy needs from carbohydrates. Therefore, most of his energy intake is provided by proteins and fats. As a result of following this diet, Adrian's body may go into

ketosis

The innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract is the

mucosa.

goblet cells produce

mucus

Raffinose is an example of a/an

oligosaccharide

When she prepares food, Felicia wants to use a product that is a rich source of unsaturated fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should she select?

olive oil

The ________ is an accessory organ of the digestive system.

pancreas

Glucose, fructose, and galactose all contain _______ carbons.

six

Oatmeal is a particularly rich source of ________ fiber.

soluble

Each of the following foods elicits an umami taste except

strawberries.

The enzyme ________ is necessary for digesting the disaccharide that contains one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.

sucrase

Which of the following sweeteners provides 4 kcal/g?

sucrose

The difference between one triglyceride and another resides in the type of fatty acids attached to each glycerol.

true

Which of the followings statements is true?

Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract?

Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

Which of the following digestive hormones is most important for digestion of fat as it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine?

Cholecystokinin

________ are small pouches that form in the inner lining of the large intestine. In some cases, the presence of these pouches may lead to inflammation, infection, and rectal bleeding.

Diverticula

Which of the following statements about Dumping Syndrome is false?

Dumping Syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long, rather than moving into the small intestine.

Which of the following statements about enterocytes is false?

Enterocytes are located in the stomach and are necessary for intrinsic factor production.

Which of the following substances is secreted by the human stomach?

Gastric juice

Which of the following cells of the large intestine secrete mucus?

Goblet cells

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

Which of the following statements about low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is FALSE?

High levels of LDL are beneficial in lowering a person's risk for heart disease.

Nolan would like to add more dietary fiber to his diet. Which of the following do you recommend?

Select a bran cereal for breakfast. Add wheat germ to pancake batter when making pancakes. Snack on fresh fruit. Use whole-wheat pasta.

What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber?

Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water.

Which of the following foods typically acts as a prebiotic?

Whole grains

Yolanda is eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch. She has taken a bite of the sandwich and begun chewing the sticky sandwich. Once the bite of sandwich has been chewed, moistened, and mixed with saliva, it is called

a bolus.

Sarah consumes approximately 2000 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

200

Felix generally consumes about 2500 kcal/day. He wants to reduce the amount of added sugars in his diet to meet the recommendation for added sugar intake according to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Based on this information, Felix will limit his daily intake of added sugars to less than ________ kcal.

250

Approximately _______ of individuals experiencing symptoms from COVID-19 report that they cannot smell and/or taste food.

40%

Which of the following statements is true?

A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

Which of the following statements is true?

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes.

Mateo was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Which of the following lifestyle modifications would you recommend to Mateo to help with management of the metabolic syndrome?

Exercise regularly Reduce intake of simple sugars Reduce intake of saturated fat

Live microorganisms that help control the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the large intestine are known as prebiotics.

False

Peristalsis is a voluntary response.

False

Which of the following physical characteristics or health conditions is a sign of metabolic syndrome?

Fasting blood triglyceride levels that are consistently more than 150 mg/dl

Which of the following statements is true?

In nature, fatty acids typically have even numbers of carbon atoms.

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

Which of the following foods has the most acidic pH?

Lemon juice

The condition in which a person cannot detect any odors is called

anosmia.

Because of the high glycemic index (GI), which of the following foods should be avoided or consumed in moderation by a person with diabetes?

baked potato

After moving through the ileocecal sphincter, unabsorbed water and undigested remains of chyme enter the jejunum.

false

Chewing gum made with sugar alcohols contributes to tooth decay

false

Hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is too high.

false

If you were to mix oil and water, the two substances would not form a solution. Rather, the water would rise to the top of the oil and form small globules.

false

The best way to avoid tooth decay is to use a mouthwash that kills bacteria in the mouth.

false

Lactose is the disaccharide in

milk

The ________ cells of the gastric glands synthesize and release intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.

parietal

Each of the following foods often contains small amounts of plant sterols and/or stanols EXCEPT _______.

salmon

Which of the following foods is a source of cholesterol?

scrambled eggs

Chyme is the

semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach

Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate?

soluble fiber

You are working with a client who was recently diagnosed with pre-diabetes. Which type of fiber would you recommend to your client due to its role in slowing glucose absorption and helping with blood glucose control?

soluble fiber

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a small amount of ________ to be digested in the mouth

starch

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?

starch

Carlos has a family history of premature heart disease and stroke. To lower his risk of cardiovascular disease, Carlos should ________.

stop smoking cigarettes

Alicia has PKU. She would like to sweeten her coffee with a substance that provides 0 kcal/g. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners supplies 0 kcal/g and is safe for her to use?

sucralose

Which of the following statements is true?

sucrose is a source of glucose

Intestinal bacteria produce gases when they metabolize fiber.

true

Which of the following statements is true?

Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children.

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate?

fructose

Active transport requires both energy and a specific transporter.

True

Risk factors for constipation include all of the following except

drinking too much water.

Liana has elevated blood levels of LDL. To lower her LDL levels, she should _______.

eat less red meat

Victor is making cake batter. When he added canola oil, low-fat milk, baking powder, and salt together, the oil and milk separated into two layers. To make a mixture that does not separate into oily and watery components, Victor should add ________ and stir the ingredients together.

egg yolks

________ acid is an omega-3 fatty acid.

eicosapentaenoic

The hormone _______ is secreted in response to food entering the stomach. This hormone stimulates the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen.

gastrin

Katie is pregnant. She has type 1 diabetes and often has difficulty controlling her blood glucose level. Based on this information, Katie is more likely to

give birth to a baby that has birth defects.

Max wants to restrict the added sugar intake of his 5-year-old son. He should

give the child low-fat milk with meals and snacks instead of regular soft drinks.

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes ________ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.

glucagon

Nervous system cells burn mostly ________ for energy

glucose

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as

glycogen

Which of the following is the most highly branched form of complex carbohydrate?

glycogen

Bernetta has an autoimmune disease that affects salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Bernetta

has trouble swallowing.

A person with high blood pressure and/or a congenital heart defect is at an increased risk for complications from infection with COVID-19.

true

Arthur suffers from frequent GERD. Which of the following recommendations might you make to Arthur to reduce the incidence and severity of the GERD?

Avoid greasy and spicy foods.

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?

Bile

Bile is made in the liver from _______. The bile is then stored in the _______ until needed.

Bile is made in the liver from _______. The bile is then stored in the _______ until needed.

Which of the following is not a function of cholecystokinin?

Control the secretion of mucus by the mucus cells

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?

brain

The ________ helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme.

large intestine

Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called

peristalsis

A scientist has isolated a chemical compound that is partially soluble in water. The chemical helps keep water-soluble substances mixed with fats. When analyzing the composition of the chemical, the scientist determined that, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the compound contains nitrogen and phosphorus atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________.

phospholipid

For the typical American diet, approximately _______ of total daily kcal are provided from carbohydrates.

1/2

This morning, Margie's fasting blood glucose level indicated that she has hyperglycemia and pre-diabetes. Based on this information, her fasting blood glucose level was ________ mg/dl.

115

Which of the following statements is true?

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol and acetone.

Which of the following statements is true?

Most enzymes have names that end with - ase.

Which of the following statements regarding C reactive protein is false?

People with low CRP are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease.

Which of the following statements is true?

The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.

Bill would like to follow recommendations that would reduce his risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on this information, Bill should ________.

become more physically active

Avi's salivary glands do not secrete amylase. As a result of his condition, his body

cannot begin starch digestion

________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes

phospholipids

All of the following are harmful to the health of a bee colony except

planting bee-friendly flowers

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?

polysaccharides

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons. Most of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds, except there is a double bond between the number 3 and 4 carbons as well as the number 9 and 10 carbons. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a ________ fatty acid.

polyunsaturated

Each of the following foods is considered a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids except _______.

pork

________ naturally contains small amounts of trans fats.

pre-packaged baked goods

In the body, lipids ________.

provide insulation against cold temperatures

The ________ sphincter is located between the stomach and small intestine.

pyloric

High-fiber diets are associated with all of the following except

reduced secretion of intrinsic factor

Individuals with diabetes are at a greater risk for COVID-19 and, if infected, are more likely to experience severe symptoms associated with the virus.

true

Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to cholesterol and, as a result, plant sterols and stanols can interfere with cholesterol absorption.

true

Plants use glucose to make fiber and starch.

true

Due to a respiratory bacterial infection, Amanda had to take a large spectrum antibiotic for a period of 7 days. At the end of the regimen, her respiratory problem was gone; however, she informed her doctor that she now has diarrhea and other digestive problems. What do you think the doctor will recommend to Amanda to relieve her diarrhea and digestive problems?

Take probiotics to restore the population of beneficial bacteria she lost due to the antibiotic she was taking

Phyllis recorded her food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze her diet record. According to the results of the analysis, her average daily saturated fat intake was 10% of total calories; her average daily unsaturated fat intake was 35% of total calories; and her average daily cholesterol intake was 250 mg. Based on this information, her total fat intake is ________ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

above

Layla loves to cook, but she is concerned about the effects that certain dietary lipids may have on her health. She wants to prepare foods with fats that are naturally low in saturated fatty acids and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Based on this information, which of the following ingredients should she select?

canola oil

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

canola oil

The ________ cells of the gastric glands are important for the section of pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin and necessary for protein digestion.

chief

Fai was recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance. She knows that consuming enough vitamin D and calcium is important for those with lactose intolerance. With that in mind, which of the following do you recommend?

consume lactose-free milk

When he prepares food, Edgar wants to use ingredients that are not high in trans fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should he include in his recipes?

corn oil

Justin's blood cholesterol levels are too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add?

legumes

________ acid is an omega-6 fatty acid

linoleic

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid that is polyunsaturated with two double bonds in its structure?

linoleic acid

Oleic acid is a fatty acid with one double bond in its structure. Oleic acid is therefore a ________ fatty acid.

monounsaturated

Jevincio has type 2 diabetes, and he does not control his blood glucose levels well. As a result of his lack of control, which of the following conditions is he most likely to develop?

numbness and tingling in hands and feet

To reduce her intake of added sugar, Isabelle should

replace regular soft drinks with plain water.

Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that ________.

stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the small intestine

Which type of diabetes is most common in the United States?

type 2

Absorption of _______ occurs in the large intestine.

water and minerals