Exam Two Review

Which of the following will help cool the body?

Evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? (1) He has fewer functional hair follicles now. (2) He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now. (3) He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now. (4) He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now.

1,2

Which of the following occur as a result of inhibiting the release of chemical mediators of inflammation shortly after injury in a tissue? (1) Stimulation of pain receptors (2) Reduced stimulation of pain receptors (3) Increased permeability of blood vessels (4) Reduced permeability of blood vessels (5) Edema (6) Reduced redness

2,4,6

Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of developing skin cancer?

A 68-year old male with blond hair and blue eyes

Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?

A calcified matrix

What is a scar?

A large amount of granulation tissue converted to dense irregular collagenous connective tissue during tissue repair

What is the function of the basement membrane?

Adhere epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

If mesenchymal cells experience mutation during development, which of the following structures is most likely affected by the mutation?

All of the choices are correct.

Which factors can be used to differentiate between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

All of the choices are correct.

__________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.

Areolar tissue

Which of the following statements concerning hair is true?

At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair.

A tissue sample has the following components: calcified matrix, collagen, and fibroblasts. Sandy has identified it as bone, but her instructor stated that was incorrect. Which statements below should her instructor use to explain the error?

Bone tissue would have osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes present.

Which of the following is NOT an adhesive molecule found in the ground substance of connective tissue?

Chondroitin sulfate

When Harry stepped on a nail, inflammation and infection were severe, but localized. Which of the following functions limited the size of the injured area to the greatest degree?

Coagulation of plasma proteins

Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?

Collagen

Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is true?

Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.

Which of the following statements concerning epithelial tissue is false?

Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion.

Students were asked to identify the type of muscle tissue that makes up the arrector pili, a structure that moves the hair relative to the skin. Which of the following correctly identified the muscle tissue type?

David stated that it is smooth muscle, eliminating cardiac muscle because the tissue is not located in the heart and skeletal muscle because it is not under voluntary control.

Which of the following statements explains why decubitus ulcers are of concern in elderly patients?

Elderly individuals have more fragile skin due to loss of collagen fibers in the dermis, increasing the likelihood of tissue damage.

Which of the following statements concerning epithelial cell surfaces is false?

Epithelium with folded surfaces tends to be very rigid.

Which of the following cell structures would be most important in secretory epithelial cells?

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?

Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.

Damage to which portion of a hair follicle will most affect hair growth?

Hair bulb

Which of the following is an example of labile cells?

Hemocytoblasts are cells that divide and give rise to multiple types of blood cells.

Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn?

Increased immunity

Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.

Increased melanin synthesis

A swollen, painful area of the skin that is also hot and red are symptoms that accompany which process?

Inflammation

Proteoglycans trap large quantities of water, allowing them to assume their original shape after compression. Based on these characteristics, where are they most likely found in the body?

Intervertebral discs

Which of the following statements is not true of mucous connective tissue?

It is a type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to most adult connective tissue types.

Which of the following statements accurately represents labile cells?

Labile cells are important to the body, providing a source for new cells to replace those that are damaged.

Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is false?

Labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration.

After her last check-up, Harriet was informed that her active Vitamin D levels were low. Which of the following conditions may explain why this is so?

Liver dysfunction has reduced the conversion of cholecalciferol to the intermediate for calcitriol production.

Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?

Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.

Nicholas has been diagnosed with a condition resulting from inflammation of tissue associated with his lungs. Which statement best clarifies the condition?

Nicholas has inflammation of the pleura, the serous membranes associated with the lungs.

A skin cell in the stratum granulosum has experienced a mutation that altered its ability to produce keratin. Should this be a health concern for the individual?

No, because cells of the stratum granulosum are dying cells that do not reproduce, so the mutation will be isolated to the one cell.

A recent study demonstrated that there are three unique strains of Propionibacterium acnes; two strains are more prevalent in people with acne; however, one of which appears not to be pathogenic to humans and is more prevalent in people with 'clear' skin. Additionally, the strain of P. acnes found in healthy skin kills invading bacteria, including the pathogenic P. acnes. Which of the following statements about the targeted removal of 'bad' P. acnes and addition of 'good' P. acnes is INCORRECT?

Once removed, the invading pathogenic P. acnes cannot regrow on the skin.

Which two processes function in the repair of injured tissue?

Regeneration and replacement

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

Reticular layer of dermis

Which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false?

Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.

Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. What type of burn did Barney experience?

Second degree

__________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas __________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.

Simple squamous; stratified squamous

Joshua has had a portion of his liver removed. His physician is confident that Joshua will improve because the liver will regenerate. How is this possible?

Stabile cells of the liver are able to divide and replace the removed liver tissue.

__________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas __________ epithelium is rare.

Stratified squamous; stratified columnar

A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to this kind of tissue?

Tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone

Which of the following is an example of sensation function of the integumentary system?

Temperature receptors detecting a warm cloth placed on the skin

A parent of a baby visits the pediatrician because the baby's skin is turning orange. Fortunately, the baby's lab tests indicate no abnormality. What could be causing the orange coloration?

The baby's diet consists of mostly sweet potatoes and carrots.

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

All of the following statements concerning hair are true except one. Identify the exception.

The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.

An infant is born with a genetic defect that greatly reduces his production of brown fat. Which of the following will most likely apply to this infant?

The infant will have difficulty regulating his body temperature.

Which of the following statements concerning the subcutaneous layer is false?

The subcutaneous layer is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

A tissue sample has the following characteristics: large cells with many processes, one which is very long; smaller cells scattered amongst the larger cells. Which of the following statements accurately identifies the tissue?

The tissue is nervous tissue. The large cells are neurons with dendrites and a long axon, and the smaller cells are glia.

Which of the following statements concerning hair structure is true?

Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.

Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false?

Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.

Some acne drugs include peroxides that increase 'peeling' or shedding of skin. The main side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching and possible hair loss at contact areas. Do these drugs have an effect on the sebum-production?

Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

A gland produces a watery secretion that contains solutes. The secretion also contains a substantial amount of phospholipid. The type of secretory process for this gland is probably __________.

a combination of merocrine and apocrine.

An example of a highly vascular tissue is __________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is __________.

areolar; cartilage

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________ and a muscle fiber refers to a/an __________.

complex of macromolecules; entire cell

All of the following are complication of a major burn except

decreased protein demand.

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________.

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from

dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks.

The membrane that lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of

epithelium and lamina propria

With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. This is probably because the elderly

experience a decrease in the thickness of their subcutaneous layer.

A glandular secretion has been analyzed and indicates the presence of cytoplasmic components that include DNA and nuclear proteins. This indicates __________ mode of secretion.

holocrine

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have __________.

hyperextensible joints

The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except

increases in sebaceous gland activity.

When comparing the dermis with the subcutaneous tissue, the dermis

is divided into two layers; the subcutaneous layer is not.

Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the subcutaneous layer. The deepest layer penetrated was the __________.

papillary layer of the dermis

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________.

replacement

If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of

simple squamous epithelium.

Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because

smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract.

An epithelial tissue has multiple layers, flat and irregular cell shape, dead outer layers of cells, and keratin present in some cells. This is

stratified keratinized squamous epithelium.

Collagenous fibers are very abundant in __________.

tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin

Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to ultraviolet light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is

they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals.

In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.

tight junctions