exam(questions)

An example of an acute disease is (a)Chicken pox (b)tuberculosis (c)Gum disease (d)Herpes (e)Hepatitis C

(a) Chicken pix

Which of the follow is mis-matched (a)decline phase-Death occurs (b)Fulminating-Sudden and severe onset of disease (c)Prodromal phase-Nonspecific symptoms present (d)Pyrogen-Fever causing agent (e)Invasive phase- Typical signs and symptoms of disease are present

(a) Decline phase-Death occurs

B and T cells are produced by stem cells that are formed in: (a)Bone marrow (b)The circulatory system (c)The lymph nodes (d)The liver (e)The spleen

(a)Bone marrow

A membrane attack complex(MAC) that can lyse microorganisms is produces by components of: (a) complement (b)Antibodies (c)Interferon alpha (d)interferon gamma (e)None of these

(a)Complement

Generally, plasmids carry which type of genetic material? (a)nonessential genes (b) essential genes (c) useless genes (d) RNA

(a)Nonessential genes

The prevalence of disease can be defined as (a)The total number of people infected within the population at any time (b)The number of new cases contracted within a set population during a specific period of time (c)The number of new cases plus the total number of cases per year (d)The number of people infected with a disease divided by the total population (e)The number of people in a given population that show no symptoms of disease

(a)The total number of people infected within the population at any time

________are soluble substances secreted from bacteria into host tissues, whereas______are part of the bacterial cell wall and enter host tissues during division or after cell death (a)exotoxins/endotoxins (b)Endotoxins/Exotoxins (c)lipopolysaccharides/proteins (d)pollysaccharides/porins (e)Toxoids/metatoxins

(a)exotoxins/endotoxins

_______is the capacity to produce disease (a)Pathogenecity (b)Virulence (c)Attenuation (d)Passage (e)Symbiosis

(a)pathogenecity

How many chromosomes are found in a typical bacterial cell (a)2 (b)1 (c)4 (d)23 (e)16

(b)1

The minimum time used for sterilization by autoclaving is: (a) 5 minutes (b) 15 minutes (c) 45 minutes (d) 1 hour (e) 2 hour

(b)15 mins

The time from absorption of a bacteriophage to release of newly synthesized bacteriophage is generally (a)1 to 5 miuntes (b)20 to 40 mins (c)1 to 4 hours (d)6 to 24hrs (e)1 to 2 days

(b)20 to 40 mins

The best definition of an antigen is: (a)A foreign molecule in the body (b)A chemical that elicits antibody production that binds to that antibody (c)A molecule that binds to antibody (d)A pathogen (e)An enzyme that activates B cells

(b)A chemical that elicits antibody production that binds to that antibody

A laboratory bench with bacteria spilled on it could be correctly referred to as what (a)Infected (b)contaminated (c)Infested (d)diseased (e)inflamed

(b)Contaminated

Which of the following substances will not stimulate an immune response unless they are bound to a larger molecule? (a)Antigen (b)hapten (c)Antibody (d)Virus (e)Milligen

(b)Hapten

Which of the following antibodies would most likely be found in the body secretions such as tears, milk, saliva, and mucous? (a)IgA (b)IgM (c)IgE (d)Igd (e)IgG

(b)IgM

Ectoparasites are likely to be found? (a)within their host (b) on the surface of their host (c) sharing the ectoplasm of photosynthetic algea (d)In extreme environments (e)Do not need a host

(b)On the surface of their host

B cells that produce and release large amount of antibody are called: (a)Memory cells (b)Plasma cells (c)Neutrphils (d)Basophils (e)Killer cells

(b)Plasma cells

The ability to produce hemolysin benefits the microorganism by? (a)Causing disease (b)Releasing iron to be used for growth (c)releasing hemoglobin (d)Destroying host defenses (e)Breaking down host tissue

(b)Releasing iron to be used for growth

A(n)_____arises when a disease suddenly has a higher-than-normal incidence in a population (a)Endemic (b)epidemic (c)pandemic (d)mortality (e)pathogen

(b)epidemic

Resident flora are commonly found in the? (a)lungs (b)intestine (c)Stomach (d)nervous system (e)Blood

(b)intestine

A type of symbiotic relationship that benefits both members of the association is? (a)commensalism (b)mutualism (c)parasitism (d)infection (e)infestation

(b)mutualism

B cells are activated by: (a)Complement (b)Interferon (c)Antigen (d)Antibody (e)Memory cells

(c) Antigen

Which of the following immune cells/molecules are most effective at destroying intracellular pathogens: (a)Th cells (b)Antibodies (c)Tc Cells (d)B cells (e)Complement

(c) Tc Cells

Fungie are not classified in the Kingdom Plantae primarily because they (a)Have unicellular and multicellular forms (b) Are prokaryotes (c)Are heterotrophs (d)Need high moisture (e)Reproduce sexually

(c)Are heterotrophs

Quaternary ammonium compounds(quats) are type of: (a)soap (b)Alkylating agent (c)Detergent (d)Phenolic Substance (e)Basic solution

(c)Detergent

Another term for antibody is? (a)Antigen (b)Hapten (c)Immunoglobulin (d)enzyme (e)Protein

(c)Immunoglobulin

Which of the following convey the longest-lasting immunity to an infectious agent? (a)naturally acquired passive immunity (b)artificially acquired immunity (c)Naturally acquired active immunity (d)All of those (e)None of these

(c)Naturally acquired active immunty

Which of the following is part of a host's specific defense mechanism? (a)Production of a mucous layer (b)Local Inflammation (c)Antibody (d)Fever (e)The low pH of the stomach

(c)antibody

The presence of a few, non multiplying, bacteria in the blood is termed (a)Viremia (b)Septicemia (c)bacteremia (d)Toxemia (e)Secondary infection

(c)bacteremia

The active antimicrobial ingredients in bleach is: (a)phenol (b)hydrochloride (c)hypochloride (d)Iodine (e)Bromide

(c)hypochlorite

What does a researcher have to do in order to kill all bacteria in a liquid without damaging heat-labile protein in the solution? (a)Pass the liquid through a .5-um filter (b)Autoclave the solution (c)pass the liquid through a .22-um filter (d)Boil the solution (e)Lower the pH of the solution

(c)pass the liquid through a .22um filter

A positive antibody test for HIV would be a____ of disease (a)Symptom (b)syndrome (c)Sign (d)Virulence (e)sequela

(c)sign

Gamma rays and X-rays are effective in killing microorganisms because they: (a)dislodge electrons from atoms,creating ions (b)Damage DNA (c)Produce powerful oxidizing agents(peroxides) (d)All of those (e)None of those

(d)All of those

Viruses that infect bacteria are called?> (a)satelites (b)bacteriocins (c)Delta hepatitis (c)Baccteriophages (d)bacterioviruses

(d)Bacterioviruses

The parasitic helminths that are most likey to be found in bile ducts, lungs, and blood are the (a)Tapeworms (b)roundworms (c)Flatworms (d)Flukes (e)heartworms

(d)Flukes

Antibiotics are most likely to be produced by? (a) plantlike protists (b)Algae (c)Cellular slime molds (d)FUngi (e)Lichens

(d)Fungi

Heat-sensitive materials (rubber and plastic) and bulks materials (mattresses) can be sterilized using: (a) Dry heat (b)Autoclave (c)UV radiation (d)Gaseous ethylene oxide (e) None of these

(d)Gaseous ethylene oxide

Naturally acquired active immunity would be most likely acquired through which of the follow processes. (a) Vaccination (b)Drinking colostrum (c)Antivenin injection (d)Infection with disease w/ disease-causing organism followed by recovery (e)Natural birth

(d)Infection with disease w/ disease-causing organism follower by recovery

Cells enter an antiviral state and produce antiviral proteins(AVP) in response to the presence of: (a)Antigen (b)Lipopolysacharide (c)Specific antibody (d)Interferon (e)Complement

(d)Interferon

The specific action of hemolysis is to (a)cause leukocytes (b)damage white blood cells (c)cause fever (d)Lyse red blood cells (e)Damage nerves

(d)Lyse red blood cells

A parasite that must spend at least part of its life cycle on or in a host is called a (a) facultative parasite (b)hyperparasite (c)Host-specific parasite (d)Obligate parasite (e) pathologic parasite

(d)Obligate parasite

What term refers to a genetic segment containing genes encoding for proteins involved in a specific biochemical reaction? (a)Transfer RNA (b)Anticodon (c)Codon (d)Operon (e)Genotype

(d)Operon

The unicellular, Eukaryotic organisms with a true nucleus and organelles that are membrane-bound are classified as (a)Arthropods (b)Lichens (c)Flukes (d)Protista (e)Zygomycetes

(d)Protista

What portion of the tapeworm is responsible for attachment (a)coelom (b)Neck (c)Proglotid (d)Scolex (e)cuticle

(d)Scolex

Incidence of disease can be defined as (a)the total number of people infected within the population at any time (b)The number of new cases plus the total number of cases per year (c)the number of people infected with a disease divided by the total population (d)The number of new cases contracted within a set population during a specific period of time (e)The number of people in a given population that show no symptoms of disease

(d)The number of new cases contracted within a set population during a specific period of time

The ability of the immune system to recognize self antigens versus nonself antigens is an example of: (a)Specific immunity (b)Cell-mediated immunity (c)Humoral immunity (d)Tolerance (e)Antigenic immunity

(d)Tolerance

Inflammation is influenced by histamine, which is released by (a)Eosinphils (b)Erythrocytes (c)Platelets (d)Basophils (e)Leukocytes

(d)basophils

One of the common defense mechanisms pathogenic bacteria have to avoid phagocytosis in the pesence of: (a)Pili (b)A cell membrane (c)Peptidoglycan (d)capsule (e)endospores formation

(d)endospore formation

The process by which microbes disturb the normal health and function of the host is? (a)mutualism (b)disease (c)infection (d)infestation (e)contamination

(d)infestation

Phagocytes are potent innate host defenses, Which of the following are the major phagocytic cells in the body? (a)Thrombocytes (b)Erythrocytes (c)B lymphocytes (d)Neutrophils (e)Basophils

(d)neutrophils

In contrast with most heat, dry heat probably damages microbes by: (a)Denaturing proteins (b)denaturing nucleic acids (c)Disrupting disulfide bonds in proteins (d)Oxidizing molecules (e) cross-linking DNA

(d)oxidizing molecules

An endemic infectious agent is (a)present sporadically in the population (b)eradicated from the population (c)Always life-threatening (d)present continually in population (e)always harmless

(d)present continually in population

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? (a)Collects excess fluid from the spaces between body cells (b)Provides many of the nonspecific defense mechanism (c)Transports digested fats to the cardiovascular system (d)sequestration of iron (e)Provides many of the specific defense mechanisms

(d)provides many of the specific defense mechanisms

Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave (a)Length of time (b)Ability to inactivate viruses (c)Ability to kill endospores (d)Use with heat-sensitive materials (e)Use with glassware

(d)use with heat-sensitive materials

What is a cardinal sign of inflammation? (a)An increase in temp. (b)Redness (c)swelling (d)Pain at the infected site (e)All of the above

(e) all of the above

Which of the following affects the elimination of bacteria from an object (a)Number of bacteria present (b)Temperature (c)pH (d)Presence of organic matter (e)all of the above

(e) all of the above

A bacterium can acquire the ability to make a new enzyme or toxin naturally by (a)Mutation (b)Transformation (c)Conjugation (d)All of the above (e)Only (b) and (c)

(e) only (b) and (c)

The recommended method for testing that an autoclave has truly sterilized a load uses: (a)Mycobacterium tuberculosis (b)Influenza Virus (c)Staphilococcues aureus (d)Bacteriphages (e)Bacillus stearothermophilus

(e)Bacillus stearothermophilus

Bacteriophage-mediated transfer of genetic material between bacteria is called (a) Transformation (b))Transfection (c)conjugation (d)Transduction (e)Cloning

(e)Cloning

Large parasites, such as helminths, are most likely attacked by: (a)Basophils (b)Erythrocytes (c)Platelets (d)Neutrophils (e)Eosinophils

(e)Eosinophils

Which of the following is not a condontion of kochs disease (a)Isolate the causative agent of a disease (b)Cultivate the microbe in the lab (c)Inoculate a test animal to observe the disease (d)Grow organism in pure culture (e)Produce a vaccine

(e)Produce a vaccine

Which of the following would be a septicemia (a)Bacteremia (b)Focal infection (c)Local infection (d)Viremia (e)Systemic infection

(e)Systemic infection

Bacteriophage that can enter into stable, long-term relationships with their hosts are called (a)lytic phages (b)Defective phages (c)Virulent phages (d)Lazy phages (e) temperate phages

(e)Temperate phages

Which of the following is true of macrophages? They... (a)can be found stationary in tissues (b)Can be found circulating in the bloodstream (c)Can ingest and destroy microorganisms (d)All of the above

(e)all of the above

Botulinum toxin is an example of a(n) (a)endotoxin (b)lipopolysaccharide (c)carbohydrate (d)Hemolysin (e)Exotoxin

(e)exotoxin

The chemotactic movement of phagocytic cells is stimulated by chemicals called: (a)Antibodies (b)Antigens (c)Cytokines (d)Interferons (e)mucins

(e)mucins

When all microorganisms are removed or killed on or in an item this is called: (a)cleansing (b)Decontamination (c)Disinfection (d)Sanitization (e)sterilization

(e)sterilization

A chemical component that is found in all viruses A-protein B-Lipid C-DNA D-RNA E-Glycoproteins

A-protein

Math the following white blood cells with their respective description. (Monocytes)

Agranular phagocytes

Be cells mature in the ________wile T cells mature in the ________

Bone marrow/ Thymus

Match the following innate defense mechanism w/ its associated structure or body fluid (Mucociliary escalator)

Bronchial tubes

A common polyhedral capsid shape of viruses (a)Pentagon (b)Cube (c)Icosahedron (d)Pyramid (e)Sphere

C-Icosahedron

A structural component that is found in all viruses is A-the envelope B-DNA C-The capsid D-Tail fibers E-Spikes

C-The Capsid

Glycoprotein that serve to attach viruses to a specific host cell are called? (a)Tail fibers (b)Hooks (c)Pili (d)Cilia (e)Spikes

E-Spikes

Endotoxin is associated with_______ bacteria, while exotoxins can be made by____bacteria

Gram negative/ gram negative and positive

Math the following types of antimicrobials with their actions:(viracidal)

Inactivates viruses

Disinfectants are typically used on _______while antiseptics are applied to______

Innate objects,Living tissue

Math the following types of antimicrobials with their actions:(Bacteriocidal)

Kills bacteria

Math the following types of antimicrobials with their actions:(sporicidal)

Kills bacterial endospores and fungal spores

Math the following types of antimicrobials with their actions:(germicidal)

Kills microbes

Math the following types of antimicrobials with their actions:(Fungicidal)

Kills yeasts and molds

Match the following innate defense mechanism w/ its associated structure or body fluid (phagocytes)

Lower respiratory tract

Match the following white blood cells with their respective description. (Neutrophils)

Most numerous luekoctye

What is meant by the phrase"vector borne parasite"

One that is carried(transmitted) by a living host

What is the best description for Definitive host intermediate host

Parasite reproduces as a sexual form in this host Parasite reproduces as a asexual form in this host

Math the following white blood cells with their respective description. (Lymphocytes)

Participate in specific defenses

An organelle found in phagocytic cells that contain ingested microbes, digested enzymes, and small proteins called defensins is a: (a) Lysozome (b)Phagolysozome (c)Phagosome (d)Pseudopodia (e) none of the above

Phagolysome

Math the following white blood cells with their respective description. (Esinophils)

Released in large numbers during allergic responses

Match the following innate defense mechanism w/ its associated structure or body fluid (Sebum, and fatty acids)

Skin

Math the following types of antimicrobials with their actions:(bacteriostatic)

Stop bacterial growth

Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by_____, while humoral immunity is mainly carried out by_______

T cells/ B cells

Match the following innate defense mechanism w/ its associated structure or body fluid (Low pH, flushing,action of urine)

Urogenital tract

Freezing contaminated meat would most likely kill which of the following organisms (a)bacteria (b)viruses (c)worm parasites (d)bacterial spores (e)bacteriophages

Worm parasites

The best descriptive term for resident microflora is (a)Parasites (b)pathogens (c)Infestations (d)commensals (e)mutualists

d/e commensals, mutualists

A patient with a ________ titer of antibodies has a greater protection against infection than a patient with a _______titer.

high/low

Describe the process of pasteurization

process of heating a food, usually liquid, to a specific temperature for a definite length of time, and then cooling it immediately.

Match the following innate defense mechanism w/ its associated structure or body fluid (Very acidic PH)

stomach

Match the following innate defense mechanism w/ its associated structure or body fluid (Lysozome)

tears, and saliva

Healthy skin is our number one line of defense against bacterial infection, True or False?

true

Pasteurized milk is not sterile. True or False?

true