EXAMS

viroids

short pieces of ssRNA that silence gene expression ex. hepatitis D

cilia

smaller projection on cell surface that move substances along surface (They have a 9[outer ring] and 2[inner ring] microtubule structure).

retrovirus

ssRNA, uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA, then gets incorporated into host DNA. ex. HIV

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

social epidemiology

structural factors such as poverty or racial/ethnic minority status are determinants of health and disease

What is directly responsible for allowing the alveoli to remain inflated during exhalation?

surfactant that decreases surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during expiration

Gambler's Fallacy

the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently

Hawthorne effect

the change in a participant's behavior when they know their behavior is being observed, including via self-report.

intergenerational mobility

the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next

sexual dimorphism

the degree to which males and females resemble each other. A species with a low sexual dimorphism contains males and females that look mostly identical

base rate fallacy

the error people make when they ignore the base rates(prior probabilities) when evaluation the probabilities(or frequencies) of events

stereotype threat

the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about oneself or one's social group

life course approach

the idea that experiences earlier in life may affect health outcomes later in life, ex. childhood trauma predict risk for certain diseases in adulthood

cognitive appraisal

the interpretation of an event that helps determine its stress impact

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

social sanction

the positive or negative consequences of conforming with or violating a norm

confabulation

the production or creation of false or erroneous memories without the intent to deceive

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

social desirability bias

the tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable

activation-synthesis theory

theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story

Conformity vs. Compliance vs. Obedience

Conformity - changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society Compliance - changing behaviors based on the requests of others Obedience - changing behaviors based on commands from someone seen as authority

Moderating vs mediating vs confounding variables

Moderating: affects the intensity of relationship Mediating: provides explanatory link between independent and dependent variables Confounding: affects both independent and dependent variables in a relationship

Relative vs. Absolute Poverty

Relative poverty = below poverty standards of a given society Absolute poverty = inability to meet basic needs of life (water, shelter)

In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is .... (slower/faster) to acquire and (less/more) resistant to extinction?

SLOWER to acquire and MORE resistant to extinction. Partial reinforcement occurs when only some of the responses emitted by an individual are reinforced. Continuous reinforcement is associated with faster acquisition and quicker extinction.

Self-serving bias vs social desirability

Self-serving bias: people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors Social desirability bias: tendency to answer survey questions in a manner that will be viewed favorable by others

General Adaptation Syndrome

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

In terms of conflict theory... what is a substructure, and what is superstructure?

Sub - economic conditions Super - everything else

(T/F) Equilibrium constants, including Ksp, are not affected by concentration...

T: they are not affected by concentration, they are altered by temperature.

biomedical approach

good health is characterized by a lack of illness

differential association theoyr

how an individual might learn behaviors, that are considered as deviant in larger society, from their close social environment

labeling thoery

how deviant behaviors in the past have long-term stigmatizing impacts on individuals

disengagement theory

how older people disengage form society

strain theory

how people react to social constraint to achieving goals

representative heuristic

incorrectly assessing likelihood of event, based on a sterotype

Oligodendrocytes serve to...

increase nerve conduction velocity in the central nervous system.

intense group conflict (increases/decreases) the effects of in-group and out-group bias...

increases!

Eluting strength increases with..

increasing solvent polarity.

Gram (-)

inner and outer membrane sandwich with, additional lipopolysaccharide membrane in middle (pink), have porins

flagella

long filaments that propel the cell. Eukaryotic flagella are powered by ATP.

looking-glass self vs self-schema

looking-glass self: how others; views influence how people perceive themselves how people integrate signals from others into their own self-concept self-schema: how people view themselves and are a part of one's self-concept

Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is most likely to cause which symptom?

low blood potassium: Aldosterone increases H2O and Na+ reabsoprtion from the kidney while exchaging K+ ions for Na+ ions.

When testing for melting point, impurities in a sample will

lower and broader the melting point range

pentose phosphate pathway

makes NADPH and ribose-5-pphosphate from glucose 6-phosphate, shunts carbons back into glycolytics or gluconeogenic pathway.

when asked whether a person who is afraid of spiders would be diagnosed as having a psychological disorder, a psychologist replies, "It depends on whether or not this fear interferes with the person's life." The psychologist appears to rely most heavily on which criterion of abnormality?

maladaptiveness, whether the behavior negatively impacts the person's life or poses a threat to others.

osmotic pressure

measure of the tendency of a solution to take in its pure solvent by osmosis. Depends on the concentration and dissociation of individual ions in the solution.

prions

misfolded protein, even messes up normal proteins, and are thus considered infections

inotropic

modifying the force or speed of contraction of muscles

affect regulation

modulation of emotions

normality

moles of proton per liter of solution

Stimulus motive

motive that appears to be unlearned but causes and increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival, unlike biological motive(ex. food)

intragenerational mobility

movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career

The chiasmata are the point of attachment between two (nonsister/sister) chromatids.

non sister

Refraction of light

occurs when wave of light passes from one medium to another and the light wave is bent or refracted.

Mimetic organization

ones that just attempt to copy another organization

hypoxia

oxygen deprivation, when people aren't respiring enough

what does a Hill coefficient greater than 1 mean?

positive cooperation binding of enzyme

gluconeogenesis

pyruvate carboxylase, fructose 1-6 bisphosphatase(activated by ATP), glucose-6-phosphate

aster

radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells. Form around each pair of centrioles during mitosis to help manipulate chromosomes during cell division to ensure that each daughter cell has the appropriate complement of chromosomes.

public verifiability

reason other scientists attempt to replicate original findings

What enzyme assist during recombination?

recombinase helps in crossing over

hindsight bias

refers to the tendency for a person to overestimate how well he or she could have successfully predicted a known outcome

Gram ____ bacterium contain pore proteins known as ____, which ____.

(-), porins, aid in the diffusion of hydrophilic antibiotics.

In an individualistic society, a person with a disability who could work but instead chooses to remain unemployed and to subsist on disability and welfare checks would most likely be labeled... (a) conforming (b) compliant (c) deviant (d) manic

(c) deviant. Deviant behavior violates societal norms. And individualistic society values independence and self-reliance. A disabled person who relies on government support would be violating those norms.

Language hypotheses (5)

- Linguistic Relativity(weak): language affects the way we think, but is not the only factor. - Linguistic determinism(Sapir-Whorf, strong): language is the SOLE determining factor to how we view things. -Nativism and Language Acquisition Device(Chomsky): infants teach themselves and language learning is genetically programmed, used through the LAD. - Assimilation and Accommodation(Piaget): children must first mentally develop schemas before language acquisition can occur. - Interactionist: language is acquired and honed through social interaction.

Types of intelligence

- SpearMAN was one MAN who came up with ONE general intelligence. - Gardner came up with a whole GARDEN of intelligence types (8) - Galton measured intelligence in terms of DALTONS (intelligence is hereditary) - Binet was MENTAL (intelligence is related to mental age) - St3rnburg came up with 3 intelligence types and played PAC-man (1. practical intelligence, 2. analytical intelligence, 3. creative intelligence). - THorndike had THree: social concrete and abstract types of intelligence

convergent vs divergent vs parallel evolution vs coevolution

- convergent: two distinct species which are genetically unrelate evolve similar phenotypes due to selective pressures. ANALOGOUS structures evolve from different sources but serve similar functions. - divergent: two groups in a single species develop different genotypes and phenotypes due to selective pressures. HOMOLOGOUS structures evolve from same source but serve different functions. - parallel evolution: similar development of a characteristic in two closely related species in response to evolutionary pressure, ex different species of elephants(unable to interbreed). = coevolution: evolution of one species closely influences evolution of another species.

4 types of mutations

- missense: conservative(same AA family) or nonconservative(different AA family) - nonsense: changes to stop codon - silent: end up with same AA anyway - frameshift: shift the reading frame

types of attachment

- secure: upset when parent leaves, but relief upon return - avoidant: kid doesn't care when parent leaves or returns - ambivalent: upset when parent leaves, but doesn't care when parents return - disorganized: random behavior

subjective, objective, projective

- subjective: project heir own feeling, perceptions, and thoughts, yielding results that are open for inaccuracy - objective: measures specific personality characteristics based on a set of discrete options - projective: response is assessed for meaning

3 types of fibers within the cytoskeleton

-microfilaments: function in cellular movement, made of intertwined actin. -intermediate filaments: for structure, anchor for organelles, ex. keratin. -microtubules: small tubes of polymerized a,b-tubulin dimers, made to resist compression, provide vesicle track, *assist in chromosome separation during anaphase*, in flagella cilia and centrioles

types of intercellular junctions

-tight: form sealed connection between cells, don't allow for passage of fluid(found in kidney and stomach) - gap: forms connexons, where ions and nutrients flow(found in cardiac muscle[Ca2+ flow]) -desmosomes: anchoring of cytoskeletons together(found in skin and muscles)

A specific type of tissue is sensitive to radiation with the damage the tissue receives being directly proportional to the charge on the irradiating particle. Which of the following radiation types will cause the least damage? 1) gamma 2) positron 3) beta 4) alpha

1) Gamma: gamma particle have no charge, as they are simply high-energy photons. A particle with no charge would cause the least damage.

Population Demographic Stages

1) society is preindustrial and has high fertility and mortality rates 2) improvements in healthcare infrastructure, thus mortality drops, yet fertility remains high 3) decrease in fertility bc move from agricultural to industrial economy, higher demands of family and children(stop reproducing!) 4) society becomes fully industrialized and both fertility and morality rates are low

All of the following phenomena serve to attenuate the ultrasound signal as it passes through the body EXCEPT: 1) absorption 2) refraction 3) scattering 4) amplification

4) amplification: attenuation is a weakening of ultrasound signal. Sound energy is attenuated as it passes through the body because parts of the signal are reflected, scattered, absorbed, refracted, or diffracted.

behavioral anchor

A behavior used to judge another behavior against

oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Social anomie

Breakdown of social bonds between an individual and community- society doesn't have the support of a firm collective consciousness. Can be resolved by strengthening social norms and redeveloping group's set of shared norms.

Which experimental condition is NOT necessary to achieve reliable data for Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics? A. Initial velocity is measured under steady state conditions. B. Solution pH remains constant at all substrate concentrations. C. The concentration of enzyme is lower than that of substrate. D. The reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium before measurements are taken.

D. The reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium before measurements are taken. Once the reactions reaches equilibrium measurement of Vo will be impossible and the kinetic data will look the same regardless of substrate concentration. Hence, it is not necessary(nor desirable) to achieve reliable data for MM enzyme kinetics. The other answers are ESSENTIAL to obtain reliable Vo.

Where does paternal mtDNA go?

It is carried in the tail of the sperm, so only mtDNA in the egg gets carried to children.

cultural relativism

Evaluation of other cultures using that other culture's standards(norms and values)

The Stroop Effect

Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.

(T/F): After learning through punishment, extinction is slow.

F: Extinction is rapid after learning through punishment, that's why its a bad way of learning.

T/F: All electron carriers in ETC are mobile and hydrophobic?

False! Carriers travel inside the inner mitochondrial membrane, and are therefore mobile. However, cytochrome c is a highly water-soluble protein, unlike other cytochromes.

Intergeneration vs Intrageneration mobility

INTER: between generations(parent to child) INTRA: within a generation(siblings or self)

explicit attitudes vs implicit attitudes

Implicit -Unconscious associations -Experiential/fast system Explicit -Consciously accessible -Controllable and easy to report -Rational/slow system -Reported by an IAT, so it measures reaction times

Low blood glucose..

Increase glucagon secretion to stop glycogenesis, but promote gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

High blood glucose...

Increase insulin secretion to promote glycogenesis, and inhibit gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Does RNA pol have proofreading?

No! Only DNA pol has proofreading activity.

normative organizations

Organizations motivated based on morally relevant goals (ex. MADD)

coercive organizations

Organizations where members do not have a choice in joining (ex. prisons)

YO! What does the dopamine pathway effect?(Parkinsons or Alzheimers)

Parkinsons!!!! NOT ALZHEIMER'S(thats acetylcholine and B-amyloid plaques).... surprise it is also implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia :)

social stratification

The objective social hierarchy in a society (according to social group characteristics).

social reproduction

Transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrates?

V0 - the initial velocity. At low concentrations of substrate and constant enzyme concentration, adding more substrate will increase V0 until the maximal velocity is reached. The things which won't change: Km, Kat, and Vmax!

When does a runner expend the most energy to keep the ground reaction forces most nearly vertical and through the body's center of mass?

When taking high bouncing strides and leaning the upper half of the body into the run. The more the runner leans into the run, the greater work expended by the runner.

imprinted gene

a gene of which only the mother's or the father's copy is expressed, but not both in the normal Mendelian sense

Symbolic Interactionism

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions

Prisoner's Dilemma

a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Affect Heuristic (Cognitive Bias)

a rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or "gut" reactions to stimuli

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

The capacitance of a nerve membrane can be increased by: A. decreasing the width of the membrane. B. decreasing the surface area of the membrane. C. decreasing the charge stored across the membrane. D. increasing the voltage difference across the membrane.

a. decreasing the width of the membrane

house money effect

after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk

utalitarian organization

an organization that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive

disinhibition

associate with binge drinking and often leads to risk taking, which can lead to preventable injuries

demographic transition

association between the level of socioeconomic development and the balance between fertility and mortality rate in a society.

social control

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior

Mucous secretions in the respiratory tract inhibit microbial infections. These secretions are produced by which of the follow tissue types found in the lungs? a) smooth muscle b) epithelial c) nervous d) connective

b) epithelial, they got goblet cells which specialize in secretion and are present in the respiratory tract

Groupthink tends to exacerbate the tendency for individuals to favor the reasoning and decisions of associates in the group. Another way of saying this is that people experiencing group think have a(n): a) confirmation bias b) in-group bias c) self-serving bias d) attribution bias

b) in-group bias: the tendency to favor one's group members over outsiders. This favoritism often extends to the ideas and viewpoints of one's group members, as is described in the question.

In order to balance on one foot, many people need to have their eyes open. This is an example of: A. motion parallax. B. sensory interaction. C. vestibular sense. D. perceptual maladaptation.

b. sensory interaction. The idea that one sensory modality(ex vision) may influence another (ex. balance).

pili

bacterial cell anchor(like fimbrae) or sex pilus

Thorndike's Law of Effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

meta-cognition

being able to think about thinking, and enables an individual to observe hsi own processes and learn form them

observer bias

bias on the part of the observers recording the data which could contaminate the original results

The strong negative effect that losing a long-term employee can have on a hospital is most likely due to the effect on the ____________ of the org. a) cultural capital b) group polarization c) institutional memory d) social facilitation

c) institutional memory of the organization. Collective memory of the members of an organization about the organization's history of problem solving. Long-term employees are valuable as they provide institutional memory for an org, which means that the org does not have to start from scratch when a previous problem resurfaces.

A dopamine antagonist will most likely lead to: A. increased hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. B. increased delusions in patients with schizophrenia. C. decreased mobility and decreased frequency of tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease. D. decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease.

d. decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease. People with Parkinson's have insufficient dopamine levels, and so a drug that blocks dopamine receptors will further lower dopamine's impact, worsening symptoms, such as decreased mobility and increased tremors. *Schizophrenia has high level of dopamine

anhedonia vs avolition vs alogia

decreased interests; decreased motivation; decreased speech

Amplification

does the opposite of attenuation, makes a signal stronger

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

ecological perspective

fovuses on the risk factors in an adolescent's local environment

Gram (+)

thick layer of peptidocylcan(purple)

Transition vs. transversion

transition - substituting purine for purine, e.g. (transItion = Identical type) transversion - substituting purine for pyrimidine, e.g. (transVersion = conVersion between types)

What pathway activates T-cell receptors?

tyrosine kinase pathways

stress-diasthesis theory

underlying predispositions for psychopathologies can be activated if there is sufficient stress

source monitoring error

when a memory from one source is misattributed to another source

common ion effect

when a solution contains a salt that partially dissolves into ions, and an extra quantity of one of these ions is added - resulting in a combination of this ion with existing dissolved ions, making an additional quantity of the salt precipitate out of solution.

expectation bias

when expectations influence attitudes or behavior

Scattering of light

when waves are scattered in all direction i na on-uniform manner