EXER 432 Final Exam

Additional factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, and so on, are called

cofounding factors

A basic characteristic of correlational research is that it

does not manipulate variables and hence cannot establish cause and effect

The socio-historical process that attempts to eliminate bias in an author is called

internal criticism

The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to

list specific objectives to be achieved

A table of descriptive data should include what information for each group?

mean, standard deviation, and number

A double-blind experiment is one in which

neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

Which of the following should not be included in the results section of a research report?

raw data

Historians use secondary sources to

understand what is known about the topic

Splitting as an approach to socio-historical research occurs when the researcher

chips away at theory by examining how it holds together

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on knowledge?

epistemology

Particularizing as an approach to socio-historical research occurs when the researcher

is interested in minute detail of the past

Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?

open-ended items

A fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through

reflective procedures

A study is designed to determine whether the addition of programmed instruction will produce greater achievement scores than the traditional lecture-discussion method. Participants are randomly assigned to two instructional groups. Both groups are tested at the end of the experimental period. What statistical test is indicated?

t test

The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that

the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements

Mixed-methods research

was being conducted while some scholars debated whether it was possible

Determining the relationship between students' attitudes toward drugs and the frequency of drug usage is an example of a(n) ________ study.

correlational

The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like

delimitations

The practice of selecting a small random sample of a survey's nonrespondents is primarily intended to

determine whether the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents

In socio-historical research, technology is not used to

explore Facebook for information about the topic

The socio-historical research process that attempts to establish whether a document is authentic is called

external criticism

The qualitative researcher typically

studies a small number of participants

A pretest of knowledge about microcomputers is given to a group of students 5 minutes prior to a film on the subject. A posttest given 10 minutes after the film shows a 10-point gain from the pretest. The researcher concludes that the film produced the gain. Which of the following is likely the threat to internal validity?

testing

In a meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control groups was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that

the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores

Which of the following statements about constructing tables is not true?

the table should include whatever test of significance was used

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the appendixes contain

an extended review of literature

Just before the posttest, students in the control group were shown a film in another class that related directly to the subject matter being studied in the treatment group. This represents what kind of threat to internal validity?

history

Sometimes it is not possible to actually administer the treatment (e.g., when comparing children who had been in Head Start vs. children who had not). However, the researcher is trying to imply causation. This type of design (sometimes called causal comparative) is referred to as

an ex post facto design

To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should

b and c only use follow-up letters or e-mails enclose or attach another copy of the survey

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the

case-control study

According to the text, the proposal should be written in

future tense

Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiological research, the shortest (one to four items) is the

global questionnaire

A baseline in single subject research

establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention

In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called

experimental mortality

In the alternative format for a thesis or dissertation, the body of the thesis or dissertation

is a paper in research journal format

The internal validity of an experimental design is concerned with what question?

Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable?

Consider the following questionnaire item (which uses a yes/no format): "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" What rule regarding item construction does it violate?

Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item.

Trustworthiness in qualitative research

deals with both data collection and analysis

Which of the following is the most unobtrusive technique for measuring student interest in reading?

Count how often students check out books from the library.

The only true experimental design that can specifically evaluate the reactive or interactive effects of testing is the _______ design.

Solomon four-group

Which of the following is not true about a mixed-method study?

The emphasis on quantitative and qualitative methods is based on other similar studies.

A major weakness of observational research lies in the operational definitions. Which question is an example of an operational definition?

What behaviors characterize a good teacher or good coach?

Which of the following techniques show(s) that the qualitative researcher was concerned with trustworthiness during data analysis?

a and c -clarification of researcher bias -peer debriefing

In a meta-analysis of 100 studies that compared boys' and girls' knowledge of AIDS, an average ES of 0.50 was found. This number represents

a difference of 0.50 standard deviation units

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things?

axiology

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to

external validity

Multiple-treatment interference and the interaction of selection bias and experimental treatment are threats to

external validity

A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group setting. These groups are called

focus groups

Reasoning that moves from a limited number of specific observations to general conclusions is termed ____ reasoning.

inductive

Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This threat to internal validity is an issue of

instrumentation

A researcher wishes to study a group of children over a period of 10 years beginning in 2016 and ending in 2025. This is an example of a ________ study.

longitudinal

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the nature of things?

metaphysics

Which of the following represent(s) a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game?

notes taken by a spectator at the game

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the preliminary part

only a and b -contains materials that are typically required by the institution -is left off when submitting the study for publication

It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to

other volunteers from similar populations

It is common when looking at a distribution to encounter extreme or unusual scores that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed

outliers

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of

people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

Determinants of disease are often called

risk factors

In comparison to the traditional chapter format, the body of a dissertation using the journal format is almost always

shorter

The A-B-A-B designation refers to which type of research design?

single subject

In experimental design, when comparisons are made of groups that have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores, the posttest means of the groups tend to move toward the mean of the entire population from which the extreme groups were selected. This threat to internal validity is called

statistical regression

The five-chapter format for theses and dissertations differs from the four-chapter model in that a separate chapter is devoted entirely to

the literature review

Measurements are frequently made and then averaged across several participants. To what degree of precision should the average be reported in a research paper?

to the precision with which is was measured

In qualitative research, triangulation is the method of

using different kinds of data collection techniques in the analysis and interpretation