Exercise Physiology Final Exam
With regard to autonomic nervous system regulation of the myocardium (i.e., heart muscle) sympathetic innervation occurs
'everywhere'
How many ATP are produced when glycogen in the muscle is completely oxidized?
39
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arteries is?
40 mmHg
The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in venous blood is?
40 mmHg
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in venous blood is?
46 mmHg
Which one of the following muscle types is voluntary?
Skeletal
Which one of the following muscle types is found mostly in blood vessel walls and organs?
Smooth
Which one of the following is not part of a nerve cell?
T-tubule
Acetyl CoA is the common meeting point for the metabolic breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and protein.
True
Aortic pressure is equal to afterload. This indicates that as exercise intensity increases so does aortic pressure and therefore afterload.
True
During muscle contraction, the belly of a muscle "bulges."
True
Passive recovery is almost never recommended. Active recovery in between hard bouts of exercise or during interval training helps clear lactate + H+ and readies your energy systems to produce ATP optimally vs. passively "sitting around".
True
Pulmonary artery pressure is greater than left atrial pressure so that blood will easily flow to the left heart.
True
Renin release by the kidney, especially during exercise of long duration in the heat, leads to increased blood pressure + Na+ conservation and therefore H2O retention. This in turn promotes or attempts to maintain blood volume and sufficient cardiac output.
True
Skeletal muscle fiber alpha motor neurons are normally larger when innervating FT fibers vs. ST fibers, which usually are innervated by smaller alpha motor neurons.
True
Stored glycogen is more economical (meaning uses less oxygen) to utilize in the mitochondria vs. fat breakdown for ATP production and sustained muscle action.
True
Stored triglycerides (in adipose tissue) are slow to mobilize, transport in the blood, uptake into muscle and mitochondria, and breakdown to Acetyl CoA. Thus, they are considered a "slow" metabolic fuel.
True
Strength is measured by assessing a person's 1 RM.
True
Take your pick, excessive duration of exercise (i.e., greater than one hour) and/or high intensity over a long time period or even for a short period (e.g., less than one hour), will lead to a gradual and continuous rise in the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands.
True
There are "3" classification types or systems for muscle fibers. (check your text on this one...).
True
True or False - An action potential is either dormant or active. There is no "in between"
True
True or False. A high lactate threshold can indicate potential for endurance performance (better than VO2max!).
True
True or False. A normal resting cardiac output might be 5 L/min and a peak exercise C.O. might be around 30 or 35 L/min, or even up to 40 or more L/min in an elite level endurance athlete.
True
True or False. A primary reason for heart rate increasing in a linear fashion as exercise intensity increases from rest to maximal exertion, is PNS withdrawal. With less PNS activation, the heart will also begin to contract with more force.
True
True or False. Does low to moderate daily exercise promote increased immune function (what does your gut tell you)?
True
True or False. During "continued sympathetic adrenergic outflow", which occurs during exercise of any intensity level, the sympathetic nervous system is activated and causing appropriate vasoconstriction, muscle pump action, and therefore functional venous return to the heart to augment or enhance cardiac output.
True
True or False. During exercise, blood is shunted to working muscle. Interestingly, the heart and brain receive the same amount and/or a greater percent of cardiac output during progressive increases in exercise intensity vs. rest.
True
True or False. Hemoglobin, a protein in the blood, has the ability to carry oxygen AND carbon dioxide.
True
True or False. If H+ is buffered with HCO3-, water and CO2 are formed based on a chemical reaction occurring in the body. For instance, when this (the production of CO2 + H2O) occurrs in the blood, then CO2 is exhaled and water acts as a "neutralizer."
True
True or False. In regard to VO2max values, normal active untrained college-aged students = 38-42 ml · kg-1· min-1.
True
True or False. PGC-1ɑ is an important regulatory protein involved with mitochondria biogenesis in skeletal muscle (Ok, Google it).
True
True or False. The whole blood tube on the right indicates an aerobic exercise training effect with a greater plasma volume, total blood volume, and decreased hematocrit.
True
When viewing a graph, on the y-axis is normally where you'll find the dependent variable.
True
What is a heart rate greater than 100 bpm termed?
Ventricular tachycardia
This is what the vagus nerve "drips" on the SA node to decrease HR after exercise or during rest to induce bradycardia in trained endurance athletes.
acetylcholine (ACh)
Urine produced after strenuous exercise is most likely __________ compared to urine produced before exercise.
acidic
Thin filaments are often named for which protein?
actin
If the rate of oxidative production of ATP is low, then
aerobic power is low
The lactate threshold is best estimated using
anaerobic threshold
Resistance training techniques designed for men
are equally appropriate for women's training
Resistance training can decrease inhibitory impulses to agonist muscles by reducing or attenuating
autogenic inhibition
The lungs themselves don't receive oygenated blood because this would interfere with the transport of O2 into the lung space.
False
True or False - Carbohydrates are always over emphasized related to sport performance and should be greatly reduced in the typical athlete's diet, such as only 5-10% of total daily kcals
False
True or False - Fiber type conversion is possible (i.e., converting a type I to a type II fiber)
False
True or False. The pre-exercise anticipatory response is defined by a deactivation of the motor cortex to allow an excitatory response in the parasympathetic nervous system with reciprocal changes in the sympathetic nervous system.
False
Which of the following is not true about cardiac output?
It decreases as heart rate increases.
When study participants are tested more than once over time, this type of arrangement is termed a
Longitudinal study
The point at which a branch of an axon from the CNS "connects" with the Sarcolemmal or muscle membrane is termed?
Neuromuscular junction
What structure below, found in skeletal muscle, surrounds individual fascicles?
Perimysium
Which of the following will likely result in the most severe DOMS?
downhill-running interval training
Transient hypertrophy is primarily stimulated by
edema
Advanced weight lifters should particularly emphasize "real world" movements, therefore they should focus on
free-weight and dynamic resistance training
What usually causes fatigue during a heavy, high intense bout of exercise that lasts longer than an hour?
glycogen depletion
How does SV change from untrained to highly trained?
goes from about 55 up to 110 ml/beat
Is muscle fiber type distribution genetic? What type of studies have proved or disproved this concept?
identical twin studies
Who would be most likely to have similar responses to a given training program (hint: yes, this is intuitive)?
identical twins
Which of the following will decrease stroke volume (SV)?
increased afterload
During a long, steep, slow downhill run, your quad muscle is lengthening under great tension (eccentric action). You now decide to greatly pick up the pace and are running fast downhill. What is happening to force generation in the quad as you "pound" down the pavement while increasing the rate or speed of eccentric action?
increasing
The principle of _______________ articulates the notion that from athlete to athlete, there will be variations in cell growth rates, metabolic activity, muscle fiber types, cardiorespiratory regulation, and so on.
individuality
The relationship between cardiac output and VO2max is
linear
Which of these is not a cause of strength loss with DOMS?
long-term accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue
What part of the autonomic nervous, when "trained," will cause positive decrementsin resting heart rate and heart rate recovery after exhaustive or moderate exercise?
parasympathetic system
The explosive aspect of strength is
peak anaerobic power
The outer most layer of a muscle fiber is
the basement membrane
Depolarization of a nerve cell or motor unit begins when
threshold is met
Which protein shields the myosin-binding site, preventing contraction from happening at rest?
tropomyosin
An example of a field test (versus a lab test) is a(n)
1.5 mile walk test on the track
The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in arteries is?
100 mmHg
The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in alveoli is?
105 mmHg
How many ATP are oxidized/produced when, for instance, a 16-carbon free fatty acid (FFA) is completely metabolized?
130
True or False. Resistance training is only beneficial for competitive athletes.
False
True or False. Volume or eccentric overload on the heart is specifically related to resistance training, whereby through consistent training the septum thickens with very little chamber volume increase.
False
True or False. With regard to the graphic, below, male elite rowers show the highest sport-specificity with regard to uphill running.
False
Which of the following "senses" too much tension on a muscle and counters with relaxation of the muscle fiber to reduce possible injury? It is embedded in the proximal tendinous area
Golgi tendon organs
An action potential occurs and is quickly reversed. Which of the following minerals is responsible for repolarization of the cell membrane?
K+
Exercise Induced Muscle Damage (EIMD) can be either mechanical stress or metabolic. Either way, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) may occur.
True
Fartlek training (speed play) is performed on roads, trails, or the track; athletes "surge" for a certain amount of time with rest breaks.
True
If the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (i.e., VE/VO2) starts to increase and at the same time the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (i.e., VE/VCO2) does not increase, this means that
anaerobic metabolism is increasing
Think: If blood pressure is relatively (and from a healthy viewpoint) low, will it have an effect on stroke volume? Why?
both b & c are correct
Using the figure below, answer the following question as a short answer. Put all answers that apply in the blank. Questions: (a) what enzymes cause muscle relaxation and contraction, (b) what substrate enters the blood and becomes pyruvate and then glucose in the liver.
(a) myosin ATPase and Ca-ATPase, respectively. (b) lactic acid (or lactate + H+)
List the "3" energy systems AND give a time range when each is favored during all out exercise
1. Phosphagen, up to 10 seconds 2. Glycolytic, 30 seconds-2minutes 3. Oxidative, > 90-120 sec; but usually > 2-min
Which elbow joint angle is associated with the weakest force generated by the biceps (as presented in the notes; hint: think about which angle(s) have the best actin-myosin cross bridge interaction)?
180°
An athlete's ____________________ is the maximal weight he or she can lift only once.
1RM (repetition maximum)
How many ATP are produced when blood glucose is partially oxidized, such that pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid to lactate + H+?
2
Which one of the following equations illustrates MAP?
2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP
Which of these systolic pressures would realistically be seen at maximal endurance or peak exercise capacity in a healthy-active person?
200 mmHg
How many ATP are produced when glycogen is partially oxidized to pyruvic acid then lactic acid to lactate + H+?
3
During maximal exercise, how much cardiac output is redirected to muscles?
80%
In order for you to contract muscle or to respond to a painful situation, this type of neurological signal(s) has to be sent?
A and B a.afferent signal b.efferent signal c.A & B
A myofibril contains two primary contractile proteins. They are termed?
Actin and myosin
________________ is often caused by accumulation of fluid or H+.
Acute muscle soreness
The muscle pump concept is important to know because
All of the above are true and important parts of the "muscle pump"
A motor unit is comprised of which of the following structures?
Alpha motor neuron and muscle fibers
Who has the most power (note, all weights lifted per athlete are at 90% of 1 RM)?
Athlete A (bench presses 100 kg over 0.6 m in 0.5 s)
Explain - relative to blood volume levels AND substrate utilization - why a person fatigues at a submaximal level or "easy" pace for 3-hours of running or cycling with no water or food intake
Basically, lack of glycogen in muscle + decreasing blood volume over 3-hrs with a decline in cardiac output (equals "less" oxygen delivered to working muscle) compounds fatigue.
Explain why a person fatigues at their maximal volume of oxygen uptake or when they reach maximal exertion and can not sustain the required max work output for more than a few minutes
Because of the build up of lactate + H+ in the blood (i.e., rate of lactate production exceeds rate of lactate removal from the blood), which hinders or inhibits a person's ability to maintain the necessary "rate" of ATP production in the specific muscles being used for "work". In turn, a person's ability to maintain "force" generation in the muscle is severely hampered. You could also mention central + peripheral + cerebral fatigue is high and the "central governor", the brain, screams "stop".
Which one of the following muscle types has what is termed "automaticity" and will contract for a time even if removed from the body?
Cardiac
When a large cross section of a population is gathered and analyzed at one time, this type of arrangement is termed a
Cross sectional study
What was the last name of the female exercise physiologist who invented the Female Athlete Triad concept? (Google it)
Drinkwater
Which one of the following equations illustrates or defines SV?
EDV - ESV
_____________ training is critical in developing fiber hypertrophy (hint: what is the best answer and which one creates the most DOMS? Also, which type of muscle fiber 'action' - concentric or eccentric - increases in force with increasing movement speeds).
Eccentric
This acts primarily through the blood, is released during exercise, and aids in vasodilitation and vasoconstriction to shunt blood to working (exercising) muscle.
Epinephrine
A laboratory test has all of the following characteristics except?
Estimates measures
Give two primary reasons, per our in class discussion, as to why plasma insulin levels tend to decline during exercise, especially when intensity is held at a submaximal or constant level over several hours of exercise?
FROM THE NOTES: •Plasma insulin concentrations decrease during prolonged submaximal exercise - Why? •Exercise may enhance insulin's binding to receptors on the muscle fiber, reducing the need for high concentrations of plasma insulin to transport glucose •KEY POINT: Exercise-induced uptake of glucose by muscle occurs independent of insulin release
A periodized training schedule typically only trains a person for muscular hypertrophy and muscular endurance.
False
A triglyceride is comprised of glycerol plus two free fatty acids (FFA's).
False
As concentric action speed increases, force production in muscle increases.
False
As eccentric action speed increases, force production in muscle decreases.
False
Beyond about 6-8 weeks of resistance training in a beginner, hypertrophy stops and neural gains start.
False
Cardiovascular drift indicates a declining HR as SV increases during long endurance activity.
False
ESV indicates the amount of blood volume left in the heart immediately prior to cardiac contraction.
False
Endurance is measured by how quickly a person can move a moderately heavy object or weight.
False
Generally VE/VO2 flucuates wildly over a wide range of exercise levels. This is most pronounced during early onset exercise becasue of the anticipatory rise in VE and HR.
False
Glycogenolysis is creating glucose from a non-carbohydrate source (such as from fat or protein or glycerol or alanine).
False
Heart rate (HR) during progressive and increasing power output (PO) is a linear response. This indicates that as PO increases, oxygen consumption and use by "working" muscle diminishes.
False
Hemoglobin unloading of O2 into tissues is enhanced by: 1.Decreased PO2 2.Decreased pH (causes rightward shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve) 3.Increased temperature (causes rightward shift in oxyhemoglobin dissoc. curve) 4.↑ 2,3-DPG (in WBC) = "knocks off O2"
False
If you had a fast twitch fiber composition of 30%, you would have a high rate of fatigue because of your superior rate and force of contraction ability.
False
Individual motor units respond to a stimulus, such as being required or recruited for a particular movement; however, they are not recruited in an orderly manner related to required force. Instead, the recruitment process is haphazard to allow maximal muscle adaptation.
False
Intrinsic control of blood flow is monitored by metabolic factors (such as increased sense of pressure in a vessel), myogenic responses (such as release of nitric oxide from the smooth muscle), and endothelium-released factors (such as increased production of metabolic waste products in the lactic acid system).
False
Lipolysis is the breakdown of stored glycogen and fat in combination with utilizing the glycolytic pathway and Krebs Cycle to produce ATP.
False
Muscle hyperplasia has certainly been proven in humans. If you train on a regular basis with 3 sets of 10, three times per week, over about 10 exercises, you will witness skeletal muscle hyperplasia.
False
Muscle soreness may be an important part of maximizing the resistance training response, such as promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
False
PO2 indicates the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood.
False
Passive recovery in between hard bouts of exertion is the best way to clear blood lactate and return your blood and muscle pH to neutral. The passive recovery allows your heart to beat effectively and economical by restoring a resting heart rate quickly just prior to the next hard bout of exercise, such as during interval training (e.g., 12 x 400 meters "fast" with 60 seconds of sitting between 400's).
False
Peak power normally occurs at about 99% of a maximal effort. This ensures maximal weight lifted and speed of muscle action. This might be used to train someone sport specifically, such as during a simulated javelin throw.
False
Power is measured by how much a person can lift over time.
False
Pulmonary diffusion is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the bronchioles and alveoli.
False
Satellite cells only respond when a person becomes severely de-trained. They're activated in this state to help increase muscle mass.
False
Stored carbohydrate in the body (e.g., muscle and liver), on average, houses about 2,500 kcals of energy, which is enough to sustain someone for a full marathon or 26.2 miles of running in 3 hrs 30 min without refueling during the event.
False
Systole is commonly known as ventricular relaxation while diastole is known to indicate cardiac contractility.
False
The A-band as part of skeletal muscle is considered a light area where only actin is visible.
False
The I-band as part of skeletal muscle is considered a dark area with both actin + myosin visible.
False
The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) are housed in the cytoplasm of a muscle cell and interact regularly with the muscle cell's outer phospholipid membrane.
False
The Krebs Cycle or TCA produces 3 direct ATP. The rest of the ATP production occurs from the delivery of an electrion (or H+) into the ETC from NADH and FADH2.
False
True or False - Sodium/potassium pumps restore the resting cell membrane potential so that more K+ is outside the cell membrane than inside
False
True or False - Sprint athletes are typically fast twitch athletes and therefore have more type I fibers versus type II fibers
False
True or False - When the speed of a concentric action increases, the force also increases
False
True or False - myosin ATPase is responsible for muscle relaxation
False
True or False - the production of CO2 during the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrate occurs primarily during glycolysis
False
True or False. A cholinergic response occurs primarily during sympathetic nervous system (SNS) input. [Hint: Google it].
False
True or False. Cells buffer H+ with bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to keep cell pH between 7.1 (at exhaustion) and 6.4 (neutral) pH levels.
False
True or False. DOMS is associated with inflammatory mediators but not actual structural damage to the muscle.
False
True or False. During high intense exercise for any duration, such as 10-30 min, blood flow to the brain and gut are preserved vs other tissues where blood flow is significantly decreased, such as to the heart.
False
True or False. EF is equal to EDV / SV.
False
True or False. Hypoxic inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1a) is inhibited during hypoxia (i.e., low inspired oxygen) and promoted or operational during non-hypoxic situations, such as living at sea level. Of course, HIF-1a signals the destruction of high amounts of red blood cells.
False
True or False. In the live high / train low study, the three groups actually trained the same amount of miles or volume per week. There was not a trend for one group to train more vs the others.
False
True or False. Oxygen deficit is calculated as the difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and the actual oxygen in the standard, temperature, pressure, dry (STPD) air inspired per breath.
False
True or False. Plasma consists mainly of RBC's and formed elements consist primarily of water.
False
True or False. The graphic, below, indicates that lactate concentration in the blood during an incremental exercise test to maximal exertion is related to a person's %VO2max, such that in the untrained state, the LT occurred at a greater percent of VO2max vs the trained state.
False
True or False. The pacemaker of the heart is the AV-node.
False
VT is the point during exercise when ventilation (VE) increases disproportionately to oxygen consumption (VO2). However, VT has a very poor correlation with the accumulation of blood lactate.
False
The mechanism that underlies preload's effects on stroke volume is the
Frank-Starling mechanism
Define glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate or lactate depending on the presence of O2 or lack of O2, respectively. It is essentially the breaking down of glucose to be used as energy...you could also include that it's 12 enzymatic steps to produce ATP with end products of either pyruvic acid (PA) to lactate (anaerobic) or PA to acetyl CoA (aerobic).
Which of the following may actually disinhibit the active muscle, such as through consistent strength training? This allows the agonist (i.e., targeted muscle) to contract more forcefully or with greater "tension"
Golgi tendon organs
What was the last name of the person who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1927 for biochemistry and experimental physiology? (Google it)
Hill
When viewing a graph, the x-axis is normally where you'll find the _____ variable (fill in the blank with one word).
Independent
Which one of the following is an example of a peer reviewed journal?
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Which of the following "senses" too much stretch on a muscle and counters with a muscular contraction or reaction to resist further stretching?
Muscle spindles
Define gluconeogenesis
New glucose creation from what? A non-carb source.
This is part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and acts directly on the SA node to increase heart rate and force of cardiac contraction during exercise.
Norepinephrine
This type of muscle fiber has "smaller" neuron enervations & an overall smaller fiber diameter vs fast twitch fibers
ST
Which one of the following equations illustrates EF?
SV / EDV
The smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle is termed a
Sacromere
Calcium is required for muscle to contract. Where is calcium (Ca2+) housed inside the muscle fiber?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The concept of periodization is the cycling of
Specificity, intensity and volume
What is a heart rate greater than 100 bpm termed?
Tachycardia
What skeletal muscle structure propagates action potentials or impulses deep into a fiber?
Transverse tubule
A training needs analysis, prior to implementing a strength training routine, looks at four main points, namely: (a) muscle groups to be trained, (b) types of training, (c) energy systems utilized, and (d) sites of concern for injury prevention.
True
After high intensity, 30-90 sec exercise, it may take as long as 34-minutes for muscle pH to return to baseline or a normal value. If you include active recovery, this may speed up the return to normal blood pH levels due to better distribution and uptake of lactate + H+ from the blood.
True
All of the following are feasible causes of fatigue during hard exercise: accumulation of metabolic by-products, such as lactate and H+; failure of the muscle fiber's contractile mechanism (i.e., actin and myosin); alteration in the nervous system ("neuromuscular fatigue"); depletion of muscle glycogen; and your brain says "STOP," which might relate to the "central governor theory of fatigue."
True
Blood returns to the heart through veins, assisted by valves, the muscle pump, and respiratory pump.
True
CO2 is produced in the Krebs Cycle, an oxidative energy system pathway, and will increase as exercise intensity increases because as you recruit more muscle fibers or motor units, more mitochondria are utilized and oxygen is required to "fuel" ATP production in the "power house of the cell." Increased CO2 output drives your breathing rate "up."
True
During 3-hrs of cycling at a constant intensity/workload (i.e., submaximal workload), insulin levels will gradually diminish or decline while blood glucose is nicely maintained, dropping only slightly.
True
During long endurance events, where the intensity is held more constant and usually below the lactate threshold, fatigue would primarily be due to the build-up of lactate + H+.
True
EF = SV / EDV. A normal EF is about 60%. EF will be greatly diminished in clients with coronary heart disease, especially if they have diagnosed or new onset heart failure.
True
Excessive training is training that is done with an unnecessarily high volume or intensity with little or no additional improvements in conditioning or performance.
True
Glycogen can be stored in liver and muscle.
True
Hemoglobin contains iron and is a protein that's part of the red blood cell. Therefore, it binds oxygen and if you're low on hemoglobin, such as during anemia, you'd feel sluggish and tired most of the time.
True
High intensity efforts (i.e., at or just below the lactate threshold or build up of lactate in the blood), whether it be in swimming, endurance running, or cycling (among other sports) for greater than one hour, would eventually yield fatigue because of glycogen depletion in the specific muscles being utilized.
True
If you had a greater fast twitch fiber composition vs. slow twitch make-up, you should be able to contract muscle with greater force and speed vs. a "slow poke" person.
True
In some cases, fatigue during long duration events of submaximal intensity could be due to neuromuscular fatigue.
True
Increased H+ concentrations stimulate respiratory centers to remove CO2 or whenever H+ levels begin to rise, from carbon dioxide or lactate accumulation, bicarbonate ions can buffer the H+ to prevent acidosis.
True
Ingesting carbohydrates at rest usually will replenish liver and muscle glycogen stores. However, superfluous consumption of carbs, fats, and/or protein while leading a sedentary lifestyle will lead to excessive fat stores.
True
Intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG's) are more readily accessible to make ATP through beta-oxidation vs. stored adipose tissue (such as "fat" stored in the mid-section or abdominal region). However, IMTG amounts are limited vs. the virtually unlimited stored fat in other areas of our body.
True
It's known that all the fibers of the heart contract as one unit once the SA node "fires." This can be termed a functional syncytium.
True
Low-repetition, high-resistance training enhances strength development.
True
Lung volumes and capacities are measured by spirometry.
True
Muscle fiber type alone does not predict athletic success. There are numerous factors that will help predict athletic success, such as high VO2max, high LT, and superior mental ability.
True
Muscle tension equals muscle force development. This may be considered how you develop or have strength.
True
Myoglobin transports O2 to the mitochondria from hemoglobin. Therefore, myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen and resides in skeletal muscle, among other tissues.
True
Myosin ATPase is an enzyme needed to split ATP to release energy into the myosin head for muscle contraction to occur.
True
Normally, the greatest distribution or percent of CO or Q is in the kidneys, liver, stomach, intestine (among other organs) during rest. Of course, with exericse, a greater percent of Q is directed to skeletal muscle in use. And, luckily, as exercise intensity increases, CO rises in a near linear fashion. In other words, it's accurate to note that HR increases in a linear fashion as SV plateaus at about 60% of VO2max in untrained persons to maintain the linear CO response to increasing exercise intensity.
True
PO2 literally means the partial pressure of oxygen or the concentration of oxygen within a given space.
True
PV loss, especially during exercise in the heat without adequate rehydration, results in hemoconcentration (a reduction in the fluid component of the blood).
True
Power = force x distance / time. This indicates that a person may not have superior strength but if they're "quick" or can lift a certain amount of weight with great speed, they may be more powerful than another performer, just not as "strong."
True
Pulmonary diffusion is related to replenishing the blood's oxygen supply that has been depleted for oxidative energy production in skeletal muscle (among other tissues) and removing carbon dioxide from returning venous blood.
True
Pulmonary ventilation (VE) may limit performance in some highly trained athletes due to exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. Hypoxemia literally indicates low oxygen in the blood.
True
Regular exercise of moderate intensity will boost the immune system. This is termed the inverted J-Shaped Model and depicts the relationship between the amount of exercise and immune function.
True
The Fick Equation is expressed as: VO2 = HR x SV x (a-v)O2difference.
True
The Frank-Starling mechanism indicates the heart will pump the blood it receives, such as if a person has a high preload, they should have a high SV involving some passive recoil of the myocardium along with a more forceful cardiac cell contraction.
True
The PNS and SNS, working in opposition to one another, both control heart rate and force of cardiac contractility. The PNS decreases rate and force while the SNS increases rate and force.
True
The PO2 in systemic arteries is 100 mmHg and 105 in the alveolar space. Thus, this indicates that systemic arterial blood is partially deluded by deoxygenated blood. Ultimately, this does not affect performance.
True
The Valsalva Maneuver is a breathing technique where air is trapped in the lungs against a closed glottis, and intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressures are increased. Normally this is contraindicated during resistance training sessions in healthy, non-elite exercisers. However, this "breathing" technique might be used by experienced lifters to enhance performance via increasing the rigidity of their torso and therefore ability to lift a large weight.
True
The aerobic metabolic system requires oxygen because O2 needs be the final electron (H+) acceptor in the ETC to make metabolic water, which is neutral compared to the build-up of pesky H+'s, which can "uncouple" actin and myosin, casuing a decrease in muscular force generation and therefore promote fatigue.
True
The autonomic nervous system (NS) is comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic NS gradually becomes more active as exercise intensity increases, which also indicates that parasympathetic withdrawal is occurring.
True
The bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is released by the kidneys in response to dropping blood pH, such as during moderate duration, high intensity exercise which produces lactate + H+.
True
The following variables "change" during acute exericse and relate to a person's cardiovascular response during exertion. •Heart rate (HR) •Stroke volume (SV) •Cardiac output (Q) •Blood pressure (BP) •Blood flow •Blood
True
The lactate threshold (LT) can be explained as the point beyond which the rate of lactate production exceeds lactate clearance. This might also be stated as the onset of blood lactate accumulation or OBLA.
True
The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the human body with deoxygenated blood. Therefore, it stands to reason that the pulmonary vein is the only vein in the human body with oxygen-rich blood.
True
The size principle and principle of orderly recruitment both follow the same pattern of muscle recruitment, in that ST are recruited first followed by FTa and then FTx.
True
To estimate a ventilation threshold (VT) using ventilatory equivalents, you should know the VT occurs when VE/VO2 begins to show a non-linear rise and at the same time VE/VCO2 stays the same or begins to decrease slightly.
True
True or False - Carbohydrates and protein together can help speed recovery of the muscles after strenuous exercise, per our conversation in class. Heck, even a little fat in recovery helps
True
True or False - Endurance athletes are typically fatigue resistant "animals" because they have a high amount of red fibers (i.e., high in "red" iron), which are efficient and economical at processing oxygen
True
True or False - Exercise will help glucose uptake into muscle independent of insulin
True
True or False - Once a muscle fiber type fatigues, another fiber type can become favored, even if it's not normally the fiber type of choice during or specific to a particular activity
True
True or False - stored fat consists of "3" fatty acids + glycerol = triglyceride (TG)
True
True or False - the breakdown of stored fat in adipose tissue is termed lipolysis
True
True or False - the production of ATP from the ATP-PCr energy system is a great example of a coupled reaction
True
True or False. A cholinergic response is normally indicative of a parasympathetic nervous system response and activated by the neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine.
True
True or False. A chronotropic effect on the heart is defined as rate control or causing the rate to increase or decrease, depending on the situation - such as a medication that slows or increases the heart rate.
True
True or False. An adrenergic response occurs primarily during sympathetic nervous system input.
True
True or False. An ionotropic effect on the heart is defined as the force of cardiac contraction or contractility - such as a medication that increases the force of cardiac ejection of blood, thereby increasing cardiac output in someone who might be in heart failure.
True
True or False. An untrained person might have their LT occur at 50-60% of VO2max. A highly trained person's LT would most likely be 10% greater or more. This would indicate the trained person's LT occurs at a faster "pace" or higher intensity vs. the untrained person.
True
True or False. As energy in the form of stored glycogen is depleted, a person's rating of perceived exertion during moderate to hard exercise over a few hours should increase.
True
True or False. At the start of moderate, submaximal exercise, O2 consumption (by skeletal muscle) requires several minutes to reach the required steady state level at which point the aerobic processes are fully functional. With that in mind, oxygen deficit is calculated as the difference between the oxygen immediately required for a given exercise intensity as it starts and the actual oxygen consumption curve during the approximate 3-minute period leading to a stead-state.
True
True or False. Atrial fibrillation (AF) in athletes may be termed "lone" AF, which means the AF is secondary to no other condition or disease, such as cardiovascular abnormalities. And, compared to non-athletes, athletes in general have up to a 55-60% greater chance of being diagnosed with lone AF.
True
True or False. Because type II muscle fibers tend to twitch or contract-relax faster and are on average more anaerobic in nature (i.e., used without requiring oxygen), they rely mostly on carbohydrate stores (i.e., stored muscle glycogen), and thus normally have greater glycogen reserves versus slow twitch fibers, which not only use carbohydrate but fat or intramuscular triglycerides for energy.
True
True or False. Down hill running tends to burn or utilize stored muscle glycogen, such as in the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, and soleus musculature to a greater extent than level over ground running.
True
True or False. EPO supplementation via needle injection should work to boost endurance performance because it mimics human EPO, which stimulates the production of RBC's from red bone marrow. [Hint: Some endurance athletes actually inject EPO...]
True
True or False. EPOC occurs because your body requires excess oxygen post-exercise to correct bodily systems back to a normal or resting O2 uptake and use range - such as after a long duration/low intensity or short duration/high intensity effort. Said another way, EPOC occurs in recovery (post-exercise) because ventilation rate might be elevated, the body is still hyperthermic (over heated), lactate clearance is on-going, among other homeostatic disturbances.
True
True or False. End-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle just before contraction is initiated.
True
True or False. From "cool" research that the instructor forgot to discuss "in class", know that an electric (e) bike (i.e., via an e-mountain bike) ridden to maximal effort on the same 5.5 mile, single track loop versus a standard mountain bike (i.e., human powered) ridden to maximal effort, elicited moderate to vigorous intensity based on ACSM exercise guidelines. Free point, mark this question as TRUE. :)
True
True or False. If you're sedentary, but then go through consistent, hard endurance training, you can improve your genetically determined VO2max value; such as improving it from 50 ml/kg/min up to potentially 62 ml/kg/min or greater.
True
True or False. In untrained individuals, motor units are recruited less effectively at first. Later, after many weeks of training, motor units are "trained" to fire more synchronously.
True
True or False. Intercalated disks in the myocardium allow impulses to travel quickly in cardiac muscle and allow it to act as one large muscle fiber. In other words, the heart muscle depolarizes as a functional unit.
True
True or False. Intercellular and blood pH levels lower than 6.9 tend to slow glycolysis and ATP production. Thus, when you produce H+'s that actually build up in the blood and muscle tissues, this indicates that "acid" has overwhelmed the mitochondria and muscle cross bridges; and ultimately this leads to severe fatigue.
True
True or False. Live high / train low refers to living at an altitude whereby total hemoglobin concentration will increase to produce increased oxygen carrying and extraction capabilities when back at sea level. Ordinarily, an altitude training camp for elite runners is about 4-weeks.
True
True or False. Running economy or the economy of movement indicates how well someone utilizes or processes oxygen. Therefore, although an athlete might have a lower VO2max than a competitor, if they have a greater economy of movement, such as in racing a marathon, then they'd most likely "win" an endurance event against the person with a higher VO2max but lower economy.
True
True or False. The "amount" of EPOC produced in L/min or mL/kg/min can be used to estimate anaerobic capacity.
True
True or False. The central nervous system may limit exercise performance as a protective mechanism, this is termed the "central governor" theory coined by Noakes and colleagues.
True
True or False. The graphic, below, depicts a "dose response" to aerobic training. Note, UT = untrained, MT = moderately trained, and HT = highly trained.
True
True or False. The rate of lactate production exceeds lactate clearance is what most likely describes something termed the lactate threshold (LT) and more to the point, going beyond the LT. Going beyond the LT, then, would cause muscle action to begin to fail or fatigue because the build-up of lactate + H+ causes the contractile mechanism (i.e., actin and myosin interaction) to fail.
True
True or False. The relationship between exercise intensity and oxygen uptake in trained and untrained men is linear. Additionally, both trained and untrained males will exhibit a plateau in VO2 if a true max is reached. This relationship is the same for trained and untrained women.
True
True or False. This graphic, below, simply illustrates that as a runner increases her "pace" or velocity of movement, from blue to red on the graph, oxygen extraction increases to accommodate the higher pace.
True
True or False. Time to exhaustion, such as cycling at 90% of maximum exertion until complete fatigue, is decreased as the air temperature increases. For instance, doing this cycle test at 87° F and not 51° F would decrease your time to exhaustion.
True
True or False. VE during high intensity to maximal exercise might approach 150 or 200 L/min.
True
True or False. VO2max = The Fick principle = VO2max = Q x a-vO2 diff.
True
True or False. VO2max declines in active people after age 25-30 by ~ 1% per year.
True
True or False. With regard to PO2, at altitude this drops because of the drop in atmospheric pressure despite the percentage of oxygen to carbon dioxide to nitrogen (or %ratio of O2:CO2:N2) staying the same.
True
Types of resistance training may include the following: static-contraction (isometric) resistance training, free weights, eccentric training, variable-resistance training, isokinetic training, plyometrics, and electrical stimulation training.
True
Ventricular VOLUME, DISTENSIBILITY, and CONTRACTILITY are but three of four factors that effect SV, per in-class notes. Thus if ventricular contractility is blunted becasue of diease or medication, EF and SV may drop. However, it's probable that if ventricular volume and distensibility are preserved despite poor contractility, SV will most likely remain adequate.
True
When Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle it will help "kick start" aerobic metabolism, which forms 2 GTP (i.e. ATP), carbon dioxide, and hydrogen per glucose molecule in the Krebs Cycle.
True
A marathon runner's legs begin to fatigue absolutely during the final 10k (6.2 mi) of a marathon (26.2 miles) and all the glycogen in the slow oxidative and fast oxidative glycolytic fibers is used up; what fiber type is she most likely relying on at this point?
Type IIx
With regard to exercise training, the neuromuscular system is
With regard to exercise training, the neuromuscular system is
You are studying the effects of an anti-depressant drug, so you feed one study group the drug, one group caffeinated coffee, and one group de-caffeinated coffee for one week. All groups believe they're ingesting the "happy drug." To your surprise, all groups turn out "happier" when assessed on "happiness" from pre to post test. What occurred during the course of this study?
a placebo effect
Which one of the following is an uncontrollable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)? In other words, which factor will eventually catch up with all of us, so we better maintain a healthy lifestyle across our lifespan? [HINT, we need to modify (in a positive direction) the other listed risk factors or our controllable cardiac risk factors?]
age
A sarcomere, the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber, contains
all of the above a.actin and myosin b.cytoskeleton structures c.dark and light areas d.titin e.all of the above
A single muscle fiber contains
all of the above a.sarcoplasmic reticulum b.mitochondria c.t-tubules d.all of the above
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway includes which of the following
all of the above are part of the given pathway
A rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by?
all of the above are true and contribute to the rightward shift
A cross over, double blind study indicates that
all of the above is true a.all subjects receive the treatment b.researchers working with the subjects do not know who is getting the treatment c.subjects do not know if they're receiving the treatment d.all of the above is true
With regard to autonomic nervous system regulation of the myocardium (i.e., heart muscle) Vagal innervation occurs
at the SA Node + AV Node + Purkinje fibers
Name the stretch receptors that are found in the aortic arch and carotid artery and sensitive to change in blood pressure.
baroreceptors
The most effective buffer in the body is
bicarbonate
Generally speaking, for well balanced training sessions, resistance programs aimed at improving muscular strength should involve
concentric and eccentric training or dynamic/functional movements
List "4" chemical messengers/hormones in the blood that affect carbohydrate metabolism
cortisol
List "4" hormones, or blood borne, chemical messengers, that affect fat metabolism
cortisol
Which athlete tends to have the largest left ventricular mass (LVM) from long term training?
cyclists
Cardiovascular drift is associated with
decreased venous or plasma return
Protein synthesis ___________ during exercise and ____________ after exercise.
decreases, increases
After an exhaustive bout (without lactate build-up in the blood) of continuous cycling for 95-minutes, a muscle biopsy from your vastus lateralis muscle (quad) is taken. You would expect the analyzed sample from your muscle to have
depleted glycogen stores
What usually causes fatigue during supramaximal bouts of repeat exercise that last less than 15 sec with very little rest (e.g., 60 seconds) (e.g., think of doing 5 x 15 second sprints with 60 sec rest interval in between each rep)?
depletion of PCr
The loss of exercise capacity, strength, and performance after cessation of training is called
detraining
Ventilation is
directly proportional to exercise intensity
Electrical stimulation provides the most benefit for maintaining muscle strength or helping prevent some lean mass loss when
employed during immobilization (i.e., non-use of a limb) after an injury
Ok, another general application question. Which one of the following is an uncontrollable (i.e., something we can't 'modify' through an active, healthy lifestyle) risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)?
family history of heart/cardiovascular disease
If you had 75% fast twitch muscle fibers in your quadriceps muscle, what would be your probable force and speed of contraction/muscle action?
fast
A characteristic(s) of an FT fiber is
fast speed of contraction
An increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle is called
fiber hyperplasia
The principle of orderly recruitment related to muscle fiber type indicates
fibers are recruited smallest to largest
Anaerobic fibers contain more stored ____________ versus slow twitch fibers
glycogen
Compared to untrained individuals, trained endurance athletes have
higher maximal stroke volumes
As muscles become stronger, what is required to continue gaining strength?
higher resistance
Which one of the following is NOT a metabolic factor that controls blood flow?
increased release of NO from the endothelium
Resistance training in elderly populations is especially helpful because (think in every day life for best answer)
it can help prevent falls
Maximal anaerobic capacity would involve
maximal ATP production from PCr
What is the general name for the receptors that sense change in muscle length and tension (e.g., GTO's and spindles are components of this general classification).
mechanoreceptors (or proprioceptors)
Which intracellular change likely contributes the most to increases in fiber size, cross-sectional area, and strength?
more actin and myosin filaments
In relation to the satellite cell response to muscle injury, what is the appropriate order of the reaction or response?
muscle injury, satellite cell activation and proliferation, chemotaxis to injured fiber, fusion to damaged myofiber (leads to hypertrophy), regenerated myofiber with central nuclei, resting myofiber
During moderate exercise in the heat, which vascular beds receive the most blood flow?
muscle, skin
When motor units contract more synchronously,
muscles increase the rate of force development
Oxygen is stored in skeletal muscle in small amounts bound to?
myoglobin
The principle of _________________ states that by routinely changing the intensity, volume, or mode of exercise, training will always remain challenging.
periodization or variation
A muscle fiber with a high capacity for oxidative metabolism would most likely be a
red fiber
Based on breathing patterns immediately after exercise, postexercise breathing is most likely
regulated by blood pH, PCO2, and temperature
Isokinetic training ensures that
resistance remains constant, speed remains constant
What is the basic functional or contractile unit of a myofibril?
sarcomere
During submaximal exercise at a constant workload, heart rate reaches a plateau called
steady-state heart rate
Which athlete, through long term training, tends to have the lowest mean wall thickness (of the left ventricle) when compared to other athletes?
strength athletes
What part of the autonomic nervous system induces increases in the catecholamines, and thereby helps increase heart rate, breathing rate, heart contractility, and blood pressure during exercise?
sympathetic system
Compared to someone who can squat 75 kg, someone else who can squat 150 kg has
twice the strength
Which two factors are most commonly manipulated in training for increased performance (hint: think about which two factors most affect 'overload')?
volume (or duration) and intensity
Name the chemical receptors that monitor the blood's chemical environment.
chemoreceptors
When thinking of the fiber to nerve ratio (F:N), which ratio(s) below would be recruited during a maximal lift (1 repetition maximum or RM) in the quad, for instance? Think about what would happen "in" the entire muscle
All of the above
What is a resting heart rate below 60 bpm termed?
Bradycardia
What was the last name of the first director of the Harvard Fatigue Lab in 1927? (Google it)
Dill
A field test in exercise physiology has all of the following characteristics except?
Expensive
Name the two proteins that sit on actin; one winds around it and the other binds with Ca2+. They are _________. (write both answers in the blank separated by "and"; do not use a comma).
Troponin and tropomyosin
A high concentration of K+ inside of the neuron and Na+ on the outside of the neuron defines a resting membrane potential. Of course, when an action potential (AP) occurs, the aforementioned ion concentrations are reversed then corrected back to normal via a Na+/K+ ATPase Pump.
True
What usually causes fatigue during an "all out", high intense bout of exercise that lasts less than an hour?
build up of lactate + H+ in the blood
How long is a typical macrocycle?
1 year