Exercise science final w/ meghans quizlet

superior

(cranal) toward the upper part of the body

posterior

(dorsal) back

anterior

(ventral) front

connective

this tissue binds, supports, and protect things (i.e. bone, cartilage, and blood). the four sub categories of connective tissue include: dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, cartilage, and blood.

endosytosis

to come into a cell

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

1.attachment 2.protection 3.blood cell production 4.movement 5.support 6.mineral reservoir B-S-P-A-M-M (helpful mnemonic?)

How many bones are in the human body?

206

anatomical planes

3 planes: 1. median/sagittal 2. frontal 3. transverse

extension

to increase the joint angle, to straighten

flexion

to lessen the joint angle (i.e. fetal position)

exosytosis

to move out of a cell

diffusion

to pass through, rate of diffusion depends on the size (smaller=easier travel) of the molecule and it's movement (temperature=more movement). This is passive transport

medial

towards the center of the body

inferior

towards the lower part of the body

extracellular matrix

A conglomerate of materials outside the cells. "Molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells."

lateral

towards the side of the body

superficial

towards the surface

Anatomical axes

An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates (frontal, sagittal, longitudinal) i.e. somersault is across front axes along sagittal plane.

What are the two main parts of the skeletal system?

Axial and appendicular

sodium potassium pump

It is a well-known pump in active transport that pushes sodium and potassium back to their proper places when action potential moves down the axon terminal of a nerve cell following hyperpolarization

circumduction

tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder

vesicular transport

May be active (transport), something inside the cell will form a membrane around itself, attach to the actual cell membrane, then spit out the material (exit the cell).

Jumping Jacks are?

On the frontal plane (adduction/abduction)

Ice skating is?

On the horizontal plane (rotation)

Running/walking is?

On the sagittal plane (flexion/extension)

Anatomical position

One's direct, uniform stance, discussion is relative to this stance.

pronation

turning arm or foot downward

rotation

turning on a single axis

General Rule:

The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement.

inversion

turning sole of foot inward

eversion

turning sole of foot outward

epithelial

The function of this tissue is to cover body's surfaces (skin).

The 4 main type of tissue:

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

supination

turning the arm or foot upward

sesamoid bone

These are short bones embedded in tendons where large amounts of pressure develop. (i.e. the patella).

Terms of position and direction

These are used to describe objects in relation to something else.

Muscle tissue

Tissue that facilitates movement

nervous tissue

Tissue used to regulates and controls bodily functions and activity.

joint

where two or more bones meet

medullary (bone marrow) cavity

in long bone, contains bone marrow

bone marrow

in long bone, flexible tissue found inside bones that produces blood cells.

glucose

a carrier of materials through the membrane

synovial joint

a freely moveable joint (i.e. elbow, knee)

plasma membrane

a layer surrounding the cell

pinosytosis

a.k.a. cell drinking. A mode of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell

phagosytosis

a.k.a. cell eating (i.e. white blood cells eat the bad material found in blood, it attacks invaders).

dorsiflexion

ankle movement bringing lot towards the shin

plantarflexion

ankle movement pointing for downward

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament: connection to the tibia, common injury in female athletes.

order from smallest to largest, the units in a body

atoms-->molecules-->organelles-->cells-->tissues-->organs-->organ system-->organism

distal

away from the center of the body

hyperextension

beyond anatomical position, extended even further

adduction

body part moving towards the midline of the body

proximal

closer to the center of the body

ligament

connects bone to bone, the bond of tough fibers.

tendon

connects muscle to bone, specialized skeletal structures that generally transmit muscular pull to bones (i.e. achilles tendon).

deep

deep, internal or inside (often referring to a cut)

reposition

describes the movement of the thumb towards the index finger.

fibrous joint

does not move, is fixed (i.e. skull)

prone

face down

supine

face up

what are the 3 main types of joints?

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

cartilage (sub-type)

flexible compared to bones, but weaker. Many bones start as cartilage (i.e. earlobe, disks in the backbone). definition: cartilage is a hard, strong connective tissue that provides support and a sliding area for joints.

passive transport

going down a concentration gradient, easier movement because no energy is required.

concentration gradient

how much of a material is on either side of the cell (Inside vs. outside)

cartilaginous joint

little bits of the joint move (i.e. spine)

what are the 4 types of bones?

long (femur), short (carpal), flat(scapula), irregular (vertebrae, pelvis)

depression

lowering a part

phospholyus bylayer

made of hydrophobic and hydrolyfic cells.

opposition

movement of the thumb away from the index finger.

radial deviation

movement of wrist towards radium or lateral side

ulnar deviation

movement of wrist towards ulna or medial side

retraction

moving a part backwards

protraction

moving a part forward

abduction

moving body part away from the body's midline.

foot neutral

natural foot stance

loose connective tissue (sub-type)

not as many fibers, less dense, but has more blood than dense conn. tissue.

3 parts of the cell:

nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

foot supination

on the outside of the foot

foot pronation

on the sole (the inside)

unilateral

one side of the body

periosteum

part of long bone, provides blood and a point for muscular attachment

articular cartilage

part of long bone, reduces friction to absorb shock

aqua pores

pores for the transportation of water

elevation

raising a part

bilateral

referring to both sides of the body

active transport

requires energy to move objects through the cell, goes against the concentration gradient.

external rotation

rotation at the hip or shoulder away from the midline

internal rotation

rotation at the hip or shoulder towards the midline

lateral flexion

side-bending left or right (i.e. at the neck or hips)

semi-permeable

some stuff may pass through, depends on the size and concentration gradient.

facilitated diffusion

something helps the diffusion process (i.e. a channel or pore in the membrane of a cell).

blood vessels

supplies oxygenated blood

appendicular skeleton

the appendicular skeleton include the upper and lower extremities, the pelvic bone, and the shoulders. It's job is to provide movement and support, act as a mineral reservoir, and store fat and energy.

axial skeleton

the axial skeleton include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. It's job is to protect vital organs.

osmosis

the diffusion of water

epiphysis

the end of the long bone (made of cancellous/spongy bone)

diaphysis

the shaft of the long bone (made of compact bone)

simple diffusion

things simply pass through (very small, most commonly a lipid of fat-soluble molecules). This is an example of passive transport

dense connective tissue (sub-type)

this connective tissue has very little blood (it heals slowly), contains an extracellular matrix, and has fibers (this is what makes it dense) (i.e. tendons and ligaments). Lack of blood is the reason ligaments and tendons do not heal as quickly.