EXP 3304C

One sign of drug tolerance in addicted individuals is that over time

they increase their drug dosage.

Which of the following isnot a reason for engaging in intrinsically motivated behavior?

to earn a positive incentive

What is the function of goal shielding? The function of goal shielding is

to inhibit the pulling power of other goals.

Why do people use psychoactive drugs according to the affective model of negative reinforcement? According to the model, people use psychoactive drugs in order

to reduce the anticipated and actual negative feelings that result from drug withdrawal.

According to the concept of flow,

behavior is enjoyed most when the difficulty of the behavior matches a person's ability.

Which variable is not part of the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

affective valence

Facial expressions are associated with or influenced by

all of these

Some people are under dietary restraint. What can cause them to break their diet?

all of these

Stress exhibits or shows itself in a person's

behavioral, physical, and psychological symptoms.

What factors determine the value of an incentive?

amount + frequency of availability + value of earlier or prior incentives

What are the consequences of sensory deprivation for a person?

A person considers the experience to be quite aversive and unpleasant

What are the usual consequences of failing to achieve one's proximal (immediate) goals?

A person lowers her distal (final) goals.

Errors in affective forecasting have what consequence for drug addiction?

Addicted individuals underestimate the level of craving that will result from drug abstinence.

What is required for the resolution of suspense and its enjoyment in a suspenseful movie?

All of these are required

What is the relationship between emotion and motivation?

An emotion serves mostly as a motive to satisfy the aim of the emotion

The following diagnosis appears in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000): "Psychological Factor Affecting Medical Condition." What can this diagnosis refer to?

Bouts of anger are associated with the onset of heart attacks

Your car will not start and you will be late for work, which distresses you greatly. What statement is correct regarding how will you cope?

By using problem-focused coping, you will find another way to get to work

What hormone is used for short-term energy regulation, and what hormone is used for long-term energy regulation?

CCK for short term and leptin for long term

Which statement summarizes the role of thinking or cognition regarding drug use?

Cognition implies that a person can willfully curb his or her exposure to drugs and associated stimuli.

What mainly occurs in the mesolimbic dopamine system regarding the effects of psychoactive drugs?

Drugs act on hedonic hot spots located in the mesolimbic dopamine system; The mesolimbic dopamine system is responsible for the feelings of pleasure that result from drug use.

The value of a goal can be increased without the individual being aware of that increase. What are the behavioral consequences of this increase in goal value below the level of awareness?

Goal achievement behavior increases

What statement best describes the selfish goal hypothesis?

Goals are only concerned with being achieved.

What statement best describes the need for autonomy?

I choose my own goals and do what I want

What statement best describes the need for competence?

I feel capable, effective, and qualified.

What is ghrelin and what is its function?

It is a biological variable that is associated with hunger.

What does the concept of utility refer to?

It refers to the satisfaction, pleasure, or usefulness that an incentive provides.

What is the significance and function of monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

MAO is a biological marker that correlates negatively with measures of the degree of sensation seeking.

What is the relationship between stressors and immune system functioning?

Mild stressors increase and severe stressors decrease immune system functioning.

What effect does naltrexone have on the urge to drink alcohol and on the reinforcing effects of alcohol?

Naltrexone reduces the pleasurable effects of alcohol

What is the implication of motivation as anticipation of the future?

People behave in order to bring about certain consequences

People buy things in order to become happy. However, people always return to their set-point of happiness. Why do people return to their set point of happiness?

People habituate to the things that make them happy

What is channeled according to the channeling hypothesis?

Personality traits select the activities that satisfy psychological motives.

Which statement regarding Maslow's hierarchy of needs is true?

Physiological needs at the bottom of the hierarchy are satisfied more than are needs higher in the hierarchy.

What statement is most accurate about the relationship between racism and stress?

Racist events increase stress-related psychiatric symptoms among minority group members.

Which statement best summarizes the differences between reinforcers and incentives?

Reinforcers are actual consequences, while incentives are anticipated consequences of behavior.

What has happened to a person who experiences a hedonic reversal?

Stimuli that were once considered unpleasant are now enjoyed.

How do conditioned food or conditioned taste preference develop?

The flavor of food is associated with another flavor that tastes pleasant.

An individual with a high level of neuroticism has had several negative social encounters during the day. According to research by Mohr and others, what are the most likely effects of these negative social encounters on a person with a high level of neuroticism?

The person will have several alcoholic drinks in solitude that evening.

What was the survival value of tonic immobility during evolution?

The prey animal "plays dead" as a way to escape an attack by a predator.

According to self-determination theory, motivation is most effective and well-being is greatest when what conditions occur?

The source of motivation stems from within the person.

What does the negative feedback system accomplish?

The system helps the body maintain homeostasis

Why are individuals high in impulsiveness (personality characteristic) more likely to become addicted to psychoactive drugs?

These individuals have a low awareness of the negative consequences of taking drugs.

The refeeding syndrome refers to what phenomenon in patients with anorexia nervosa?

They experience adverse or negative reactions to eating food.

How do psychoactive drugs produce their euphoric effects in the brain?

They migrate to synapses where dopamine is the neurotransmitter.

According to the incentive sensitization theory of addiction, what changes occur in addicted individuals over time?

They want and seek drugs more but enjoy the drug's hedonic effects less.

Looking at a piece of chocolate increases a person's craving or desire to eat that piece of chocolate. The sight of the piece of chocolate is an example of

a conditioned stimulus.

Withdrawal symptoms are linked to what events in the brain? Withdrawal symptoms are linked to

a decrease in dopamine and opioids plus a decline in the action of the mesolimbic dopamine system.

According to the field of behavioral genetics, what factor(s) contribute(s) to drug addiction?

a genetic disposition for drug use plus an at-risk environment for drug use.

Eustress is to _______________ as distress is to_______________.

a positive event, a negative event

The occurrence of behavior depends on

a psychological need and an incentive linked to that need.

What is the relationship between the accumulated number of life change units (potential stressors) and people's level of stress? This relationship is

a weak positive relationship, i.e., as life change units increase, stress increases moderately or sporadically.

According to the efference hypothesis,

activated brain circuits induce the facial muscle movement necessary for emotional expression.

An emotion stimulus can evoke an approach or avoidance response. What response will be the quickest to occur? The response quickest to occur is

an avoidance response to a spider.

The association of a goal with positive emotional feelings leads to __________ behavior, and the association with negative emotional feelings leads to __________ behavior.

approach---avoidance

What statement describes the difference between an immediate incentive and a delayed incentive? Compared to immediate incentives, delayed incentives

are vague, intangible, and less likely to occur.

High sensation seekers are characterized

as willing to take extreme risks in order to have intense sensations and experiences.

What has behavioral genetics discovered about personality traits? Greater genetic similarity between individuals is

associated with greater similarity in their personality.

Goal commitment refers to

becoming set and willing to expend effort to achieve a goal.

How do personality traits affect motivation? Personality traits

both determine the value or utility of different incentives and determine whether people react positively or negatively to a situation.

Preference for a particular food is determined mostly by an increasing amount of

both sugar and fat content up to a point.

In measuring arousal, PET scan or fMRI is to paper-and-pencil scales as

brain arousal is to psychological arousal

Which psychoactive drug is the most commonly used drug in the world?

caffeine

What is the function or goal of an emotion? The goal is to:

cause behavior that aids in coping with environmental demands

If a person is meliorating (from melioration), then she might

cease a lower reinforcing activity in favor of a higher reinforcing activity.

Occasionally you visualize yourself walking across the stage and receiving your university diploma. This visual image helps keep you motivated to attend classes, study, and complete your assignments. This visual imagery is an example of

cognitive motivation

What are cytokines and what is their function? Cytokines

communicate the presence of pathogens (germs) to the brain, which then results in sickness behavior.

Assuming that intelligence is not a factor, which group of students are most likely to have higher GPAs? Students who are high in the personality trait of

conscientiousness.

What are moderator variables and what do these variables do? Moderator variables

consist of social support and personality traits that affect the stressor-stress relationship.

What are the characteristics of the withdrawal syndrome? The withdrawal syndrome

consists of a drug-opposite effect characterized by unpleasant feelings

Homeostasis means

constant internal environment

What functional property or functional properties does a stimulus have? A stimulus has a(n)

cue and arousal function

In negative feedback systems, what is the function or purpose of motivated behavior? The function of motivated behavior is to

decrease the discrepancy between the set point and actual state.

Punishers _________ behavior and reinforcers __________ behavior.

decrease, increase

A child is engaged in an activity that is intrinsically motivating. What effect does an extrinsic reward have on the intrinsic interest of that activity? The extrinsic reward

decreases the child's interest.

What factor(s) are treated in temporal motivation theory?

delay interval and incentive value

Which sequence of events is correct in order for stress to result?

demand, strain, inadequate coping resources, stress

One person has a very messy apartment and another person has a very neat apartment. What procedure(s) is (are) necessary to use a need for order to explain why one person has a messy apartment and the other person has a neat apartment? The procedure involves a way to

devise a method (e.g., a scale) for measuring the need for order and show that scale scores measuring need for order correlate with neatness of the apartments.

Which of the following methods contributes to the validity of the concept that personality traits have a biological reality? A method that involves showing

differences in the thickness of the pre-frontal cortex between introverts and extraverts.

According to research cited in the textbook, what goal characteristic results in the highest amount of achievement behavior?

difficult rather than easy goals

What does catastrophe refer to in the cusp catastrophe model? Catastrophe refers to a

dramatic drop in performance efficiency past a certain level of arousal.

According to the incentive sensitization theory of addiction, what type of experience produces craving in an addicted individual? These experiences consist of

drug-withdrawal states and exposure to drug-associated stimuli

What statement describes an individual with anorexia nervosa? An individual with anorexia nervosa

eats little because not eating reduces his/her anxiety and distress.

Energetic arousal is to tense arousal as

effects of exercise is to anxiety about an exam.

Ms Panic is either going running for 30 minutes or taking a nap for an hour in order to alleviate her feeling of "being overwhelmed." Running or taking a nap is an example of

emotion-focused coping.

What aspects of a goal are discounted more steeply, i.e., goal characteristics that are lowered more when considered in the present?

negative goal characteristics

According to achievement motivation theory, how is the incentive value of task success determined? The incentive value of success

equals 1.00 minus the probability of success, i.e., 1 - Ps.

What is the source of or formation of the belonging hypothesis? The feeling of belonging

evolved because group membership provides a survival advantage.

During primary appraisal, a person

examines a life demand to determine if it is relevant, positive, or stressful for her.

Exams are returned with the grades students earned written on the front of the exam. Which student would be the least happy or least satisfied with the grade she or he received on her/his exam? The student who

expected a C and received a C

Individuals high in ______________ are more likely to eat unusual foods (snails, frog legs) while individuals high in ________________ do not need alcohol to shed their shyness or social reserve at a party.

experience seeking---disinhibition

On a scale of 1-10, how important is it for you to earn an A in this course? This question emphasizes what characteristics of psychological needs? The question characterizes needs as

explicit motives

On a scale of 1-10, how important is it for you to earn an A in this course? This question emphasizes what characteristics of psychological needs? The question characterizes needs as

explicit motives.

The motivation to engage in an activity for the sake of the stimulus consequence of the activity is called _________ while for the sake of the activity itself is called ___________

extrinsic motivation---intrinsic motivation.

Emotion recognition experiments have shown that

facial expressions of emotion are universally recognized.

Often people work harder or respond faster because

faster responding results in a greater rate or greater amount of reinforcement.

What is a consequence of social rejection? A consequence is that individuals who have been made to feel social rejection :

feel lower self-esteem + feel a loss of control in the situation + feel bad + feel motivated to socially reconnect.

A coach could say one of the following to the team members: "Players, we simply must win this game" OR "We simply must not lose this game." Emphasizing either winning or not losing is an example of

framing the goal

A coach could say one of the following to the team members: "Players, we simply must win this game" OR "We simply must not lose this game." Emphasizing either winning or not losing is an example of

framing the goal.

How does prospect theory view the weight or value assigned to a gain versus assigned to a loss? Prospect theory

gives more weight or value to a loss than to a gain.

People differ in the educational goals they set for themselves. Educational goals can consist of a high school diploma, junior college degree, or university degree. These educational goals from high school to university refer to what goal characteristic?

goal level

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion that regulates a person's interactions with others?

guilt

Regarding career development of women with a high need for power, it was found that these women

had greater satisfaction in careers that allowed them to exercise interpersonal power.

Problem-focused coping is to emotion-focused coping as

handling a stressor is to handling stress

A person must decide between a small immediate versus a large delayed incentive. According to the concept of delay discounting, when compared to an immediate incentive, the delayed incentive

has a value that depends on the amount it was discounted.

What individuals are more motivated to help friends stranded on the side of the road because the friends ran out of gas? Helping individuals who are

high in agreeableness.

You are auditioning for a position in a rock band. You have practiced a difficult guitar tune endlessly. Based on your private rehearsals, you no longer consider the tune difficult to play; but very easy to play. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, at what level of arousal will your performance be best during the audition?

high level of arousal

A person with a high need (compared to a low need) for closure experiences more satisfaction from reaching decisions quickly. A person with a high need (compared to a low need) for cognition experiences more satisfaction when thinking about philosophical problems. These two descriptions emphasize what characteristics of psychological needs? They characterize needs as

implicit motives

According to Mandler's schema incongruity model, as incongruity increases, the amount of arousal that results

increases

The relationship between money and its utility follows Fechner's Law. Accordingly, as the amount of money increases in constant amounts, then the utility of money

increases in smaller and smaller amounts.

Positive incentive contrast __________ behavior and negative incentive contrast __________ behavior.

increases, decreases

As calorie intake increases (eat more), then metabolism __________. And as calorie intake decreases (eat less), then metabolism __________.

increases--decreases

According to the inverted-U (upside-down-U) curve and depending on the person's current level of arousal,

increasing or decreasing arousal can improve performance on a task.

The zone of optimal functioning refers to what aspect of performance? The zone of optimal functioning

indicates that each individual has her own arousal level where she performs best.

Based on optimal level of stimulation theory, positive affective valence is associated with _______________ and negative affective valence is associated with_______________?

intermediate arousal---very low or very high arousal

What type of individuals are likely to spend several hours per day using the internet for activities other than academics? Individuals who are

introverts, low in agreeableness, and low in conscientiousness.

The __________ describes the arousal-performance relationship, and the __________ describes optimal level of stimulation theory.

inverted-U, inverted-U

What is counterfactual thinking? This type of thinking

involves considering situations that contrast sharply with one's current social situation.

Which student will put forth the most academic effort in a course? A student who

is intrinsically motivated by the course material and values grades highly.

What is subjective well-being? If a person is experiencing subjective well-being, then that person

is satisfied with life and experiences more positive affect than negative affect.

What happens to excess glucose after eating a meal, i.e., glucose not needed immediately for energy? Excess glucose

is stored in the liver and in muscles

During secondary appraisal a person

judges what resources she has available to cope with the stressor.

Avoidance behavior is a characteristic of PTSD. What does this avoidance behavior involve? This avoidance behavior involves

keeping away from stimuli that are associated with the original traumatic event.

Based on the concept of losses loom larger than gains, it is _________________ to find $20 as it is dissatisfying to lose $20.

less satisfying

Goal level is to goal specificity as

level of achievement behavior is to variability of achievement behavior.

A person most likely experiences stress when

life demands exceed coping resources.

Your friend is auditioning for a position in a rock band. She, however, has not practiced much and still considers the tune very difficult to play. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, at what level of arousal will her performance be best during the audition?

low level of arousal

How is psychological demand related to goal motivation? Psychological demand

means how much a goal is wanted or desired.

How does memory for central detail and peripheral detail change with increases in arousal? As arousal increases,

memory for peripheral detail decreases and for central detail increases

At what time of day is energetic arousal highest?

mid-day

In regard to the relationship between level of arousal and performance, where in this relationship would a person perform most efficiently at a task?

moderate level of arousal

The valence of a goal determines the type of behavior a person engages in, such as whether to prolong or shorten contact with a group. This effect occurs according to

motivated preparation

The reason or impetus for any behavioral act is known as

motivation

What statement describes why humans enjoy listening to music? Music enjoyment occurs because

musical notes as they occur are assimilated into an activated music schema.

What type of individual would most enjoy perusing or studying a website that had a high amount of verbal complexity, which requires scrolling to read all of the information? This would be an individual who had a high

need for cognition

According to the same-domain effect,

negative events decrease the quality of life and positive events improve the quality of life.

In opponent process theory, the initial drug-reaction to cocaine is associated with positive feelings. What type of feelings is the opponent process associated with? The opponent process is

negative feelings.

According to evidence presented in the textbook, people with which personality trait are more likely to seek contact with groups of individuals who are different from their own group?

openness-to-experience

The text provides a picture that resembles the TAT of two women in lab coats. A psychologist uses this picture to measure the intensity of the need to achieve in a number of different individuals. The psychologist has

operationally defined the need to achieve

Why are people not motivated the same way from either external sources or internal sources of motivation? The reason people differ in what motivates them is that

people differ in terms of stable individual differences like needs and traits.

Appraisal of a situation can occur along several dimensions. What has research on the appraisal of various dimensions discovered? Research has shown that

people use the same dimensions all over the world.

Which of the following is not a category of arousal?

performance arousal

Coping is most ineffective when a

person tries problem-focused coping with stressors that are not controllable

What is the implication of the statement that "personality traits are causes of behavior"? The statement implies that

personality traits are brain processes that determine people's reactions and choices.

Personality is a factor in the amount of weight that individuals gain over their life span. This weight gain occurs because

personality traits determine eating decisions, the daily effects of which accumulate over the years.

What does the concept of an evocative correlation and an active correlation imply? These correlations imply that a person's

personality traits determine how others react to him or her and personality traits determine the environment a person seeks or creates.

Glucose powers the brain. Glucose is an example of

physical energy

Cathexis, resisting impulses, and using processing resources are examples of

physiological energy

What is considered the common currency for making a choice between a small immediate incentive versus a large delayed incentive?

pleasure

According to the law of hedonic contrast

positive feelings result from an increase in the amount of an incentive and negative feelings result from a decline in the amount of an incentive.

__________ most likely starts drug use and __________ most likely maintains drug use.

positive reinforcement--negative reinforcement

The phrase get ahead versus get along is a contest between what two motives? It is between the

power motive versus affiliation (belonging) motive.

When given a choice, students prefer announced exams over unannounced exams. Thus, the next exam for this course is announced well in advance. The announced exam is less stressful because a student can get ready for the exam by studying for it according to

preparatory response hypothesis.

According to the concept of alliesthesia, stimuli that restore homeostasis are stimuli that

produce pleasant sensations.

The function of ghrelin is to

promote hunger

You missed a final exam and also missed your first day on a new job because your car would not start. These negative life events most likely will cause distress

provided you strained your resources to cope with these stressors.

A person who suffers from comorbidity is characterized by

psychological distress symptoms and by psychoactive drug use

What does it mean that emotions are motives? As motives, emotions

push people into action to achieve the aim or goal of an emotion.

The need for power is a case of __________ motivation, and the need for cognition is a case of __________ motivation.

push, push

In regard to restoring body temperature to its set point, voluntary behavior is to involuntary behavior as

putting on your coat as to sweating

The amygdala provides for

quick and dirty processing of emotion stimuli.

The psychological sensation of hunger is caused by an empty stomach and low blood glucose. That is, the psychological sensation of hunger results from the brain monitoring these two bodily changes. This statement of the brain's actions as an explanation of psychological hunger sensations involves what concept?

reductionism

Post-traumatic stress disorder

refers to flashbacks and distress resembling the initial stressful experience.

According to the mere exposure effect,

repeatedly eating the same food increases a person's preference for it.

Based on the concept of contrast, what reinforcer will be valued most? The reinforcer that

required a lot of work to attain.

You daydream about being a high school psychology teacher. This is an example of _______________. You also think about how to become licensed to teach psychology in your state. This is an example of _______________.

respondent thought---operant thought

When given a choice, students prefer announced exams over unannounced exams. Thus, the next exam for this course is announced well in advance. This information reduces stress because students can relax except on the day that the exam is given. This interpretation of reduced stressed by being able to relax is based on the

safety hypothesis.

Cephalic responses refer to

salivary, gastric, and insulin reactions

What are the last needs to be satisfied in Maslow's hierarchy of needs; the needs at the top of the hierarchy? These needs consist of

self-actualization, reproduction, meaning, and pursuit of happiness

Goals that provide the opportunity for evaluating self-efficacy are goals that

serve as a standard for evaluating one's capability.

As a general tendency, evolutionary history explains why people are motivated by __________ motives and incentives, while personal history explains why people are motivated by __________ motives and incentives.

similar, different

The buffering hypothesis means that

social support can protect a person from the impact of stressful life events

Some breeds of dogs, e.g., Labrador Retrievers, function better as guide or helper dogs than do other breeds of dogs. The most likely reason for this is that

some breeds have a greater temperament for sociability than other breeds do.

A situational definition of emotion

specifies the stimulus change that produces an emotion.

Which set of conditions will have the strongest motivational effect on behavior?

strong thirst drive but with much available water

Behavior is most likely to exceed threshold when the internal motive is __________ and the external incentive is __________.

strong, strong

Compared to introverts, extraverts are more likely to choose all of the following except

studying in isolated places in the library.

In which situation is achievement behavior the strongest? Achievement behavior is strongest when individuals have

subgoals that are strongly related to achieving their final goal.

What is the appraisal tendency hypothesis? According to the appraisal tendency hypothesis,

the type of negative emotion can influence a person's evaluation of a situation.

While giving a speech in class, a student's heart begins to pound and her palms start to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her _____________ nervous system.

sympathetic

A person can increase his/her commitment to a goal by

telling significant others about his/her goal.

Which types of events are considered the most stressful? Most stressful are negative life demands

that are neither predictable nor controllable

According to Tolman's principles of purposive behavior, a goal that satisfies a physiological need is a goal

that has positive valence

According to expected utility theory, on what basis does a person select a goal? A person selects a goal

that has the highest utility X probability of being achieved

The phenomenon of incentive contrast means or implies that

the amount of a prior incentive affects the motivational strength of a current incentive.

Hunger sensations are indicative of

the amount of food energy available in the stomach.

Taste aversion is most likely associated with what characteristic of food?

the aroma or taste of food

Which statement describes or explains the procrastination of an important assignment? For instance, a student engages in the alternative (watch TV) rather than work on the important course assignment. If procrastination occurred, then it is because

the assignment has a longer delay interval than the alternative does.

Energy homeostasis refers to

the balance between the intake of food energy and the expenditure of that energy.

What are carrying costs? Carrying cost refers to

the cost in calories of transporting one's weight.

The expression-feeling link implies that

the intensity of the facial expression is associated with the intensity of the affective experience and different facial expressions are associated with different affective experiences.

The open window hypothesis refers to

the interval when the body's immune system is depressed because of stress

What is the most likely effect of level of aspiration on goal motivation? The level of aspiration determines

the level or difficulty of a person's goal.

What type of people are likely to avoid tasks that have a 50% chance of being accomplished? These are people for whom

the motive to avoid failure is stronger than the motive for success, i.e., Maf > Ms.

What is the difference between a biological variable and a psychological variable? As variables,

the psychological has no material substance, but the biological is based on material substances.

In regards to addictive behaviors, what does relapse mean? Relapse means

the resumption of drug use following a period of abstinence.

Why are appraisal dimensions necessary for understanding emotions? Appraisal dimensions explain why

the same emotion stimulus produces different emotions in people.

Satiety is based on

the stomach being full or distended with food; the number of food calories in the stomach; specific hormones that can inhibit hunger

The disposition to become anxious when giving a speech is known as __________, while actually being anxious when speaking in public is known as __________.

trait anxiety, state anxiety

Regarding the type of contact sought with group members, the selection hypothesis is a case of

trait-environment correlation.

Ms. Psyche, an introvert, experienced social anxiety at the large party with many strangers. So she and her friend decided to leave very early and go to the local coffee house. Ms. Psyche's social anxiety is indicative of _______________ and leaving for the coffee house is indicative of _______________.

trait-environment interaction---trait-environment correlation.

Which of the following situations leads to the strongest or most persistent behavior regarding goal achievement? Most persistent behavior occurs when

trying to achieve a proximal (sub) goal plus a distal (final) goal

Why do people exhibit social facial vasodilation? According to the readout hypothesis, people exhibit social facial vasodilation because they

want to deflect or escape the scrutiny or attention of other people.

Behavior is most strongly motivated

when a psychological need is present and a relevant incentive is available.

The likelihood of achieving one's goal increases when what happens? Likelihood of goal achievement increases

when there is a decrease between one's current state and the desired goal.

Evolutionary psychology interprets various motives in terms of

whether the motives increase a person's chances of survival

What type of individual is more likely to think about other individuals, engage in more conversations, and to experience positive affect during a social interaction? They are individuals

who have a strong intimacy motive.

An instance has occurred in which individuals have been made to feel socially rejected. As a result of this social rejection, individuals

will be more accurate in recognizing sincere smiles that indicate social inclusion.

If a person is experiencing sensory-specific satiety, then most likely the person

will select different foods on his second trip to the buffet table.