exposure practice
A densitometer film density measurement of 3 corresponds to approximately _____ of the light from a viewbox being transmitted through the film. Select one: a. .1 % b. 1.0 % c. 10 % d. 100 %
a. .1 %
An exposure was made of a part using 300 mA and 0.06s and using a 100-speed film / screen combination. An additional radiograph is requested using a 400-speed system in order to reduce motion unsharpness. Using 200 mA, all other factors remaining constant, what should be the new exposure time? Select one: a. 0.02 b. 0.04 c. 0.45 d. 0.80
a. 0.02
Image resolution is important when choosing a film-screen combination. Select one: True False
True
Intensifying screens and film exhibit the same types of characteristics. Select one: True False
True
Mismatching of film and screen often increases patient dose. Select one: True False
True
Patient information is captured in the emulsion layer of radiographic film. Select one: True False
True
Recorded detail is measured in lp/mm. Select one: True False
True
Relative speed numbers are commonly established at 80 kVp. Select one: True False
True
Single-emulsion film must be loaded with the emulsion toward the intensifying screen. Select one: True False
True
The ejected halide electron is attracted to and trapped by a sensitivity speck. Select one: True False
True
The phosphor level is the functional layer of a typical x-ray intensifying screen. Select one: True False
True
The predominant phosphor used in intensifying screens is the rare-earth phosphor. Select one: True False
True
The primary reason rare-earth phosphors have gained widespread acceptance is because they offer increased speed while maintaining resolution. Select one: True False
True
To ensure maximum latent image formation, it is important that film sensitivity and spectral emission match. Select one: True False
True
When the sensitivity speck traps a free electron, it becomes negatively charged. Select one: True False
True
Which of the following chemicals is used in the production of radiographic film emulsion? Select one: a. Sodium sulfite b. Potassium bromide c. Silver halide d. Chrome alum
c. Silver halide
Ensuring that the radiographic film is sensitive to the color of light emitted by the intensifying screen phosphor is referred to as: Select one: a. Conversion efficiency b. Intensification factor c. Spectral matching d. Line focus principle
c. Spectral matching
Phosphorescence or afterglow is a property of intensifying screens that: Select one: a. Enhances resolution b. Reduces screen speed c. Tends to increase image blur d. Absorbs excess scatter radiation
c. Tends to increase image blur
In regard to radiographic film, the smaller the crystal size: Select one: a. The greater the penumbra b. The greater the density c. The greater the detail d. The thicker the emulsion layer
c. The greater the detail
What is the primary reason intensifying screens must be cleaned on a regular basis? Select one: a. To reactivate the phosphors b. To remove film emulsion residue c. To remove dust and dirt particles d. To reactivate the light-absorbing dye in the screen
c. To remove dust and dirt particles
16mm and 35 mm refer to the: Select one: a. Length of the frames of film b. Line pairs/mm of each frame c. Width of the frames of film d. Length of the frames of film
c. Width of the frames of film
Delayed phosphorescent emission is called: Select one: a. screen lag b. afterglow c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
The type of interaction that takes place between the x-ray photon and the high-atomic-number phosphor is: Select one: a. Photoelectric b. Compton c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
Silver halide crystals that lack a sensitivity speck: Select one: a. have a greater surface area b. require more radiation c. can't record patient information d. age slower
c. can't record patient information
The gelatin is used to: Select one: a. form the silver halide crystal lattice. b. react with the silver halide crystals. c. distribute the crystals evenly over the surface of the film. d. form a rigid base for the emulsion.
c. distribute the crystals evenly over the surface of the film.
What layer of a typical radiographic film has sensitizing dyes that tailor the response characteristics of a given film? Select one: a. phosphor b. base c. emulsion d. adhesive
c. emulsion
An exposure was made of a part using 300 mA and 0.06 second and using a 100-speed film-screen combination. An additional radiograph is requested using a 400-speed system to reduce motion unsharpness. Using 200 mA, all other factors remaining constant, what should be the new exposure time? Select one: a. 0.02 second b. 0.04 second c. 0.45 second d. 0.80 second
a. 0.02 second
What apparatus is needed for the construction of a sensitometric curve? 1. Penetrometer 2. Densitometer 3. Electrolytic canister Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 and 2 only
Which of the following are appropriate uses of average gradient? 1. A comparison of the published average gradient for films from a specific manufacturer. 2. As a relative measure of contrast. 3. To compare the contrast of different film-screen combinations. Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 and 2 only
Which of the following properties should a phosphor exhibit in order for the phosphor to be effective in an intensifying screen? 1. High x-ray absorption 2. High conversion efficiency 3. Phosphorescence Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 and 2 only
Which of the following will result in an increase in speed of an intensifying screen? 1. Increased kVp 2. Thicker phosphor layer 3. Larger focal spot Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 and 2 only
In general, as the intensification factor increases, 1. radiographic density increases. 2. screen resolution increases. 3. recorded detail increases. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 only
In order for intensifying screens to be effective, the: 1. x-radiation must be partially absorbed 2. design of the screen must be matched to the amount of energy used and the absorption/conversion ratio of the screen 3. x-radiation must be totally converted into light by the phosphors in the screen. Select one: a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 2 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 only
Intensifying screen-film combinations are classified according to: 1. their speed and resolution 2. the absorption/conversion ratio of the screen 3. the type of phosphor used in the manufacture of the screen Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 only
Radiographic recorded detail is directly related to 1. SID. 2. OID. 3. imaging-system speed. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 only
The advantages of large format spot film cameras, such as 100 mm and 105 mm, over smaller format cameras, such as 70 mm and 90 mm, include: 1. improved image quality. 2. decreased patient dose. 3. decreased x-ray tube heat load. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 only
The subject contrast of a phantom is measured at 3.59 and the radiographic contrast was measured at 8.00. The base plus fog measurement of .24 with and LRE1 of .75 and an LRE2 of 2.1. What is the average gradient? Select one: a. 1.30 b. 1.75 c. 4.67 d. 10.23
a. 1.30
If 40 mAs and a 50-speed screen-film system were used for a particular exposure, what new mAs value would be required to produce the same density if the screen-film system were changed to 200 speed? Select one: a. 10 b. 20 c. 80 d. 160
a. 10
If 32 mAs and 50-speed screens were used to produce a particular radiographic density, what new mAs value would be required to produce the same density if the screen speed was changed to 400? Select one: a. 4 b. 40 c. 175 d. 256
a. 4
The darkroom safelight has an average wattage of: Select one: a. 7 to 15 watts b. 10 to 15 watts c. 15 to 25 watts d. 30 watts
a. 7 to 15 watts
You are duplicating a radiograph and use an exposure time of 4 seconds in the copy machine. The resultant film is darker than the original radiography. What could you do to correct this problem? Select one: a. 8 seconds of exposure time b. 3 seconds of exposure time c. 2 seconds of exposure time d. 1 second of exposure time
a. 8 seconds of exposure time
With a given exposure, as intensifying-screen speed decreases, how is radiographic density affected? Select one: a. Decreases b. Increases c. Remains unchanged d. Is variable
a. Decreases
What tool is used to perform the test to determine whether any processor fog is present on the radiographic film? Select one: a. Densitometer b. Sensitometer c. Processor PM d. Any of these
a. Densitometer
Duplitized film refers to: Select one: a. Double-emulsion film b. Duplicating film c. Subtraction film d. Cine film
a. Double-emulsion film
The ability of a substance to emit light only during excitation is termed: Select one: a. Fluorescence b. Phosphorescence c. Incandescence d. Effervescence
a. Fluorescence
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding the addition of pigments and dyes to the active layer of some types of intensifying screens? Select one: a. Increases screen speed b. Reduces lateral spreading of screen light c. Decreases blurring of screen image d. Reduces light intensity emitted by screen
a. Increases screen speed
A radiograph taken with a film-screen combination having a wide latitude will likely exhibit? Select one: a. Low contrast b. High contrast c. Low recorded detail d. High density
a. Low contrast
The base of modern x-ray screens is made of: Select one: a. Polyester b. Glass c. Cellulose nitrate d. Cellulose acetate
a. Polyester
The modern rare earth intensifying screens are used primarily to: Select one: a. Reduce patient dose b. Decrease quantum mottle c. Decrease cost d. Increase exposure time
a. Reduce patient dose
Which of the following can be used to determine the sensitivity of a particular film emulsion? Select one: a. Sensitometric curve b. Dose-response curve c. Reciprocity law d. Inverse square law
a. Sensitometric curve
The most numerous silver halide molecules that are found in the emulsion of modern radiographic film are those of: Select one: a. Silver bromide b. Silver iodide c. Calcium tungstate d. Gadolinium oxysulfide
a. Silver bromide
What speed intensifying screens should be used when maximum definition is required? Select one: a. Slow b. Par c. Medium d. High
a. Slow
Which of the following is true regarding solarization of radiographic film? Select one: a. The film is at D-Max b. The film is at D-Min c. The film is duplitized d. The film is used only in digital subtraction
a. The film is at D-Max
The larger the intensifying screen phosphors: Select one: a. The poorer the recorded detail b. The better the recorded detail c. The slower the speed of the system d. The more mAs required
a. The poorer the recorded detail
What determines the color of the light used to illuminate the darkroom? Select one: a. The sensitivity of the film that is going to be processed. b. The taste of the administrator managing the department c. The color of the light used is not as important as the number of lights used. d. Any color may be used with panchromatic film
a. The sensitivity of the film that is going to be processed.
Screen film imaging is one example of a (n) Select one: a. analog system. b. digital system. c. electromagnetic system. d. direct-action radiation system.
a. analog system.
When a slow screen film system is used with a fast screen film automatic exposure control system, the resulting images Select one: a. are too light. b. are too dark. c. have improved detail. d. have poor detail.
a. are too light.
The purpose of the sensitivity speck is to: Select one: a. attract free silver ions b. repel free silver ions c. cause the crystal lattice to grow d. cause the crystal lattice to collapse
a. attract free silver ions
Crescent-shaped black marks on the finished radiograph are usually due to Select one: a. bending the film acutely. b. improper development. c. improper film storage. d. static electricity.
a. bending the film acutely.
Until the 1970s, the most commonly utilized phosphor in radiography was: Select one: a. calcium tungstate b. rare earths c. gadolinium d. lanthanum
a. calcium tungstate
The presence of dust or scratches on intensifying screens will cause Select one: a. decreased density in those areas of the image. b. increased density in those areas of the image. c. decreased density in all areas of the image. d. increased density in all areas of the image.
a. decreased density in those areas of the image.
If single-emulsion film was loaded into its cassette with the emulsion facing away from the intensifying screen, the resulting image would demonstrate Select one: a. decreased density. b. increased density. c. crossover. d. fog.
a. decreased density.
According to the Gurney-Mott theory, the incident photon interacts with one of the silver halides and ejects a/an: Select one: a. electron b. x-ray photon c. light photon d. sensitivity speck
a. electron
A film-screen system is evaluated by: Select one: a. the number of line pairs per mm clearly visible on a processed radiograph b. its ability to generate X-ray photons c. the amount of quantum mottle routinely produced d. its efficiency of fluorescence
a. the number of line pairs per mm clearly visible on a processed radiograph
The term latitude describes 1. an emulsion's ability to record a range of densities. 2. the degree of error tolerated with given exposure factors. 3. the conversion efficiency of a given intensifying screen. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
What are the advantages of photospot camera imaging over cassette spot imaging during fluoroscopy? 1. Lower patient dose 2. Less interruption of the fluoroscopic examination 3. Improved spatial resolution Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
Which of the following can result from improper film storage or darkroom conditions? 1. Safelight fog 2. Background radiation fog 3. Screen lag Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
Which of the following factors affect(s) both radiographic density and intensifying screen speed? 1. Thickness of phosphor layer 2. Type of phosphors used 3. Thickness of spongy screen support Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
Which of the following is (are) classified as rare earth phosphors? 1. Lanthanum oxybromide 2. Gadolinium oxysulfide 3. Cesium iodide Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
The speed of an intensifying screen is influenced by which of the following factors? 1. Phosphor layer thickness 2. Antihalation backing 3. Phosphor type used Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 3 only
Which of the following components make up the emulsion of the radiographic film? 1. Silver halide crystals 2. Polyester 3. Gelatin Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 3 only
An exposure of 5 mR shows an LRE of 0.8 on an H&D curve. What LRE value would be shown by a 10 mR exposure? Select one: a. 0.9 b. 1.1 c. 1.6 d. 3.2
b. 1.1
A double-emulsion radiographic film is exposed in a cassette containg two intensifying screens. If the light emitted from a screen facing the emulsion is not completely absorbed by that emulsion, which of the following problems will occur? 1. absorption unsharpmess 2. crossover exposure 3. quantum mottle Select one: a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 2 only d. 1 and 3 only
b. 2 only
Radiographic film that is exposed to radiation is ___________ more sensitive to radiation than unexposed radiographic film. Select one: a. 1X b. 2X c. 3X d. 4X
b. 2X
Film emulsion thickness on each side of the film is approximately: Select one: a. 2 to 4 microns b. 3 to 5 microns c. 15 to 20 microns d. 25 to 40 microns
b. 3 to 5 microns
What is the appropriate relative humidity for proper film storage? Select one: a. 0 to 10 percent b. 40 to 60 percent c. 70 to 80 percent d. 90 to 100 percent
b. 40 to 60 percent
The normal life of an intensifying screen is ____ years. Select one: a. 3 to 5 b. 5 to 7 c. 7 to 10 d. 10 to 15
b. 5 to 7
What percentage of the latent image is formed by the light photons produced on the intensifying screen? Select one: a. 100 percent b. 99 percent c. 50 percent d. 1 percent
b. 99 percent
Phosphors emit visible light isotopically, there fore a thin layer of a material is placed behind the phosphor layer to utilize the light photons with higher efficiency. This layer is called: Select one: a. A base layer b. A reflective layer c. An aluminum foil layer d. This material is built into the phosphor layer.
b. A reflective layer
When cleaning the intensifying screens, it is standard procedure to use screen cleaner and: Select one: a. A 4 x 4 or 8 x 8 gauze pad. b. A special towel that will not scratch or leave dust on the screen. c. A towel that was used in special procedures the day before d. Any paper towel.
b. A special towel that will not scratch or leave dust on the screen.
What type of artifact will result on a radiograph from dirt or dust on an intensification screen? Select one: a. An area of increased film density b. An area of decreased film density c. An area of geometric unsharpness d. An area of decreased contrast
b. An area of decreased film density
The light photons emitted from intensifying screens form a radiographic image in the film by interacting with the: Select one: a. Atoms in the iodine and gelatin of the film b. Atoms in the silver halide crystals c. Black metallic silver d. Blue-tinted dye in the base
b. Atoms in the silver halide crystals
What is the color of light emitted by lanthanum oxybromide rare earth intensifying screens? Select one: a. Amber b. Blue c. Green d. Yellow
b. Blue
Which of the following terms refers to light being reflected from one intensifying screen, through the film, to the opposite emulsion and screen? Select one: a. Reflectance b. Crossover c. Scatter d. Filtration
b. Crossover
Maximum density as plotted on a characteristic curve is also called: Select one: a. Body b. D-max c. Max-D d. Toe
b. D-max
What will result from using single-emulsion film in an image receptor having two intensifying screens? Select one: a. Double exposure b. Decreased density c. Increased recorded detail d. Greater latitude
b. Decreased density
A faster film-screen system results in: Select one: a. Increased recorded detail b. Decreased sharpness c. Increased definition d. Lower contrast
b. Decreased sharpness
The instrument used to measure varying degrees of film exposure and that is essential to a quality assurance program is called a: Select one: a. Sensitometer b. Densitometer c. Oscilloscope d. Penetrometer
b. Densitometer
The reflective layer of the intensifying screen is primarily for: Select one: a. Absorbing scatter radiation b. Directing light toward the radiographic film c. Allowing light photons to pass through to expose the radiographic film d. Directing the light photons toward the inside of the cassette, away from the film.
b. Directing light toward the radiographic film
What is the relationship between density and RS? Select one: a. Increases mAs b. Directly proportional c. Inversely proportional d. These factors are unrelated
b. Directly proportional
The function of the blue tint added to the film s base is to: Select one: a. Decrease speed b. Enhance contrast c. Decrease recorded detail d. Increase latitude
b. Enhance contrast
The silver halogen used in the manufacture of most radiographic film is called: Select one: a. Silver tungstate b. Silver bromide c. Silver phosphate d. Silver iodide
b. Silver bromide
Which of the following will produce a radiographic film that will provide the highest degree of exposure latitude? Select one: a. Large film crystals b. Small film crystals c. Thin emulsion layer d. Single emulsion layer
b. Small film crystals
Which portion of the characteristic curve would most likely represent a density of 1.0? Select one: a. Toe b. Straight-line portion c. Shoulder d. Dmax
b. Straight-line portion
X-ray film emulsion usually has a protective covering of gelatin called the: Select one: a. Active layer b. Supercoating c. Adhesive layer d. Tinted base
b. Supercoating
X-ray film is packaged in a foil bag to protect it from Select one: a. excessive heat. b. excessive humidity. c. radiation fog. d. dust.
b. excessive humidity.
Boxes of film stored in too warm an area may be subject to Select one: a. static marks. b. film fog. c. high contrast. d. loss of density.
b. film fog.
The protective layer of an intensifying screen is easily damaged by: Select one: a. excess light b. fingernails c. single-emulsion film d. water
b. fingernails
When light is emitted from a phosphor instantaneously, it is called: Select one: a. intensification b. fluorescence c. phosphorescence d. luminescence
b. fluorescence
A cassette containing green-sensitive film was unloaded in a darkroom which had a safelight with an amber filter. What effect will color of the filtered light have on the film? Select one: a. film sensitivity will increase b. fogging of the film will occur c. radiographic contrast will be enhanced d. recorded detail will be improved
b. fogging of the film will occur
Adhesive is used to: Select one: a. glue the crystals to the base. b. glue the emulsion to the base. c. glue the gelatin to the crystals. d. produce air bubbles during processing.
b. glue the emulsion to the base.
The impurity added to the silver halide crystal lattice is: Select one: a. gold-silver nitride b. gold-silver sulfide c. gold-platinum nitride d. gold-platinum sulfide
b. gold-silver sulfide
Unopened boxes of radiographic film should be stored away from radiation and Select one: a. in the horizontal position. b. in the vertical position. c. stacked with the oldest on top. d. stacked with the newest on top.
b. in the vertical position.
If medium-speed screens are used in a procedure that normally requires the use of high-speed screens, it will be necessary to: Select one: a. decrease kVp and mAs technique settings b. increase the mAs technique settings c. decrease the mAs technique setting d. select the smallest focal spot size
b. increase the mAs technique settings
Improper spectral matching between rare earth intensifying screens and film emulsion results in Select one: a. longer-scale contrast. b. insufficient density. c. decreased recorded detail. d. excessive density.
b. insufficient density.
Poor screen/film contact can produce: Select one: a. increased density b. lack of detail c. lack of contrast d. increased detail
b. lack of detail
The unseen change in the atomic structure of the silver halide crystal lattice is called the _____ image. Select one: a. visible b. latent c. invisible d. phantom
b. latent
Which type of film is sensitve to all colors? Select one: a. ultrachromatic b. panchromatic c. parachromatic d. orthochromatic
b. panchromatic
The continued emission of light by a phosphor after the activating source has ceased is termed Select one: a. fluorescence. b. phosphorescence. c. image intensification. d. quantum mottle.
b. phosphorescence.
Each silver halide crystal is a cubic lattice of each of the following except: Select one: a. silver b. potassium c. bromide d. iodine
b. potassium
The waste product formed during silver halide crystal production is: Select one: a. silver bromide b. potassium nitrate c. potassium bromide d. silver nitrate
b. potassium nitrate
Which layer of an intensifying screen is closest to the radiographic film? Select one: a. active b. protective coating c. base d. reflective
b. protective coating
When an insufficient quantity of photons strikes the intensifying screen, _____ will appear on the film as graininess. Select one: a. lagging speed b. quantum mottle c. quantum number d. latitude
b. quantum mottle
Silver halide in radiographic film emulsion exists in the form of: Select one: a. large crystals suspended in the gelatin b. small crystals suspended in the gelatin c. powder suspended in the gelatin d. small flakes suspended in the gelatin
b. small crystals suspended in the gelatin
All of the following would increase the speed of an film except: Select one: a. Increased developer temperature b. smaller silver halide crystals c. larger silver halide crystals d. increased silver ions in emulsion
b. smaller silver halide crystals
Very low humidity in the darkroom can lead to Select one: a. crinkle marks. b. static electrical discharge. c. excessive emulsion swelling. d. chemical fog.
b. static electrical discharge.
What effect will a stained intensifying screen have on the finished radiograph? Select one: a. Blurring b. Magnification c. Decreased density d. Increased density
c. Decreased density
Light diffusion that occurs with intensifying screens will reduce: Select one: a. Contrast levels b. Fog transfer c. Recorded detail d. Radiographic density
c. Recorded detail
The most common method of designating screen speed is: Select one: a. Medium density b. Intensification factor c. Relative speed d. Spectral matching
c. Relative speed
The material selected as a base for intensifying screens should be: 1. chemically inert 2. flexible 3. rugged and possess the ability to resist moisture Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
The phosphors utilized in intensifying screens must have: 1. a high atomic number 2. a high conversion efficiency 3. spectral matching Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
To be suitable for use in intensifying screens, a phosphor should have which of the following characteristics? 1. High conversion efficiency 2. High x-ray absorption 3. High atomic number Select one: a. 1 only b. 3 only c. 1 and 2 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
What determines the amount of fluorescent light emitted from a fluorescent screen? 1. Thickness of the active layer 2. Type of phosphor used 3. kV range used for exposure Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
What determines the quantity of fluorescent light emitted from a fluorescent screen? 1. Thickness of the phosphor layer 2. Type of phosphor used 3. kV range used for exposure Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are factors determining the speed of calcium tungstate intensifying screens? 1. size of phosphor crystals 2. thickness of the phosphor layer 3. presence or absence of light-absorbing dye in the phosphor layer Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are rare earth phosphors used in intensifying screens? 1. Lanthanum oxybromide 2. Barium flourochloride 3. Terbium activated Yttrium Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following can cause poor screen-film contact? 1. Damaged image receptor frame 2. Foreign body in image receptor 3. Warped image receptor front Select one: a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following factors is(are) responsible for poor screen film contact? 1. Air trapped between screens and film 2. Foreign material on screens 3. Damaged cassettes Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following is (are) method(s) that would enable the radiographer to reduce the exposure time required for a particular radiograph? 1. Use higher mA. 2. Use higher kVp. 3. Use faster film-screen combination. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following terms are Synonymous? 1. Characteristic Curve 2. H & D curve 3. Sensitometric Curve Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following will influence recorded detail? 1. Screen speed 2. Screen-film contact 3. Focal spot Select one: a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
If the quantity of black metallic silver on a particular radiograph is such that it allows 1% of the illuminator light to pass through the film, that film has a density of Select one: a. 0.01. b. 0.1. c. 1.0. d. 2.0.
d. 2.0.
If the quantity of black metallic silver on a particular radiograph is such that it allows 1% of the illuminator light to pass through the image, that image has a density of Select one: a. 0.01. b. 0.1. c. 1.0. d. 2.0.
d. 2.0.
If the quantity of black metallic silver on a particular radiograph is such that it allows 1% of the illuminator light to pass through the x-ray image, that image has a density of Select one: a. 0.01. b. 0.1. c. 1.0. d. 2.0.
d. 2.0.
The shoulder of the sensitometric curve has a range of values from: Select one: a. 0.25 to 2.50 b. 0.00 to 0.25 c. 2.50 to 3.50 d. 2.50 and beyond
d. 2.50 and beyond
What would the average gradient be if OD2 is 2.2, OD1 is 0.45, LRE2 is 1.2, and LRE1 is 0.6? Select one: a. 1.47 b. 1.75 c. 2.65 d. 2.92
d. 2.92
The film is exposed to 4 mR to produce an optical density of 1. What is the speed of the film? Select one: a. 100 b. 150 c. 200 d. 250
d. 250
At what minimum distance should the safe-light be positioned above the processor shelf to avoid fogging the radiograph? Select one: a. 1 foot b. 2 feet c. 3 feet d. 5 feet
d. 5 feet
The speed of the film is 400. What exposure would produce an optical density of 2? Select one: a. 0.05 R b. 0.0005 R c. 2.5 mR d. 5.0 mR
d. 5.0 mR
About what percentage of radiographic density is due to the light emitted by an intensifying screen s phosphors? Select one: a. 5 to 8 percent b. 10 to 15 percent c. 45 to 60 percent d. 95 to 98 percent
d. 95 to 98 percent
Which of the following best describes radiographic screen lag? Select one: a. The front of the intensification screen is slower than the back. b. A screen speed that is below 200 c. A film-screen combination with varying speeds. d. A screen that continues to emit light after the exposure has ceased
d. A screen that continues to emit light after the exposure has ceased
Cleaning cassettes with a cleaner not approved by the manufacturer for that purpose may lead to: Select one: a. Residue on the screen b. Changing the integrity of the screen c. Scratching the screen d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Emulsion is composed of gelatin and Select one: a. silver halide crystals b. silver salt c. photosensitive crystals d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Qualities of a good film base include: Select one: a. Flexibility b. Uniform lucency c. Stability d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Radiographic film should be stored: Select one: a. at a temperature below 68 degrees F b. in 30 to 60 percent humidity c. on end d. All of the above
d. All of the above
The complete construction of diagnostic radiographic film includes: Select one: a. A polyester base b. An adhesive material c. An emulsion d. All of the above
d. All of the above
The photosensitive agent(s) used in diagnositc radiographic film include silver: Select one: a. bromide b. iodide c. chloride d. All of the above
d. All of the above
The speed of film is determined by the: Select one: a. Size of the silver halide crystals b. Number of silver halide crystals c. Thickness of the emulsion d. All of these
d. All of these
Sources of fog represented in the toe of the H&D curve may be: Select one: a. Intensifying screens b. Safelight c. Processing chemicals d. B and C
d. B and C
What is the purpose of the thin layer of lead that is often located behind the rear intensifying screen in a image receptor? Select one: a. To prevent crossover b. To increase screen speed c. To diffuse light photons d. To prevent scattered radiation fog
d. To prevent scattered radiation fog
Intensifying screens are used to: Select one: a. reduce patient radiation exposure b. produce light photons c. amplifying the incoming x-ray beam d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Optimum screen to film contact is assured by this layer of a typical imaging cassette. Select one: a. phosphor layer thickness b. screen base c. cassette back d. compression pad
d. compression pad
All of the following would increase the speed of an intensifying screen EXCEPT: Select one: a. thicker active layer b. larger crystals c. decreased temperature d. decreased kVp
d. decreased kVp
Poor film-screen contact results in: Select one: a. increased density b. decreased contrast c. increased magnification d. decreased recorded detail
d. decreased recorded detail
Intensifying screens are typically used with which type of film? Select one: a. dental b. mammographic c. single emulsion d. duplitized
d. duplitized
When a phosphor is struck by an x-ray photon, it will emit light: Select one: a. parallel to the angle of incidence b. perpendicular to the angle of incidence c. at a 45-degree angle to the angle of incidence d. in all directions
d. in all directions
More than 90 percent of the exposure produced on a radiographic film is caused by: Select one: a. x-ray photons b. backscatter radiation c. processing solutions d. intensifying screen crystals
d. intensifying screen crystals
The units used for relative speed are mm/sec. Select one: True False
False
When a silver ion is attracted to the negatively charged sensitivity speck, the speck is ionized. Select one: True False
False
The gelatin found in the emulsion chemically reacts with silver halide. Select one: True False
False
The naked eye can resolve approximately 50 lp/mm. Select one: True False
False
The supercoat is a layer of hard, protective adhesive material. Select one: True False
False
"Latent Image" is the term used to describe the radiographic image seen on a viewbox illuminator. Select one: True False
False
A high-atomic-number phosphor is desirable to decrease the probability of an incident x-ray photon interaction. Select one: True False
False
An increase in kVp will cause a decrease in screen speed. Select one: True False
False
As conversion efficiency increases, the radiation dose to the patient increases. Select one: True False
False
Direct exposure film has a double emulsion. Select one: True False
False
Double-emulsion film must be loaded with the notch in the lower left corner. Select one: True False
False
Patient dose is the only consideration when choosing a film-screen combination. Select one: True False
False
Primarily, it is x-ray photons that interact with the film. Select one: True False
False
Smaller crystals and a thinner layer decrease resolution and increase speed. Select one: True False
False
Double-emulsion film is sometimes called duplitized film. Select one: True False
True
As film-screen latitude decreases, contrast increases. Select one: True False
True
A negatively charged sensitivity speck attaracts a free silver cation. Select one: True False
True
Adding a reflective layer to an intensifying screen will increase the amount of light reflected toward the film emulsion. Select one: True False
True
Which one of these radiographic films is not a single-emulsion film? Select one: a. fluoroscopic b. mammographic c. dental d. duplication
a. fluoroscopic
An overall image density arising from factors other than the light or radiation used to expose the image is called Select one: a. fog. b. log relative exposure. c. optical density. d. artifact.
a. fog.
Carbon fiber material may be found in the: Select one: a. front of a cassette b. base of a radiographic film c. emulsion of a radiographic film d. active phosphor layer of intensifying screens
a. front of a cassette
A small crystal size will produce _____ resolution and ______ speed. Select one: a. high, slow b. low, slow c. high, fast d. low, fast
a. high, slow
To increase the speed of an intensifying screen, Select one: a. increase phosphor size b. decrease layer thickness c. decrease phosphor concentration d. all of the above
a. increase phosphor size
The silver halide crystal lattice is bound together with which type of bond? Select one: a. ionic b. covalent c. halide d. non-ionic
a. ionic
The image that is present on a radiographic film after capture and prior to processing is called the ___________ image. Select one: a. latent b. progressive c. interlaced d. manifest
a. latent
The equation for optical density is: Select one: a. log 10 (light incident/light transmitted) b. Old/new = new/old c. Old R/new R = Old D/New D d. None of the above
a. log 10 (light incident/light transmitted)
The term spectral matching refers to the fact that film sensitivity must be matched with the Select one: a. proper color screen fluorescence. b. correct kVp level. c. correct mA level. d. proper developer concentration.
a. proper color screen fluorescence.
A light-absorbing dye is frequently incorporated during the manufacture of screens to Select one: a. reduce the diffusion of fluorescent light. b. decrease film contrast. c. increase screen speed. d. increase the useful life of the screen.
a. reduce the diffusion of fluorescent light.
"Clear film" is not really clear. Clear films have a slight tint or coloration in the blue spectrum. What is the primary function of this blue tint? Select one: a. reduces viewer eye fatigue b. enhances the visualization of sharp edges c. creates a better background for viewing grays d. adds nothing to the diagnostic information
a. reduces viewer eye fatigue
The device used to give a film a predetermined exposure in order to test its response to processing is called the Select one: a. sensitometer. b. densitometer. c. step wedge. d. spinning top.
a. sensitometer.
The precise wavelength of light emitted by the phosphor is termed the: Select one: a. spectral emission b. conversion efficiency c. conversion emission d. spectral efficiency
a. spectral emission
The toe of the sensitometric curve has a range of values from: Select one: a. 0.25 to 2.50 b. 0.00 to 0.25 c. 2.50 to 3.50 d. 2.0 to 3.0
b. 0.00 to 0.25
An unexposed and processed film will have a density of about Select one: a. zero. b. 0.1. c. 1.0. d. 2.5.
b. 0.1.
A measurement was taken on an unexposed area of the film. The density reading was 0.17, at what point on the H & D Curve would the measurement be taken for OD1? Select one: a. 0.17 b. 0.42 c. 1.17 d. 2.17
b. 0.42
Cassette fronts should not exceed an aluminum equivalency of: Select one: a. 0.1 mm b. 0.5 mm c. 5 mm d. 10 mm
b. 0.5 mm
Cassette front material can be made of which of the following? 1. Carbon fiber 2. Magnesium 3. Lead Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
Radiographic contrast is a result of 1. differential tissue absorption. 2. emulsion characteristics. 3. proper regulation of mAs. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
The DlogE curve of film 1 shows on LRE1 is 0.8, and LRE2 of 1.5. The H&D curve of film 2 shows an LRE1 of 0.6 and an LRE2 of 1.5. Which of the following is a true statement? Select one: a. Both films will have an equal effect on subject contrast b. Film 1 will exaggerate subject contrast more than Film 2 c. Film 2 will exaggerate subject contrast more than Film 1 d. None of the above
b. Film 1 will exaggerate subject contrast more than Film 2
When green-sensitive rare earth screens are properly matched with the correct film, what type of safelight should be used in the darkroom? Select one: a. Wratten 6B b. GBX c. Amber d. None
b. GBX
Solarization ensures that, given additional exposure, the radiograph will demonstrate: Select one: a. Greater density b. Less density c. Greater detail d. Less detail
b. Less density
If a blue light-sensitive film is used with a green light-emitting screen, the resultant radiograph will display: Select one: a. Loss of contrast b. Loss of density c. Loss of recorded detail d. Quantum mottle
b. Loss of density
If a blue-light sensitive film is used with a green-light-emitting screen, the resultant radiograph will display: Select one: a. Loss of contrast b. Loss of density c. Loss of recorded detail d. Quantum mottle
b. Loss of density
A material that has the ability to emit a light is termed: Select one: a. Sensitometric b. Luminescent c. Isotrophic d. Resonance
b. Luminescent
Which of the following crystals continue to glow after cessation of radiation? Select one: a. Fluorescent crystals b. Phosphorescent crystals c. Quartz crystals d. Calcium crystals
b. Phosphorescent crystals
Lead foil placed on the backlid of the cassette is used for: Select one: a. Increasing screen speed b. Prevention of back scatter radiation c. Stability d. Grids only
b. Prevention of back scatter radiation
The relationship between the intensity of light striking a film and the intensity of light transmitted through the film is an expression of which of the following? Select one: a. Radiographic contrast b. Radiographic density c. Recorded detail d. Radiographic filtration
b. Radiographic density
Intensifying screens primary advantage over direct-exposure film is: Select one: a. Increased detail b. Reduced patient dose c. Increased latitude d. More than one, but not all of the above
b. Reduced patient dose
When films using H&D curves are compared, the slower films are plotted on the far: Select one: a. Top b. Right c. Left d. Bottom
b. Right
When films using H&D curves are compared, the wider-latitude films are plotted on the far: Select one: a. Top b. Right c. Left d. Bottom
b. Right
An increase in the screen speed may be obtained by: Select one: a. Using thinner crystal layer b. Selecting a phosphor with a high conversion factor c. Adding dye enhancement d. Using smaller crystals
b. Selecting a phosphor with a high conversion factor
What corrective action should be taken if a wire-mesh test performed by the quality control technologist displays an area of localized blurring on the image? Select one: a. Retake a radiograph using a test phantom to pinpoint the problem b. The cassette should be repaired or discarded. c. Replace the viewbox illuminator bulbs, and reset the photometer d. Post a note on the cassette to inform all radiographers to adjust technique appropriately
b. The cassette should be repaired or discarded.
Different types of phophors emit visible light in different frequencies, called spectral emission. What is the importance of this? Select one: a. The spectral emission must be the direct opposite of the radiographic film to maximize the exposure. b. The spectral emission of the intensifying screen must match the sensitivity of the radiographic film to maximize the exposure. c. The spectral emission of the intensifying screen must be at a lower frequency than the sensitivity of the radiographic film to maximize the exposure. d. The spectral emission of the intensifying screen must be at a higher frequency that the sensitivity of the radiographic film to maximize the exposure.
b. The spectral emission of the intensifying screen must match the sensitivity of the radiographic film to maximize the exposure.
The primary function of gelatin in film construction is: Select one: a. For stability b. To suspend silver halide crystals c. To soften the illuminative quality of the film d. To increase latitude
b. To suspend silver halide crystals
To limit the graininess of the resultant image, which would be most appropriate? Select one: a. Use a film with large crystals b. Use a film with small crystals c. Use high-speed film d. Use a thicker base film
b. Use a film with small crystals
A slower film-screen system will exhibit: Select one: a. Higher contrast b. Wider latitude c. Poorer recorded detail d. Increased density
b. Wider latitude
Images are being produced with excessive blurring at the edges when certain cassettes are used. What quality control device should be used to evaluate this blur? Select one: a. Pinhole camera b. Wire-mesh c. Star test pattern d. Oscilloscope
b. Wire-mesh
Unlike cassettes used for conventional radiography, cassettes used with automatic exposure control (AEC) devices are constructed: Select one: a. With an additional layer of thick lead b. With a radiolucent back c. Without intensifying screens d. Without a radiolucent front
b. With a radiolucent back
Image receptors/cassettes frequently have a lead foil layer behind the rear screen that functions to Select one: a. improve penetration. b. absorb backscatter. c. preserve resolution. d. increase the screen speed.
b. absorb backscatter.
X-ray film emulsion is most sensitive to safelight fog Select one: a. before exposure and development. b. after exposure. c. during development. d. at low humidity.
b. after exposure.
The most commonly used silver halide is silver: Select one: a. iodide b. bromide c. chloride d. fluoride
b. bromide
Select the material below that typically makes up the exposure surface of a film cassette holder. Select one: a. lead b. carbon fiber c. copper d. tungsten
b. carbon fiber
A wire mesh test is performed to diagnose screen Select one: a. lag. b. contact. c. resolution. d. intensification.
b. contact.
An intensifying screen with an active phosphor layer greater than 300 microns thick has been manufactured for use with an appropriate radiographic film to produce a finished radiograph with a sharp, clear image. Testing these new screens in clinical application resulted in a blurred radiographic image. The cause of this lack of sharpness in the radiographic image was: Select one: a. clumping of the larger phosphor crystals in the center of the intensifying screens b. that light from the excessively thick active phosphor layer must travel farther before reaching the film, resulting in greater spreading (diffusion) of those rays c. that an area on one screen was deficient in crystal layer thickness d. that light from the excessively thick active phosphor layer traveled too short a distance before reaching the film, resulting in less spreading of the light rays.
b. that light from the excessively thick active phosphor layer must travel farther before reaching the film, resulting in greater spreading (diffusion) of those rays
An important component of the base of an intensifying screen is: Select one: a. speed b. uniform radiolucency c. uniform radiopacity d. all of the above
b. uniform radiolucency
If a light-absorbing dye is added to the phosphor layer of an intensifying screen to decrease light diffusion, the speed of the screen: Select one: a. will increase and detail will decrease b. will decrease and detail will increase c. remains unchanged while detail increases d. increases while detail remains the same
b. will decrease and detail will increase
The section of an H&D curve on which density is plotted is the: Select one: a. Shoulder b. y-axis c. Body d. x-axis
b. y-axis
Using a wire mesh test, a warped cassette will demonstrate which of the following? Select one: a. Increased contrast b. Increased detail in certain areas c. Blurred, blotchy, dark areas d. Static artifacts
c. Blurred, blotchy, dark areas
The section of an H&D curve that represents the visible image is the: Select one: a. Shoulder b. Toe c. Body d. x-axis
c. Body
The blue tint that is used in the base material of the radiographic film serves to: 1. Prevent the cross-talk 2. Provide greater visual acuity 3. Decrease the base-plus-fog Select one: a. 1 only b. 3 only c. 1 and 2 only d. 1 and 3 only
c. 1 and 2 only
A reading of a sensitometric strip indicates a density unit of 1. What percentage of incident light has been transmitted through the radiographic film? Select one: a. 100 b. 50 c. 10 d. .01
c. 10
After loading a cassette with film, how long should you wait before performing a quality assurance test for screen contact? Select one: a. 2 minutes b. 5 minutes c. 15 minutes d. 30 minutes
c. 15 minutes
Once manufactured, radiographic film typically has a shelf life of approximately ___ months. Select one: a. 24 b. 12 c. 18 d. 36
c. 18
Component part(s) of x-ray film include the following: 1. Phosphor layer 2. Gelatin emulsion 3. Adhesive layer Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
c. 2 and 3 only
Rare earth phosphors that may be used in intensifying screens include 1. cesium iodide. 2. gadolinium oxysulfide. 3. lanthanum oxybromide. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
c. 2 and 3 only
The term phosphorescence is also known as: 1. Fluorescence 2. After glow 3. Screen lag Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
c. 2 and 3 only
Which of the following would be appropriate cassette front material(s)? 1. Tungsten 2. Magnesium 3. Bakelite Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
c. 2 and 3 only
Which of the following is not characteristic of a cassette? 1. Radiolucent 2. Lightproof 3. Converts x-rays into visible light 4. Chemically inert Select one: a. 1, 2, and 4 b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 3 only d. 1, 3, and4
c. 3 only
The rare-earth screens use phosphors with atomic numbers of: Select one: a. 3 to 11 b. 12 to 27 c. 57 to 71 d. 98 to 131
c. 57 to 71
What must be done to x-ray film to make it compatible with a rare earth phosphor intensification screen? Select one: a. Use silver oxysulfide in place of silver halide in the film emulsion b. Use a rare earth component in the x-ray film emulsion c. Add a light-absorbing dye in the x-ray film emulsion d. Use a rare earth component in the x-ray film base
c. Add a light-absorbing dye in the x-ray film emulsion
What type of phosphor material was in Roentgen s laboratory when he discovered x-rays? Select one: a. Cesium iodide b. Calcium tungstate c. Barium platinocyanide d. Lithium fluoride
c. Barium platinocyanide
What causes a black, crescent, half-moon artifact on a radiograph? Select one: a. Static discharge b. Handling the film with damp hands c. Bending the film d. Improper alignment of guide-shoe deflectors
c. Bending the film
What information, located on each box of film, is important to note and has a direct relationship to image quality? Select one: a. Number of films in the box b. Manufacturer's name c. Expiration date d. Emulsion lot
c. Expiration date
What is the difference between phosphorescence and fluorescence? Select one: a. Fluorescence does not cease to illuminate after the exposure has ended. b. Phosporescence ceases to illuminate after the exposure has ended c. Fluorescence ceases to illuminate after the exposure has ended d. Phosphorescence does not illuminate as intensely as fluorescence.
c. Fluorescence ceases to illuminate after the exposure has ended
Why are a single intensifying screen and single emulsion film used for select radiographic examinations? Select one: a. To decrease patient dose b. To achieve longer-scale contrast c. For better recorded detail d. To decrease fiscal expenses
c. For better recorded detail
The greater number of photons that reach the film, the: Select one: a. Better the contrast b. Shorter the wavelength c. Greater the metallic silver concentration d. Higher the recorded detail
c. Greater the metallic silver concentration
Gadolinium and Lanthanum compounds are: Select one: a. Special reducing agents found in the developer b. Iodinated radiographic contrast agents c. High speed rare earth phosphors d. Gallbladder evacuants
c. High speed rare earth phosphors
A slower film-screen system results in: Select one: a. Decreased recorded detail b. Decreased sharpness c. Increased definition d. Higher contrast
c. Increased definition
When films using H&D curves are compared, the higher-contrast films are plotted on the far: Select one: a. Top b. Right c. Left d. Bottom
c. Left
A radiograph taken with a film-screen combination having a wide latitude will likely exhibit: Select one: a. High contrast b. High density c. Low contrast d. Low recorded detail
c. Low contrast
Intensifying screens are cleaned with: Select one: a. Alcohol b. Soap and water c. Manufacturer s screen cleaner d. Ammonia
c. Manufacturer s screen cleaner
Blurring of the radiographic image caused by movement of either the patient or the x-ray tube during exposure is called: Select one: a. Shape distortion b. Radiographic parallax c. Motion unsharpness d. Geometric unsharpness
c. Motion unsharpness
Manufacturers of x-ray film have found that when silver iodide and ________ are added to the silver bromide crystals in the film emulsion, the crystals become more sensitive to the x-ray photon energy range. Select one: a. Silver nitrate b. Potassium bromide c. Mustard oil d. Gelatin colloid suspension
c. Mustard oil
Film base is currently made of which of the following materials? Select one: a. Cellulose nitrate b. Cellulose acetate c. Polyester d. Glass
c. Polyester
A faster film-screen system will exhibit: Select one: a. Lower contrast b. Wider latitude c. Poorer recorded detail d. Decreased density
c. Poorer recorded detail
Most laser film must be handled Select one: a. under a Wratten 6B safelight. b. under a GBX safelight. c. in total darkness. d. with high-temperature processors.
c. in total darkness.
To eliminate quantum mottle, Select one: a. increase kVp b. decrease mAs c. increase mAs d. increase kVp
c. increase mAs
An intensifying screen consists of each of the following except the: Select one: a. base b. phosphor layer c. lead strips d. reflective layer
c. lead strips
After cleaning the intensifying screen(s) in a cassette, it is best to: Select one: a. load the cassette with film and close it b. close the cassette without loading it c. leave the cassette open to allow it to air dry d. load the film with an absorbent material and close it
c. leave the cassette open to allow it to air dry
Which photons primarily interact with the radiographic film? Select one: a. x-ray b. heat c. light d. sound
c. light
The conversion of the energy of the radiographic beam into visible light is accomplished by the: Select one: a. reflective layer of the intensifying screen b. silver halide crystals of the film emulsion c. phosphor of the intensifying screen d. processing chemistry
c. phosphor of the intensifying screen
When light emitted from a phosphor is delayed, it is called: Select one: a. intensification b. fluorescence c. phosphorescence d. luminescence
c. phosphorescence
Materials that emit light when stimulated by x-ray photons are called Select one: a. ions. b. electrodes. c. phosphors. d. crystals.
c. phosphors.
Magnesium oxide or titanium dioxide may be found in the: Select one: a. active layer of an intensifying screen b. base of radiographic film c. reflective layer of an intensifying screen d. emulsion of radiographic film
c. reflective layer of an intensifying screen
The impurity added to the silver halide crystal lattice is called the: Select one: a. silver ion b. gold-silver dust c. sensitivity speck d. hardener
c. sensitivity speck
The light-sensitive material found in radiographic film emulsion is: Select one: a. calcium tungstate b. cesium iodide c. sodium halide d. silver halide
c. sodium halide
Slow-speed screens are used Select one: a. to minimize patient dose. b. to keep exposure time to a minimum. c. to image fine anatomic details. d. in pediatric radiography.
c. to image fine anatomic details.
A densitometer film density measurement of 3 corresponds to approximately ____ of the light from a viewbox being transmitted through the film. Select one: a. 100 percent b. 10 percent c. 1.0 percent d. 0.1 percent
d. 0.1 percent
The unit of measure for density is optical density. Which of the following ranges of optical densities best represents the diagnostic range? Select one: a. 1.0 to 10 b. 2.5 to 3.0 c. 0.10 to 0.35 d. 0.25 to 2.5
d. 0.25 to 2.5
For the Hurter and Driffield (H & D) curve, an increase of _______ on the log relative exposure axis is equal to doubling of the exposure. Select one: a. 0.6 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0.3
d. 0.3
What percentage of the latent image is formed by x-ray photons? Select one: a. 100 percent b. 99 percent c. 50 percent d. 1 percent
d. 1 percent
Which of the following are important factors when considering a phosphor material? 1. Atomic number 2. Conversion efficiency 3. Spectral emission 4. Luminescence Select one: a. 1 and 2 b. 1, 3, and 4 c. 1, 2, and 4 d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
Factors that contribute to film fog include 1. the age of the film. 2. excessive exposure to safelight. 3. processor chemistry. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Factors that contribute to film fog include: 1. the age of the film. 2. excessive exposure to safelight. 3. processor chemistry. Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Greater latitude is available to the radiographer in which of the following circumstances? 1. Using high-kVp technical factors 2. Using a slow film-screen combination 3. Using a low-ratio grid Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
The aging of film results in: 1. Loss of speed 2. Loss of contrast 3. Increased fog Select one: a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Solarized film is: Select one: a. Dental film b. Mammographic film c. Duplitized film d. Duplicating film
d. Duplicating film
What is the most common type of filter used in most modern darkroom safelights? Select one: a. Wratten 2-B b. Wratten 4-B c. Wratten 6-B d. GBX
d. GBX
A slower film-screen system will exhibit: Select one: a. Higher contrast b. Narrower latitude c. Poorer recorded detail d. Higher patient dose
d. Higher patient dose
In reference to the curve designed by Hurter and Driffield, how are latitude and contrast related? Select one: a. Directly proportional to the square of the average gradient b. Indirectly proportional c. Directly proportional d. Inversely proportional
d. Inversely proportional
Which of the following is an abnormal intensifying screen action? Select one: a. Fluorescence b. Luminescence c. Speed d. Lag
d. Lag
A faster film-screen system will exhibit: Select one: a. Lower contrast b. Wider latitude c. Better recorded detail d. Lower patient dose
d. Lower patient dose
In which of the following examinations would a cassette front with very low absorption properties be especially important? Select one: a. Abdominal radiography b. Extremity radiography c. Angiography d. Mammography
d. Mammography
As the screen speed increases in an imaging system, the: Select one: a. Radiographic contrast will decrease b. Latitude will increase c. Resolution will increase d. Radiographic density will increase
d. Radiographic density will increase
The speed of a film indicates the: Select one: a. Contrast b. Density c. Resistance to fog d. Sensitivity
d. Sensitivity
A film emulsion having wide latitude is likely to exhibit Select one: a. high density. b. low density. c. high contrast. d. low contrast.
d. low contrast.
The ability of a material to emit light in response to excitation is: Select one: a. intensification b. fluorescence c. phosphorescence d. luminescence
d. luminescence
A change from 100 speed screens to 200 speed screens would require what change in mAs? Select one: a. mAs should be increased by 15%. b. mAs should be increased by 30%. c. mAs should be doubled. d. mAs should be halved.
d. mAs should be halved.
The active layer of the intensifying screen is the: Select one: a. base b. reflective layer c. protective layer d. phosphor layer
d. phosphor layer
A radiographer places a loaded cassette on the radiographic table and then places a 3/16-inch wire mesh on top of the cassette front. The X-ray tube is set at a 36-inch SID and centered over the cassette. A radiographic exposure is then made with single-phase equipment at 50 kVp, 0.05 seconds, and 50 mA. The developed radiograph shows an area of blurring of the wire mesh. The cause of the problem is: Select one: a. quantum mottle b. phosphorescence c. modulation transfer function d. poor screen-film contact
d. poor screen-film contact
Silver bromide precipitates out when silver nitrate reacts with? Select one: a. bromide nitrate b. silver potassium c. potassium nitrate d. potassium bromide
d. potassium bromide
The ability of the phosphor to emit as much light per x-ray photon interaction as possible is a measurement of the: Select one: a. brillance b. spectral emission c. atomic number d. screen speed
d. screen speed
When using intensifying screens, you can expect to see quantum mottle on your processed radiographic film if: Select one: a. the film is overexposed because of excessive kVp levels b. the small focal spot is used when mAs is doubled c. nonscreen techniques are used d. the kVp is too low
d. the kVp is too low
