EXSS 288 Exam 3

True or false, athletes with the sickle cell trait can participate in all sports?

True

Which of the following is known as "heat collapse"?

heat syncope

oblique fracture

occurs at an angle across the bone

What type of cells lay extra bone to form a callus following a fracture?

osteoblasts

Nerve injuries

•Compression or tensioning of neural structure -Secondary to direct blow -Acute swelling in enclosed space -Pathology which compromises space for nerve •Anesthesia -No sensation •Paresthesia -tingling, burning, numbness •Hyperesthesia -hypersensitivity

Syncope signs and symptoms

-cool, pale, moist skin - numbness -nausea, faint feeling, dizziness *precedes syncope -sweating -vomiting -head/abdominal pain

open injury

-exposed -breaks the surface of the skin

Tendon (mechanism of injury)

-high magnitude, single load, tensile forces -low magnitude, repetitive load, tensile forces -friction -compressive forces

management of shock

-maintain body temp as close to normal as possible - elevate feet and legs 8-12 in -do not give anything by mouth until instructed

Dislocations treatment

-treated as a fracture until ruled out - x-ray - return to play determined by extent of soft tissue damage

The following three questions (Q's 4-6) correspond to the following situation: You are an athletic trainer at a soccer practice and there is adverse weather coming towards your current location. You see a strike of lightning in the distance and then count 55 seconds between when you see the lightning and when you hear the thunder. Question 6 - 17. Based on the scenario, if the field has been cleared because lightning was close, how long must you wait until activity can resume?

30 minutes from the last lightning strike/thunder

Commotio Cordis

A blunt chest injury caused by a sudden, direct blow to the chest that occurs only during the critical portion of a person's heartbeat. *accounts for 20% of sudden cardiac death in US

Diabetes

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin or does not use insulin effectively, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

Stroke

A sudden attack of weakness or paralysis that occurs when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted causing permanent damage to brain tissue

True or false, phobias can lead to anxiety and/or panic attacks?

True

Match the type of shock to its description. A. result of severe allergic reaction B. inability of heart to pump enough blood C. decreased blood volume resulting in poor oxygen transport D. caused by general vessel dilation which ultimately decreases oxygen transport E. Result of bacterial infection and toxins F. syncope or fainting caused by temporary dilation of vessels decreasing blood flow to the brain G. occurs when illness goes untreated or when extensive fluid loss occurs H. lungs unable to supply enough oxygen to circulating blood

A) anaphylactic B) cardiogenic C) hypovelmic D) nuerogenic E) septic F) psychogenic G) metabolic H) respiratory

Match the type of bleeding with how it would be observed. A. bright red with flow occurring in spurts B. reddish in color and exudes from tissue C. dark red with continuous flow

A) arterial 2) venous 3) capillary

ligaments

Connect bone to bone -join bones and provide stability to joints

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone -execute joint motion by transmitting mechanical forces from muscle to bones

asking someone if they are thinking about suicide will increase the chance of suicide? True/False?

False, okay to ask those type of questions

closed injury

any injury in which there is no break in the continuity of the skin

A fracture of the epiphysis due to force applied to bone from a tendon may be best classified as:

avulsion

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

A stroke can be cause by which of the following?

blood clot/aneurysm/ atherosclerosis

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

When a highly allergic individual is stung by a bee or wasp, you should do which of the following first?

call 911

Tetanus is a potentially fatal infection that effects which system of the body?

central nervous system

tendons are highly ________ in composition?

collagenous

A fracture that is through the skin, exposed to the air would be best classified as:

compound

tension

creates a pulling action trying to elongate the structure EX: hamstring tear

compression

creates a pushing action tending to shorten the structure EX: a broken bone that can cause vertebrae to collapse

Load/stress

external/internal force acting on the tissue

Syncope

fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

T/F, you should rub chillblains (frostnip)

false

Bursitis

fluid filled sac in places where friction occurs

Shear Force

forces that acts parallel to the cross section or surface of a body -two forces in opposite directions

comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

Which of the following are ways that poisoning can occur? (Select all the apply)

inhalation, ingestion, absorption

When managing a patient suspected of suffering from exertional heat stroke the first thing you should do is:

initiate whole body cooling with an ice bath

Sprains are disruptions to ligaments and strains are disruptions to tendons

ligaments, tendons

torsion

load applied causing structure to twist about an axis EX: ACL injuries occurs when bones of the leg twist in the opposite direction under full body weight

Tendon is often strongest at what location?

mid-substance

Care for a diabetic emergency (prevention)

monitor glucose levels, make sure level does not fall below 70 mg/dl

Transverse fracture

occurs straight across the bone

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of a snake bite? (Select all that apply)

one or two distinct puncture wounds/ swelling and discoloration

The most accurate location to determine core body temperature is?

rectum

Someone who is hearing voices may be suffering from which chronic mental illness?

schizophrenia

_______ is a severe, mental illness which someone hears voices or feels their thoughts are being controlled by others

schizophrenia

Excited Delirium Syndrome

signs/symptoms are agitation/insensitivity to pain/increase in body temp

main goal of a tourniquet is to

stop the bleeding

bone shape

sudden shape changes are areas where mechanical stresses are most concentrated

In what position should you place someone who has fainted?

supine with their legs elevated

Someone suffering from bipolar disorder may demonstrate which of the following behaviors:

swings from depression to mania

Tendon injuries

tendinitis, tenosynovitis, strain, rupture, contusion

type 2 diabetes mellitus

the body produces insulin, but either the cells do not use the insulin effectively or not enough insulin is produced

type 1 diabetes mellitus

the body produces little or no insulin (have to inject insulin into their bodies daily)

combined loading

the simultaneous action of two or more types of forces

Abrasions

top layer of skins wear away exposing capillaries

True or false, a bulls-eye type pattern surrounding a tick bite is a sign of Lyme disease?

true

True or false, patients suffering heat stroke often present with dry, hot skin.

true

a toxin is a poisonous substance produced by a microorganism that causes a disease, t/F

true

When can you remove an impaled object?

when it interferes w/ CPR and when it is in the cheek and obstructs the airway

Lightning

1) #2 cause of death by weather phenomena 2) get shelter (avoid large trees/standing water/metal objects) 3) if hair stands up need to squat down due to immediate danger 4)divide by 5 to calculate mileage distance (15s means immediate danger)

Care for Poisoning

1) Check scene 2) check for life threatening conditions 3) Call 911 is victim is unconscious or trouble breathing 4) if conscious ask victim questions about poison (how much, did ingest/inhale/inject, and when they took it)

Exertional Heat stroke signs and symptoms

1) altered consciousness 2) seizures 3) confusion 4) collapse 5) flushed, hot skin

Frostbite

1) appears pale, hard, cold 2) when re-warm area will feel numb and then sting 3) may blister 4) DEEP Frostbite = requires hospitalization/ tissue will become blotchy red/gangrenous/rapid re-warming necessary

Types of dehydration (3)

1) mild = less than 5% weight loss 2) Moderate = 10% 3) severe = 11-15% weight loss (requires medical attention)

Ways to prevent heat illness (3)?

1) monitoring heat index 2) appropriate hydration 3) gradual acclimatization

Chronic muscle injury

1) myositis: inflammation of muscle 2) fascitis: inflammation of fascia within the muscle 3) myositis ossificans: repeat trauma

Please list the five types of wounds and briefly describe them.

1) open/closed: wound has bone popping out/ wound does not show at all (no bony process outside from skin) 2) abrasion 3) puncture 4) laceration 5)incision

Direct Pressure

1) plunging the hole (want to stop flow of the blood by allowing a clot to form) 2) use of gauze 3) body substance isolation 4) gather materials 5) directly apply pressure 6) add more layers if needed *NEVER remove saturated wound care materials 7) hemostatic dressings (chemical that speeds up clotting)

Recognize the signs in student athlete

1) pre participation exams 2) pre participating screening health questionnaire 3) generalized anxiety disorder worksheet 4) questions related to diet and body image

Neurogenic shock is caused by which of the following?

vessel dilation not allowing blood to fill the system

The yield point of tissue is:

when load is greater than mechanical capabilities of the tissue

Skeletal muscle injury: Acute

-Contusions •Sudden traumatic blow with compressive force •Superficial or deep tissue affected •Rated by the ability of muscle to produce ROM -Strains •Stretch or tear in muscle •Abnormal muscle contraction -Mineral imbalance from sweat -Fatigue -Strength imbalance

Dislocation

-bone is forced out of the joint -more common in upper extremities -Subluxation is partial dislocation -S&S is deformity almost always present

Care for commotio Cordis

1) early CPR 2) early defibrillation AED

QPR training (suicide specific)

1) question/persuade/refer 2) question (recognize signs and ask hard questions) 3) persuade (listen/give attention/offer help) 4) Refer (take them to appt./ help schedule)

Each minute defibrillation is delayed in cases of commotio cortis or other cardiac emergencies, the chance of survival decreases by how much?

10%

Exertional heat stroke is classified as an increase in core body temperature greater than or equal to:

104

The following three questions (Q's 4-6) correspond to the following situation: You are an athletic trainer at a soccer practice and there is adverse weather coming towards your current location. You see a strike of lightning in the distance and then count 55 seconds between when you see the lightning and when you hear the thunder. Question 4 - Using the flash-to-bang method, approximately how close is the lightning to your location?

11 miles

when using the flash to bang method of calculating the storm distance, you divide the count of seconds by what number?

5

Hypothermia is classified as core body temperature:

<95

serrated fracture

An injury where the two ends of the bone have sharp jagged edges or a sawtooth appearance

BEFAST (stroke)

Balance Eyes Face Arms Speech Time (CALL 911)

Care for a diabetic emergency (severe hypoglycemia)

Call EMS/ glucagon injection

The following three questions (Q's 4-6) correspond to the following situation: You are an athletic trainer at a soccer practice and there is adverse weather coming towards your current location. You see a strike of lightning in the distance and then count 55 seconds between when you see the lightning and when you hear the thunder. Question 5 - True or false, according to the guidelines we discussed in class, the field should be cleared, and shelter should be taken immediately. True/false?

False

True or false, someone who is Type I diabetic produces insulin, but their cells do not use it properly.

False

Yield Point

Load is greater than mechanical capabilities of the tissue -mechanical failure begins to occur

Chronic Injury

Mechanical failure of soft tissue due to REPEATED MICRO-TRAUMA occurring an extended period of time -gradual onset and are of prolonged duration

Signs and symptoms of shock

Moist, pale, cold, clammy skin Weak rapid pulse, increasing shallow respiration decreased blood pressure Urinary retention and fecal incontinence Irritability or excitement, and potentially thirst

Exertional hyponatremia is due to excessive loss of what molecule/ion through sweat?

Na+

An individual suffering from a seizure involving convulsions that may last a few minutes is suffering from what kind of seizure?

Tonic-clonic (grand mal)

True or false, anxiety is based on the feeling that the individual has no control over the situation and a fear of what may happen next?

True

Bone being able to adapt to the load that is placed on it is the definition of:

Wolffs Laws

Two type of diabetic emergencies: Hypoglycemia

a condition where the insulin level in the body is too high -too little sugar -also called insulin shock -disorientated/nausea/feeling ill

Two type of diabetic emergencies: Hyperglycemia

a condition where the insulin level in the body is too low -too much blood glucose -flushed hot dry skin, fruity breath -result in diabetic coma

spiral fracture

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

longitudinal fracture

a fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

contrecoup fracture

a fracture which occurs on the side opposite where the blow was sustained

Anaphylaxis

a severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.

Heat index is the combination of ___________ and _________ to determine human perceived equivalent temperature (how hot it feels).

air temperature and relative humidity

impacted fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

Deformation/Strain

extent of deformation under loading -degree of deformation depends on tissue composition speed of applied load frequency of loading

acute injury

mechanical failure of soft tissue due to EXCESSIVE FORCE occurring in a single bout -subset onset of short duration

Anesthesia is described as:

no sensation

Caring for syncope

- Position on flat surface - elevate legs 12 inches - loosen clothing that is restrictive - check victim - do not give individual anything eat/drink - do not splash victim with water/ slap their face

Bone size

- increase mass = increase bone strength

Ligament: grade of sprain

1) first = no tissue disruption/ end feel is firm 2) second = partial disruption/ feels soft 3) third = complete disruption/no feel

Muscle injuries: grades

1) first = overstretching/ mild loss of strength and swelling 2) second = further stretching/ partial tearing of muscle / symptoms are more severe 3) third = complete rupture/ loss of muscle function

Bone is most resilient against which type of force?

Compression

Cold Disorders

1) fluid replacement vital 2) decrease in blood volume leads to decrease in fluid available

Shock

1) generally occurs w/severe bleeding/fracture/internal injuries 2) decrease in blood available in circulatory system 4) mov't of blood cells slow, decreasing oxygen transport to the body 5) extreme fatigue, dehydration,

You are working as an athletic trainer when you realize that one of your diabetic athletes is in a mild state of hypoglycemia. Please list the steps you would take in providing care for them.

1) get 15g of fasting carbs feed it to person2) wait 15 minutes3) if not better, re-administer 15g of fast acting carbs4) wait 15 minutes5) if not better call EMS and standby person till arrive

Care for a diabetic emergency (mild hypoglycemia)

1) give 10-15 g of fast acting carb 2) measure 3) wait 15 minutes, re-measure 4) if still low give 10-15g of fast acting carb 5) recheck after 15 minutes 6) if still low contact EMS

heat syncope

1) heat collapse 2) exposure to hot environment for long periods or not acclimatized 3) caused by peripheral vasodilation 4) signs/symptoms are fatigue, dizziness, fainting 5) treatment = move to cool environment/lay down/cold liquid consumption

Differences between heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

1) heat exhaustion -heavy sweating -heavy thirst -panting 2) heat stroke -no sweating - hot dry skin -any symptom of heat exhaustion but more severe

Heat Illness 1) heat cramps 2) heat stroke 3) heat exhaustion 4) heat syncope *rank from least severe to most severe

1) heat syncope 2) heat cramps 3) heat exhaustion 4) heat stroke

Muscle: mechanism of injury

1) high magnitude, single load, tensile forces 2) low magnitude, repetitive load, tensile forces 3) contraction induced 4) compressive forces

Ligament: mechanism of injury

1) high magnitude, single load, tensile forces 2) low magnitude, repetitive load, tensile forces (constant tensile forces lead to liagamentous deterioration) 3) compression/shear (ACL)

Tendon mechanical properties?

1) highly collagenous in composition (high resistance to tensile forces) 2) location is strongest in mid-substance, weakest at myo-tendinous/osteo-tendinous junctions

Monitoring Dehydration

1) hydration protocol 2) determine individual sweat rate (1 pound = 1 pint additional fluids during exercise) 3)monitor urine color

Strategies for avoiding dehydration

1) hyperhydration 2) post exercise rehydration

What are some areas of concern for environmental stress?

1) hyperthermia 2) hypothermia 3) storms w/ lightning

Care for insect stings

1) if stinger is still present, remove to prevent further poisoning 2) wash w/ soap and water then cover sit/ apply ice 3)

hyperthermia

1) increase in body temperature 2) thermal load on the body generated internally/externally (muscle/environment) 3) Different variables are temp/weather/humidity/hydration which all contribute to HEAT STRESS

phobias

1) irrational fear of objects/events are usually harmless 2) irrational fear 3) unexplained anxiety 4) desire to flee the situation or avoid the object

For ingested poisons vomiting should not be induced if the victim...

1) is unconscious 2) seizure 3) pregnant 4) ingested drain cleaner or a petroleum product 5) heart disease

Factors to consider in student-athletes

1) lack of sleep 2) classes 3) playing time 4) traveling 5) poor performance

When to call for a seizure incident?

1) last longer than 5 minutes 2) first seizure 3) injury happened 4) uncertain of cause 5) pregnant/diabetes/ is a child 6) takes place in water 7) fail to regain consciousness 8) suspect a stroke

Exertional Heat Stroke

1) life threatening emergency 2) potential tissue damage resulting from a significantly elevated body temp 3) can occur w/ sudden onset w/o warning 4) progresses from heat exhaustion

Bending

1) loading about an axis - combination of tension/compression

Dehydration

1) loss of water/salts is more than is replenished 2) water makes up 60% of male body mass/ 50% females 3) water makes up 75% muscle mass, but only 25% fat mass

Bipolar Disorder (manic depression)

1) mental illness in which the person swings from the extreme lows of depression to the highs of mania 2) rapid speech/quickly changing thought patterns 3) inability to sit still/concentrate 4) inability to finish a task 5)euphoria

Tetanus (domestic/wild animals bite)

1) potentially fatal infection that affect central nervous system 2) common sign is muscle stiffness in jaw (lockjaw) 3) minor wound control bleeding/and apply dressing 4) heavy bleeding control and seek medical care immediately

Sickle cell

1) predominant in african Americans (middle eastern) 2) may have blood in urine from time to time 3) pain/discomfort at high altitudes 4) problems w/ exercise in hot/humid weather 5) red blood cells can sickle during intense exertion, blocking blood vessels 6) important to to build training up slowly/ allowing longer periods of rest/recovery between repetitions

Radiant Heat exchange

1) radiant heat from sunshine 2)body emits radiant heat energy too

Lyme disease

1) rash/weakness/fever and chills 2) in advantage stages can cause arthritis/numbness/memory loss/stiffness in neck

Lacerations

1) sharp or pointed object tears tissues 2) irregular tears

Exertional Heat Exhaustion

1) signs/symptoms = profuse sweating/pale skin/vomiting/dizziness/hyperventilation 2) treatment = remove from play/excess clothing removed/elevate feet/fluid replacement( IV/orally)

Description of Fracture

1) site (diaphysis, epiphysis) 2) Extent (partial, complete) 3) Configuration (transverse, oblique, spiral) 4) Relationship of fragments (displaced or nondisplaced) 5) relationship to environment (open,closed)

Managing behavioral emergencies

1) size up the scene (drugs/pills/alcohol 2) summon advanced personnel 3) DO not approach scene if not safe 4) identify escape routes 5) establish a rapport with patient/ direct eye contact and speak to them (active listening)

Avulsion

1) skin is torn from body 2) major bleeding

Difference between a sprain/strain?

1) sprain is disruption of a ligament 2) Strain is disruption of a tendon/muscle

Exertional Heatstroke treatment

1) strip clothes 2) ice bath plunge (cool first, transport second) 3) follow heatstroke avoid exercise for a week

Poisoning

1) substance that can cause injury/illness/death 2)can be solid/liquid/gases or vapors 3) can only happen by inhalation/ingestion/absorption/injection

evaporative heat less

1) sweat gland in skin transport water to the surface 2) effects of humidity (impairs evaporation, 75% humidity STOP evaporation) 3) heat illness can still occur in cold environment if body cannot dissipate heat

Six primary mechanical forces that cause injury

1) tension 2) compression 3) shear 4) bending 5) torsion 6) combined

Signs/symptoms dehydration

1) thirst 2) dry mouth 3) headache 4) dizziness 5) irritability 6) lethargy 7) poor skin turgor

Fracture Healing process

1) typically 6-8 weeks 2) osteoblasts lay extra bone called callus 3) osteoclasts reshapes bones

Schizophrenia

1) voices or thoughts can instruct the person to do things they would otherwise not do 2) S/S -hallucinations -delusions -lack of hygiene -anger -social isolation

Incision

1) wounds w/smooth edges 2) created by sharp object

Types of shock (8)

1. Hypovolemic: decreased blood volume resulting in poor oxygen transport 2. respiratory: lungs unable to supply enough oxygen to circulating blood 3. neurogenic: caused by general vessel dilation which does not allow typical 6 liters of blood to fill system, decreasing oxygen transport 4. cardiogenic: inability of heart to pump enough blood 5. psychogenic: syncope 6. anaphylactic: severe allergy 7. septic: bacterial infection causes smaller vessels to dilate 8. metabolic: occurs when illness goes untreated

How far above a wound should a tourniquet be applied?

2-3 inches

mental health disorder

1) current manifestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction 2) It is not a n expect able/culturally sanctioned response to a particular event for example, death of a loved one 3) 1 in every 4-5 youth has a mental disorder 4) twice as high in 18-24 than the elderly

Bleeding Control Steps (4)

1) direct pressure 2) elevation 3) pressure points 4) tourniquet

Conductive heat exchange

1) direct/physical contact w/ object/structure (heat is then transferred into or out of the body) 2) results in heat loss or gained

Care for seizure

1) do not hold or restrain victim 2) maintain open airway 3) remove nearby objects that can cause injury 4) after seizure position them on their side so fluid can drain from mouth 5) check for injuries 6) stay with victim until aware

Caregiver Burnout

1) emotional exhaustion 2) reduced sense of personal accomplishment 3) depersonalized attitude toward others 4) Avoid burnout by -personal time -take control -avoid ruminating (thinking about same thing)

Managing behavioral emergency: calm the patient/restrain if a danger

1) explain who you are and where they are if disoriented 2) do not stand too close to patient 3) never leave them alone 4) follow EMS exact instruction 5) stay clear of patients arms/legs 6) only restrain if told so by EMS

Puncture

1) fatal 2) penetration of tissue can result in introduction of tetanus to bloodstream 3) all severe lacerations/puncture wounds be referred to a physician

Anxiety Disorder factors to consider:

1) feel like worrying too much that interferes with all aspects of daily life 2) trouble with alcohol or drug use 3) suicidal thoughts or behavior

Signs/symptoms of seizures

- rise in body temp - change level of consciousness - rhythmic jerking of head and limbs - loss of bladder control - confusion -drowsiness -crying out - becoming rigid - holding the breath - upward rolling of the eyes

tourniquet

1) final option to stop bleeding 2) will cause tissue death 3) goal is to stop blood flow 3) should never be removed by untrained individual 4) if poorly applied can increase bleeding 5) applied 2-3 in above the wound 6) tie a knot and insert stick 7) write TK and time applied on forehead/document use

signs/symptoms of stroke

1) abnormal behavior 2) weakness on body 3) difficulty speaking 4) blurred vision 5) dizziness 6) loss of consciousness

Types of seizures (partial seizure/absence (petit mal)

1) altered mental status for ups to a few minutes 2) brief sudden loss of awareness

pressure points

1) areas of the body where arteries run close to surface of the body 2) apply pressure at these points can temporarily occlude blood flow distally 3) occlusion will help slow blood flow to form clotting 4) apply direct pressure to point as well as wound site/ continue until bleeding stops

Elevation

1) blood will have more difficulty flowing up 2)one hand up/one hand down/hold for 1 min 3) as blood flow decreases our effectiveness of direct pressure will increase (get clot) 4) must be above heart

Hypothermia

1) body temp below 95 degrees 2) shivering/glass stare/weakness 3) severe cases victim may be unconscious/breathing may have slowed 4) carefully remove wet clothing/dry victim/move victim to warm environment/call 911 5) if victim is alert give warm nonalcoholic/decaffeinated liquids to drink

Heat Stress

1) body will attempt to maintain a physiological temp that is safe for function 2) poor management of thermal load that leads to heat illness 3) temp elevated outside normal range that illness is caused

Care for a stroke

1) call 911 2) position on one side to allow fluids to drain 3) stay with victim and check vitals until EMS arrives

Care for snakebites

1) call 911 2) wash wound 3) keep affected area lower than the heart 4) minimize mov't 5) apply elastic roller bandage (if bite from elapid snake) 6) DO not apply ice/cute the wound/apply suction/apply tourniquet/electric shock

Care for spider bites (brown recluse/black widow)/scorpion stings

1) call 911 2) wash wound 3) apply ice

Exertional hyponatermia

1) caused by excessive fluid consumption (too little NA+ in diet) 2) excessive sodium loss in sweat 3) risk factors (heat stress environment/long duration/low body weight)

Exertional heat cramps

1) caused over exertion and poor hydration and electrolyte replacement 2) treatment = fluid ingestion (extra fluid)/ light stretching/ ice massage/ IVs

Paranoia

1) characterized by feelings of persecution and exaggerated notions of perceived threat 2) can be side effects of medication 3) s/s -checking for wiretaps -accusing people of following them - refusing to eat/drink anything they did not prepare

Care for a diabetic emergency

1) check for any life-threatening conditions 2) conscious, check for non-life threatening conditions 3) look for medical alert tag/ask victim if they have diabetes

Seizures

1) chronic form of seizure is known as epilepsy 2) victim may experience "aura" 3) range from very severe to muscular contractions that can last several minutes

Wound Care

1) cleaning solution: copious amounts of water/sterile solution AVOID hydrogen peroxide initially 2) dressings: sterile dressings applied/antibacterial ointments effective in limiting bacterial growth and preventing wound from sticking to dressing 3) ointments

heat index

1) combines air temp and relative humidity to determine the human-perceived equivalent temp 2) wet bulb globe temperature determines heat index 3) readings from 3 thermometers (dry bulb/ wet bulb/ globe temperature)

Absorbed Poison

1) comes from plants/fertilizers/pesticides used in lawn/plant care 2) Poisonous plant = rinse area immediately (20 mins), antihistamine, seek physician if worsens 3) dry chemicals = flush area with water, call 911, brush off with a gloved hand

Types of seizures (febrile seizures/tonic-clonic (grand mal))

1) common for children under age of 5 and can be triggered by infections of the ear/throat or when an infant runs a fever over 102 2) typical convulsions that last a few minutes

Four main factors affecting body temperature

1) conductive heat exchange 2) convective heat exchange 3) radiant heat exchange 4) evaporative heat loss

List the 4 main factors affecting body temperature. Provide an example of each that would commonly occur during exercise/sport.

1) conductive heat exchange-touching a metal bat, the heat (if in sun) would transfer to individual grabbing it2) convective heat exchange- this is the temp of air/water surrounding individual, if raining this would cool off individual if they are running outside3) radiant heat exchange- sun radiating would transfer heat to individual4) evaporative heat loss- sweat on skin not being able to evaporate causing individual to gain heat due to not being able to cool off

convective heat exchange

1) contact w/ air or water 2) body heat can be lost/gained depending on temp of circulating medium (cool/hot air/water moving against athlete's skin absorbs or adds heat)

Ways to reduce the risk of a stroke

1) controlling blood pressure 2) not smoking 3) eating a healthy diet 4) exercise

Dangers of dehydration

1) cramps 2) headaches 3) diarrhea 4) fever 5) vomiting 6) hallucination 7) death